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netw
rk
sTh
ere’
s M
ore
On
lin
e!
Taki
ng
No
tes:
Ca
teg
oriz
ing
Use
a d
iagr
am li
ke th
is o
ne to
list
the
Patr
iot d
efea
ts a
nd v
icto
ries d
urin
g th
e
early
yea
rs o
f the
Am
eric
an R
evol
utio
n.
Early
Bat
tles
De
fea
ts
Vic
to
rie
s
Con
ten
t Vo
cab
ula
ry
• m
erce
nar
y•
recr
uit
G
RA
PH
IC O
RG
AN
IZER
Ea
rly B
attle
s
SL
IDE
SHO
W
Fam
ous W
omen
of t
he
Revo
lutio
nary
War
Le
sso
n 1
The
War
fo
r In
dep
end
ence
ESSE
NTI
AL
QU
ESTI
ON
Why
doe
s con
fl ict
dev
elop
?
It M
att
ers
Bec
ause
The
Patr
iots
use
d sk
ill, c
unni
ng, a
nd d
eter
min
atio
n to
sur
vive
ear
ly
defe
ats
and
win
a k
ey v
icto
ry a
t Sar
atog
a.
The
Two
Arm
ies
Face
Off
GU
IDIN
G Q
UES
TIO
N W
ho w
ere t
he op
posin
g sid
es in
the A
mer
ican
Revo
lutio
n?
In A
pril
177
6, c
olon
ial l
ead
er Jo
hn
Ad
ams
pred
icte
d “
We
shal
l ha
ve a
long
. . .
and
blo
ody
war
to g
o th
roug
h.”
Few
peo
ple
agre
ed w
ith
him
. Eac
h si
de
thou
ght t
hey
wou
ld w
in t
he w
ar
quic
kly.
The
Bri
tish
pla
nne
d to
cru
sh t
he c
olon
ists
by
forc
e.
Mos
t Pat
riot
s—A
mer
ican
s w
ho s
upp
orte
d in
dep
end
ence
—be
lieve
d t
he B
riti
sh w
ould
giv
e up
aft
er lo
sing
one
or
two
maj
or b
attl
es.
Bri
tish
Ad
van
tag
esA
s th
e w
ar b
egan
, the
Bri
tish
see
med
to h
ave
a bi
g ad
vant
age.
T
hey
had
the
stro
nges
t nav
y in
the
wor
ld. T
he B
riti
sh a
lso
had
a
wel
l-tra
ined
arm
y. T
hey
wer
e su
ppor
ted
by
the
wea
lth o
f the
ir
empi
re. G
reat
Bri
tain
als
o ha
d m
ore
peop
le. M
ore
than
8 m
illio
n pe
ople
live
d in
Bri
tain
. The
re w
ere
only
2.5
mill
ion
Am
eric
ans.
The
Pat
riot
s d
id n
ot s
eem
to b
e a
mat
ch fo
r th
e Br
itish
. T
hey
had
no
regu
lar
arm
y an
d a
wea
k na
vy. A
mer
ican
sol
die
rs
also
lack
ed e
xper
ienc
e an
d w
eapo
ns fo
r fi g
htin
g. M
uch
of th
e Pa
trio
t mili
tary
forc
e w
as in
the
form
of m
iliti
a gr
oups
. The
se
volu
ntee
r so
ldie
rs fo
ught
onl
y fo
r sh
ort p
erio
ds
of ti
me
and
then
re
turn
ed h
ome.
(l) Painting by Don Troiani, courtesy of Historical Art Prints, Ltd.(cl) Bob Krist/CORBIS, (c) Blend Images / SuperStock, (cr) The Granger Collection, NYC, (r) SuperStock
Read
ing H
ELPDESK
Read
ing H
ELPDESK
150
NG
SSS
cove
red
in“T
he
Two
Arm
ies
Face
Off
”
SS.8
.A.1
.2 A
naly
ze c
hart
s, g
raph
s, m
aps,
ph
otog
raph
s and
tim
e lin
es; a
naly
ze
polit
ical
car
toon
s; d
eter
min
e ca
use
and
eff e
ct.
SS.8
.A.1
.6 C
ompa
re in
terp
reta
tions
of k
ey
even
ts a
nd is
sues
thro
ugho
ut A
mer
ican
H
isto
ry.
