The War in the Pacific

Chapter 25 Section 3By: Jake Barwick

The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide

• Japanese Advances • Japanese troops took over Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and half

of China and also swept south and east across the Pacific, conquering Formosa, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake, and the Solomon Islands.

• Filipino and American Troops under General Douglas MacArthur held Japanese forces for four months on the Bataan Peninsula and for another month on the island of Corregidor until ordered to abandon the Philippines.

• Douglas MacArthur was a general, and was arguably the most brilliant strategist of WWII.

• U.S. Retaliation • April 18th, 1942, Colonel James Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers over Tokyo and four other

cities; destroying factories, steel mills, oil tanks, and other military targets.• In May, American and Australian fleets intercepted a Japanese strike on Australia

The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide COntinued

• The Battle of Midway• In June 1942, Admiral Chester Nimitz was the commander of the U.S. naval forces in the

Pacific, intercepted messages of a Japanese invasion.• Over 110 Japanese ships were heading towards the island of Midway. Nimitz prepared a

surprise attack and the Japanese lost four aircraft carries, a cruiser, and 322 planes.

• Island Hoping • MacArthur leapfrogged islands with Japanese strongholds, and ceased less fortified islands

and he built airfields and used airpower to cut supply lines to enemy troops.• The Americans first land offensive of the war was the storming of the Guadalcanal in the

Solomon Islands, Japanese first defeat on land. • In October 1944, MacArthur led troops on Leyte Island in the Philippines and retook the

Philippines and liberated American prisoners. • Japanese used a new tactic of kamikaze or suicide- plane attacks, which means crashing there

planes into Allied ships.

The Atomic Bomb Ends the War• The Battle Okinawa• President Roosevelt dies of a stroke and Harry S. Truman becomes the new president. • Okinawa was the last Japanese defensive outpost and the Japanese unleashed 1,900

kamikaze attacks on Allied forces, they sunk 30 ships, damaged 300 more, and killed 5,000 seamen.

• On land, the fighting ended on June 22nd, 1945; 7,600 Americans died, but 110,000 Japanese died defended Okinawa.

• The Manhattan Project • The Manhattan Project was the most ambiguous scientific project in history and its purpose

was the creation of the atomic bomb, for the bomb an atomic reactor was built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Hanford, Washington to produce Uranium and Plutonium for the bomb.

• J. Robert Oppenheimer, a scientist and other brilliant scientists, worked in a secret laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, to build the atomic bomb, and on July 16th, 1945, the first atomic was detonated in a New Mexico desert and was extremely powerful.

The Atomic Bomb Ends the War COntinued

• To Bomb or not to Bomb• Objections about dropping the bomb were discussed on May 31st, 1935, by the Intern

Committee. The recommendation of the committee was the bomb should be used against military targets and dropped without warning.

• On July 25th, 1945, Truman ordered plans be developed for dropping the only two atomic bombs on Japanese targets.

• Hiroshima & Nagasaki • On October 6th, the first atomic bomb (code name – little boy) was dropped over

Hiroshima, an important Japanese Military Center. Hiroshima had ceased to exist, yet Japanese leaders hesitated to surrender.

• Nagasaki was bombed three days later by an atomic bomb with the code name Fat Man • By the end of the year, 200,000 Japanese people died from injuries and radiation

poisoning from the bombs.• On September 2nd, Emperor Hirohito formally surrendered on the U.S. Battleship

Missouri on the Tokyo Bay.

Rebuilding Begins • Preparation for Peace• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference to make important decision about

the future and from the Yalta Conference, they agreed to create the United Nations, a new international peacekeeping body.

• The following April, 50 nations met to establish the United Nations and they created a general assembly to function as a town meeting of the world. They used an 11 member security council, the men had the real power which consisted of the U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union, France, China, and six rotating seats.

• In July 1945, President Truman, Churchill, and Stalin met in Potsdam to discus disarming Germany and eliminating the Nazi Regime.

• The Nuremberg War Trials • An international tribunal representing 23 nations tried Nazi war criminal in Nuremburg,

Germany. The trials were known as the Nuremburg trials and 22 Nazi leaders were tried, where 12 defendants were sentenced to death, and most of the rest to prison.

Rebuilding Begins COntinued• The Occupation of Japan • Japan was occupied by American forces led by Douglas MacArthur for

six years. • MacArthur introduced free market practices and transformed Japanese

government which led to economic recovery. • During the occupation, more than 1,000 Japanese were arrested and

put on trial, including former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo

Left: Hiroshima aftermath & Right: Nagasaki aftermath

Chapter 25Section 4

The Impact of World War II

By: Riley Caldwell

• The GI Bill of Rights was a bill that was passed in 1944 that let veterans get education, like going to college, for free.

• Also, it allowed veterans to become homeowners by providing loans to them.