SS.8
.A.3
.3 R
ecog
nize
the
cont
ribut
ions
of t
he
Foun
ding
Fat
hers
(Joh
n Ad
ams,
Sam
Ada
ms,
Be
njam
in F
rank
lin, J
ohn
Han
cock
, Ale
xand
er
Ham
ilton
, Tho
mas
Jeff
erso
n, Ja
mes
M
adis
on, G
eorg
e M
ason
, Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton)
dur
ing
Amer
ican
Revo
lutio
nary
eff
orts
.
SS.8
.A.3
.4 E
xam
ine
the
cont
ribut
ions
of
infl u
entia
l gro
ups t
o bo
th th
e Am
eric
an a
nd
Brit
ish
war
eff
orts
dur
ing
the
Amer
ican
Re
volu
tiona
ry W
ar a
nd th
eir e
ff ec
ts o
n th
e ou
tcom
e of
the
war
.
SS.8
.A.3
.6 E
xam
ine
the
caus
es, c
ours
e, a
nd
cons
eque
nces
of t
he A
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion.
SS.8
.A.3
.8 E
xam
ine
indi
vidu
als a
nd g
roup
s th
at a
ff ec
ted
polit
ical
and
soci
al m
otiv
atio
ns
durin
g th
e Am
eric
an R
evol
utio
n.
SS.8
.A.3
.15
Exam
ine
this
tim
e pe
riod
(176
3-18
15) f
rom
the
pers
pect
ive
of
hist
oric
ally
und
er-r
epre
sent
ed g
roup
s (c
hild
ren,
inde
ntur
ed se
rvan
ts, N
ativ
e Am
eric
ans,
slav
es, w
omen
, wor
king
cla
ss).
SS.8
.G.1
.2 U
se a
ppro
pria
te g
eogr
aphi
c too
ls
and
term
s to
iden
tify
and
des
crib
e si
gnifi
cant
pla
ces a
nd re
gion
s in
Amer
ican
hi
stor
y. The
Amer
ican
Rev
olut
ion
144_
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_SE
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111
:53
AM
Draw
ing I
nfer
ence
s an
d Co
nclu
sions
Mad
e in
the 1
750s
, the
Li
bert
y Bel
l hun
g in
the P
enns
ylva
nia
Stat
e Hou
se (n
ow
Inde
pend
ence
Hal
l).
Lege
nd h
as it
that
on
July
8, 1
776,
the b
ell’s
ring
ing
anno
unce
d th
e fi rs
t pub
lic
read
ing o
f the
Dec
lara
tion
of
Inde
pend
ence
. Th e
Lib
erty
Bel
l al
so ra
ng ev
ery F
ourt
h of
July
an
d fo
r man
y pub
lic ev
ents
un
til a
crac
k ap
pear
ed in
abou
t 18
46. T
oday
, the
Lib
erty
Bel
l sta
nds a
s a sy
mbo
l of f
reed
om.
Why
do
you
thin
k su
ch
sym
bols
are i
mpo
rtan
t to
the
peop
le of
a co
untr
y? F
or m
ore
abou
t dra
win
g inf
eren
ces a
nd
conc
lusio
ns, r
evie
w Th
inki
ng
Like
a H
istor
ian.
the
n
In a
dditi
on, n
ot a
ll A
mer
ican
s su
ppor
ted
the
stru
ggle
for
inde
pend
ence
. Som
e A
mer
ican
s re
mai
ned
loya
l to
Brita
in.
Oth
ers,
suc
h as
the
Qua
kers
, wer
e ne
utra
l. T
hey
wou
ld n
ot ta
ke
part
in th
e w
ar b
ecau
se th
ey o
ppos
ed a
ll ar
med
con
fl ic
t.
Loya
lists
in th
e Co
lon
ies
At l
east
one
in fi
ve A
mer
ican
s w
as th
ough
t to
be a
“L
oyal
ist”
or
“To
ry.”
The
nu
mbe
r m
ay h
ave
been
as
high
as
one
in th
ree.
T
hese
Am
eric
ans
rem
aine
d lo
yal t
o Br
itain
and
opp
osed
in
depe
nden
ce. S
ome
Am
eric
ans
chan
ged
sid
es d
uri
ng th
e w
ar.
Loy
alis
t sup
port
als
o va
ried
from
reg
ion
to r
egio
n. In
gen
eral
, su
ppor
t for
Bri
tain
was
str
onge
st in
the
Car
olin
as a
nd G
eorg
ia
and
wea
kest
in N
ew E
ngla
nd.
Loy
alis
ts h
ad r
easo
ns to
sup
port
Bri
tain
. Som
e de
pend
ed
on th
e Br
itish
for
thei
r jo
bs. S
ome
fear
ed th
e R
evol
utio
n w
ould
th
row
Am
eric
a in
to c
haos
. Oth
ers
sim
ply
cou
ld n
ot u
nder
stan
d
why
the
colo
nies
wan
ted
inde
pend
ence
. For
them
, Pat
riot
co
mpl
aint
s se
emed
min
or a
nd n
ot w
orth
fi gh
ting
ove
r.T
he B
riti
sh a
ctiv
ely
soug
ht th
e su
ppor
t of A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s.
Vir
gini
a’s
roya
l gov
erno
r, L
ord
Du
nmor
e, p
rom
ised
free
dom
to
thos
e A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s w
ho jo
ined
the
Briti
sh c
ause
. Man
y m
en a
nsw
ered
his
cal
l. Ev
entu
ally
som
e of
them
end
ed u
p fr
ee
in C
anad
a. O
ther
s se
ttle
d in
the
Briti
sh c
olon
y of
Sie
rra
Leo
ne
in A
fric
a.L
oyal
ty to
Bri
tain
div
ided
frie
nds
and
fam
ily. F
or e
xam
ple,
W
illia
m F
rank
lin,
son
of P
atri
ot B
enja
min
Fra
nkli
n, w
as a
L
oyal
ist w
ho h
ad s
erve
d a
s a
roya
l gov
erno
r of
New
Je
rsey
. Thi
s d
isag
reem
ent c
ause
d la
stin
g da
mag
e to
thei
r re
lati
onsh
ip. A
s on
e C
onne
ctic
ut m
an
obse
rved
: “N
eigh
bor
[was
] . . .
aga
inst
nei
ghbo
r, fa
ther
aga
inst
son
and
son
aga
inst
fath
er,
and
he
that
wou
ld n
ot th
rust
his
ow
n bl
ade
thro
ugh
his
brot
her’s
hea
rt w
as c
alle
d a
n in
fam
ous
villa
in.”
Ad
van
tag
es o
f th
e P
atri
ots
The
Pat
riot
s d
id h
old
som
e ad
vant
ages
. The
y w
ere
fi ght
ing
on th
eir
own
grou
nd. T
he
Brit
ish,
on
the
othe
r ha
nd, h
ad to
fi gh
t fro
m
thou
sand
s of
mile
s ac
ross
the
Atl
anti
c O
cean
. It
took
tim
e an
d m
oney
to s
hip
sol
die
rs
and
sup
plie
s.
Bu
ild
Vo
cab
ula
ry: W
ord
Pa
rts
The
suffi
x -i
st m
eans
“one
who
is.”
Add
ing
this
suffi
x to
an
adje
ctiv
e cr
eate
s a n
oun.
Add
ing
-ist
to th
e w
ord
loya
l mak
es
the
wor
d lo
yalis
t—on
e w
ho is
loya
l. Du
ring
the
Revo
lutio
n,
Loya
lists
wer
e Am
eric
ans w
ho w
ere
loya
l to
Grea
t Brit
ain.
The C
ontin
enta
l Arm
y was
m
ade u
p m
ostly
of
inex
perie
nced
sold
iers
.
(t) Bob Krist/CORBIS(b) Painting by Don Troiani, courtesy of Historical Art Prints, Ltd.
151
Less
on 1
144_
151_
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_SE
_MS
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111
:53
AM
Th
en
No
w
The
Pat
riot
sol
die
r al
so h
ad g
reat
er m
otiv
atio
n, o
r se
nse
of p
urp
ose.
The
Bri
tish
rel
ied
on
mer
cen
arie
s (M
UH
R •
su
h •
nehr
• ee
z) to
fi gh
t for
them
. The
Am
eric
ans
calle
d th
ese
mer
cena
ries
“H
essi
ans”
(HEH
• sh
uh
nz) a
fter
the
regi
on in
G
erm
any
from
whi
ch m
ost o
f the
m c
ame.