• This was all paid for by the Federal Government • If it weren't for this bill, most of the veterans

wouldn’t have enough money to go to school or buy a house.

• Roughly 2 million people benefited from this.

GI Bill of Rights

First recipient to get the GI Bill of Rights.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veterans_Administration_letter_for_Don_A._Balfour,_July_6,_1944_-_GI_Bill_student_at_George_Washington_University.jpg

• James Farmer founded a movement called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).– He created this movement to stand up against

segregation against African Americans.• He wanted African Americans to be as equal as

everyone else. – No matter where an African American moved in

the US, there was still discrimination against them.

James Farmer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Farmer,_Jr.

• African Americans in the military during World War II were still segregated. They had their own squadrons with no whites in it, other than the leaders.

• Mexican, Japanese and African Americans after the war were still in prejudice and not liked by many white people.

• There were many riots in the US because of this.

Discrimination

• The economy was booming after the war. Farmers prospered, unemployment was at an all time low, and Women stopped working because men took over their jobs.

• Many people migrated all over the states. Approximately 1.2 million African Americans moved from the south to the north and west.

• Many cities had population increases. • Since there were so many men in the military, when they

came back they moved all over the US and to many different cities.

Economic Gains and Population Shifts

• After the war, Japanese Americans were not in a good position.

• The US did not trust them, so they put the Japanese in internment camps.

• The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) approached Congress about this situation. Congress agreed and they spent $38 million to compensate for the Japanese American’s losses in the internment camps.

• Also, congress agreed to pay each Japanese American that suffered in the camps.

Japanese Americans

http://amhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/collection/image.asp?ID=411

26.1- Origins of the Cold war

By: austin carranza

Former allies clash

• The two countries’ economic and political systems were incompatible and built up resentments over previous events.

• Communism controlled all property and economic activity.• Capitalists : Private citizens controlled economic activities and

property.• Joseph Stalin= Leader of Soviet Union.• Harry Truman= President of US.• Stalin prevented free elections Poland and banned

democratic parties.• Truman pushed Stalin to allow free elections, but Stalin

refused.

Tension Mounts

• Truman believed that the best way to avoid war was to create a new world order in which all nations had the right of self-determination guaranteed by free elections.

• Stalin installed communist Governments in many European Countries, called Satellite Nations.

• Containment- An effort to block the Soviet’s attempts to spread the influence by creating alliances and supporting weaker countries.

Cold War in Europe

• Cold War- The state of hostility short of direct military confrontation that developed between the two superpowers.

• US tried to contain Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey.• Truman asked congress for 400 million dollars for Greece and

Turkey.• Truman Doctrine- US should support free peoples throughout

the world who were resisting takeovers by “outside pressures”.• Marshall Plan- US provide aid to all European Countries that

needed it• Marshall Plan was a great success both economically and

politically.

Superpowers struggle over germany• Soviet Union decides to hold West

Berlin hostage.• Soviet Union cuts off all highway,

water and rail traffic coming into West Berlin.

• Berlin Airlift- US and Great Britain fly supplies into West Berlin.

• Berlin Airlift lasted 327 Days.• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO)- Defensive military alliance• All member countries promised that

an attack on one nation would be an attack on all nations.

The Cold War Heats Up

By: Harley Hagan

The Communists were led by Mao Zedong in the North.

• Communists proved to be better at winning the support of the lower class. – Ex. when the Communists took

over a region of land, they redistributed it amongst the peasants and lowered the rent.

– These peasants had to work on collective farms in the 1950’s to basically pay for their land that was given to them earlier.

– This is how the support for the Chinese Communists government grew.

The Nationalists were under rule by the Chinese President, Chiang Kai-shek in the south.

• Chiang showed everyone that he had what it took to be a great leader for the Nationalists in South Korea.

• However, the U.S. Military and State officials who actually dealt with him thought otherwise. The political and economic policies of Chiang’s government undermined the Nationalists’ support in the Chinese countryside.

The Dreaded Line

• The 38th Parallel is an imaginary line that bisects Korea at 38 degrees north latitude. It was not intended to be a permanent boundary, but it artificially divided the countries resources (industry in the north and agriculture in the south).

Taiwan (Formosa), an island east of mainland China.

• Nationalists were overrun by the Communists, so the remnants of Chiang’s government and army fled to Taiwan.

The Korean War Blows Up

• When Americans heard the news, Truman decided to take military action and back South Korea and provide naval and air support for their battle.

• North Korea pushed South Korea and the UN into a small defensive zone around the southeastern corner of the peninsula.

• The United States appointed General Douglas MacArthur to take control of military action in Korea at the time.– MacArthur came up with a counter attack on the North Koreans

with tanks, heavy artillery, and fresh troops from the U.S. • Neither side was able to make any important progress after 2

years.

North Korea attacked South Korea on June 25, 1950, by invading them, thus, igniting the Korean War.