The
Pat
riot
s fo
ught
fo
r th
e fr
eedo
m o
f the
ir o
wn
land
. Thi
s ga
ve th
em a
gre
ater
st
ake
in th
e w
ar’s
out
com
e th
an s
old
iers
who
foug
ht fo
r m
oney
. T
he A
mer
ican
s al
so lu
red
the
Hes
sian
s aw
ay w
ith p
rom
ises
of
land
.T
he P
atri
ots’
gre
ates
t adv
anta
ge w
as p
roba
bly
thei
r le
ader
, G
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n. F
ew c
ould
mat
ch h
im fo
r co
ura
ge a
nd
dete
rmin
atio
n. T
he w
ar m
ight
hav
e ta
ken
a d
iffe
rent
turn
w
ithou
t Was
hing
ton.
The
Con
tin
enta
l Arm
yA
fter
the
Dec
lara
tion
of In
depe
nden
ce, t
he C
ontin
enta
l Con
gres
s se
rved
as
the
natio
nal g
over
nmen
t. H
owev
er, t
he C
ongr
ess
lack
ed
the
pow
er to
rais
e m
oney
thro
ugh
taxe
s. D
eleg
ates
led
by Ja
mes
M
adis
on o
f Vir
gini
a ca
lled
for a
str
onge
r nat
iona
l gov
ernm
ent t
o bi
nd th
e co
loni
es to
geth
er. T
hey
belie
ved
that
win
ning
inde
pend
ence
w
as p
ossi
ble
only
und
er a
str
ong
natio
nal g
over
nmen
t. N
ot e
very
Am
eric
an a
gree
d. T
hey
plac
ed g
reat
val
ue o
n lib
erty
and
per
sona
l fre
edom
. Aft
er r
ejec
ting
the
rule
of t
he
Briti
sh P
arlia
men
t, th
ey w
ere
unw
illin
g to
tra
nsf
er p
ower
to
thei
r ow
n C
onti
nent
al C
ongr
ess.
As
a re
sult,
the
Am
eric
an
Rev
olut
ion
was
in s
ome
way
s 13
sep
arat
e w
ars,
with
eac
h st
ate
fi ght
ing
for
its o
wn
inte
rest
s. T
his
mad
e it
hard
for
the
Con
gres
s to
get
sol
die
rs a
nd r
aise
mon
ey.
Loca
l mili
tia
mad
e up
a k
ey p
art o
f the
Pat
riot
forc
es. T
hese
tr
oops
wer
e lim
ited.
Man
y w
ere
farm
ers
who
nee
ded
to p
rovi
de
for
thei
r fa
mili
es a
nd d
id n
ot w
ant t
o le
ave
thei
r fi e
lds
unat
tend
ed.
The
Pat
riot
s al
so n
eede
d w
ell-t
rain
ed s
oldi
ers
who
cou
ld fi
ght t
he
Briti
sh th
roug
hout
the
colo
nies
. To
mee
t thi
s ne
ed, t
he C
ongr
ess
esta
blis
hed
the
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y, w
hich
dep
ende
d on
the
stat
es to
re
cru
it (r
ee •
KR
OO
T) s
oldi
ers.
At fi
rst
, sol
die
rs s
igne
d u
p fo
r ju
st o
ne y
ear,
but G
ener
al
Was
hing
ton
aske
d fo
r lo
nger
term
s. “
If w
e ev
er h
ope
for
succ
ess,”
he
said
, “w
e m
ust
hav
e m
en e
nlis
ted
for
the
who
le te
rm
of th
e w
ar.”
Eve
ntua
lly th
e C
onti
nent
al C
ongr
ess
invi
ted
sol
die
rs
to s
ign
up fo
r th
ree
year
s or
unt
il th
e w
ar e
nded
. Mos
t sol
die
rs,
how
ever
, sti
ll si
gned
up
for
only
one
yea
r.
mer
cen
ary
hire
d so
ldie
r
recr
uit
to
enl
ist i
n th
e m
ilita
ryA
cad
em
ic V
oca
bu
lary
tran
sfer
to
mov
e
pre
vio
us
earli
er
Durin
g th
e Rev
olut
iona
ry W
ar,
wom
en co
uld
not o
ffi cia
lly jo
in th
e ar
my.
A fe
w m
anag
ed to
fi gh
t in
disg
uise
. Man
y mor
e ser
ved
as co
oks,
nurs
es, o
r eve
n sp
ies.
SS.8
.A.3
.4
Toda
y, ab
out 4
00,0
00 w
omen
serv
e op
enly
in th
e Am
erica
n ar
med
forc
es,
rese
rves
, and
Nat
iona
l Gua
rd.
▶CR
ITIC
AL
THIN
KIN
G
Com
parin
g and
Cont
rast
ing
How
have
att
itud
es a
bout
wom
en in
the
mili
tary
cha
nged
sin
ce
the
1770
s?
(t) The Granger Collection, New York, (c) Blend Images / SuperStock
Read
ing H
ELPDESK
152
SS.8
.A.1
.6
SS.8
.A.1
.6
The
Amer
ican
Rev
olut
ion
144_
151_
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PA
_SE
_MS
_C06
_L1_
6596
93.in
dd14
62/
24/1
13:
43P
M
The
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y al
so h
ad a
har
d ti
me
fi nd
ing
offi c
ers—
qual
ifi ed
mili
tary
com
man
ders
. Som
e w
ere
you
ng
men
who
wer
e re
cru
ited
from
the
rank
s. T
he b
est o
ffi c
ers
had
ex
peri
ence
from
pre
vio
us,
or
earl
ier,
war
s.M
en d
id a
ll th
e fi g
htin
g—w
ith a
few
exc
eptio
ns. F
or e
xam
ple,
M
arga
ret C
orbi
n of
Pen
nsyl
vani
a w
ent w
ith h
er h
usba
nd w
hen
he jo
ined
the
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y. A
fter
he
die
d in
bat
tle, s
he to
ok
his
plac
e. M
ary
Ludw
ig H
ays
McC
aule
y jo
ined
her
hus
band
in
batt
le a
s w
ell.
The
sol
die
rs c
alle
d he
r “M
oll o
f the
Pitc
her,”
or
“Mol
ly P
itche
r,” b
ecau
se s
he c
arri
ed w
ater
pitc
hers
to th
e so
ldie
rs.
Lege
nd h
as it
she
als
o to
ok p
art i
n co
mba
t. O
n Fe
brua
ry 2
1, 1
822,
Pe
nns
ylva
nia
reco
gniz
ed M
olly
Pitc
her’s
ser
vice
by
gran
ting
her
an
an
nual
pay
men
t of $
40. D
ebor
ah S
amps
on o
f Mas
sach
use
tts
took
a d
iffe
rent
rou
te to
the
batt
lefi e
ld. S
he jo
ined
up
as a
sol
die
r by
dis
guis
ing
hers
elf a
s a
man
.
✓
PR
OG
RES
S C
HEC
K
Sum
ma
rizi
ng
Wha
t dis
adva
ntag
es d
id th
e Pa
trio
ts fa
ce in
fi gh
ting
the
Briti
sh?
The
Am
eric
an J
ou
rney
C06
-01A
-NG
S-87
7712
The
Rev
olu
tio
nar
y W
ar, 1
776–
1777
25p
2 x
21p
10Fi
nal
Pro
of:
9.7
.07
You
did
no
t in
clu
de
the
follo
win
g b
attl
es:
New
Yo
rk C
ity,
Pri
nce
ton
, Tre
nto
n, o
r Ph
ilad
elp
hia
. Th
ey w
ere
incl
ud
ed. K
eep
or
del
ete?
8-13
Th
e sh
ore
line
was
sp
eced
co
rrec
tly
at .5
ith
as
New
York
City
Phila
delp
hiaBe
nnin
gton
, 177
7
Prin
ceto
nTr
ento
n
Ft. T
icond
erog
a, 17
77
Sara
toga
Germ
anto
wn,
1777
Orisk
any,
1777Ft
. Sta
nwix
,17
77
Bran
dyw
ine,
1777
NNNNNNNNPr
ince
PrP
Bega
SaSa
7777
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nPPPrPPTrTr
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,
7
PPPhPhPhiTTTTT
7 32
21
4
322
1
4
ATL
AN
TIC
OC
EAN
Boston
Alban
yMon
trea
l
Que
bec
Virg
inia
Md
.
Del
.
Penn
.
Mass.
NO
VASC
OTI
AQ
UEB
EC
N.Y
.Con
n.N.H
.
R.I.
N.J
.
Mass.
INDIAN RESERVE
Lak
e O
ntar
io
Lake
Cha
mpl
ain
Lak
eEr
ie
St. L
awrence
R.
Delaware R.
Hudson R.
70°W
75°W
40°N
010
0 km10
0 miles
0 Albe
rs E
qual
-Are
a pr
ojec
tion
N S
EW
American
victory
British
victor
y
British ca
pture
New
York
Cit
y, 1
776
Americans attack
Trenton
and Princeton,
177
6-17
77How
e ca
ptures
Philadel
phia,
177
7Bu
rgoyne
surrend
ers at
Saratoga,
177
7
21 42 431 3
T
he
Rev
olu
tion
ary
War
17
76–1
777
GEO
GR
AP
HY
CON
NEC
TIO
N
Early
in th
e Rev
olut
iona
ry W
ar, t
he
Briti
sh an
d th
e Pat
riots
each
won
so
me b
attle
s.
1 LO
CATI
ON
In
wha
t are
a
wer
e m
ost b
attl
es o
n th
is m
ap
foug
ht?
2 CR
ITIC
AL
THIN
KIN
G
Sequ
encin
g Ac
cord
ing
to
this
map
, whi
ch B
ritis
h vi
ctor
y
occu
rred
just
bef
ore
the
Batt
le
of S
arat
oga?
153
SS.8
.A.1
.2, S
S.8.
G.1
.2
SS.8
.A.1
.2
Less
on 1
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151_
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13:
44P
M
Earl
y C
amp
aig
ns
GU
IDIN
G Q
UES
TIO
N W
hat w
ere s
igni
fi can
t bat
tles i
n th
e ear
ly ye
ars o
f the
Am
erica
n Re
volu
tion?
Rel
ativ
ely
few
sol
die
rs fo
ught
in th
e w
ar’s
ear
ly b
attl
es. A
t Bu
nker
Hill
, for
exa
mpl
e, a
bout
2,2
00 B
riti
sh s
old
iers
foug
ht
1,20
0 A
mer
ican
s. T
he B
riti
sh h
ad n
ot y
et w
on a
cle
ar v
icto
ry.
The
y re
aliz
ed th
ey w
ere
goin
g to
nee
d m
ore
troo
ps.
Du
ring
the
sum
mer
of 1
776,
Bri
tain
sen
t 32,
000
troo
ps a
cros
s th
e A
tlan
tic
to N
ew Y
ork.
The
Bri
tish
com
man
der,
Gen
eral
W
illia
m H
owe,
hop
ed th
e sh
eer
size
of h
is a
rmy
wou
ld c
onvi
nce
the
Patr
iots
to g
ive
up. H
e w
as s
oon
dis
appo
inte
d.
Pat
rio
t Def
eat o
n L
on
g Is
lan
dO
nly
20,0
00 s
oldi
ers
mad
e up
the
Patr
iot f
orce
und
er G
eorg
e W
ashi
ngto
n. Y
et th
e A
mer
ican
s w
ere
dete
rmin
ed to
fi gh
t. T
he tw
o si
des
clas
hed
in th
e Ba
ttle
of L
ong
Isla
nd in
late
Aug
ust 1
776.
The
Br
itish
bad
ly d
efea
ted
the
outn
umbe
red
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y.O
ne P
atri
ot, N
atha
n H
ale,
sho
wed
his
bra
very
at L
ong
Isla
nd.
Hal
e d
isgu
ised
him
self
as
a D
utch
sch
oolte
ache
r an
d w
ent t
o sp
y on
Bri
tish
troo
ps. T
he B
riti
sh c
augh
t Hal
e an
d h
ange
d h
im
as p
uni
shm
ent.
Acc
ord
ing
to le
gend
, Hal
e w
ent t
o hi
s de
ath
sayi
ng, “
I onl
y re
gret
that
I ha
ve b
ut o
ne li
fe to
lose
for
my
cou
ntry
.”Th
e Pa
trio
ts fo
ught
har
d on
Lon
g Is
land
but
cou
ld n
ot
over
com
e th
e la
rger
and
bet
ter-
equi
pped
Brit
ish
arm
y. A
Br
itish
offi
cer w
rote
that
man
y Pa
trio
t sol
dier
s ki
lled
on L
ong
Isla
nd h
ad n
ot b
een
wea
ring
shoe
s, so
cks,
or ja
cket
s. “T
hey
are
also
in g
reat
wan
t of b
lank
ets,”
he
said
, pre
dict
ing
that
the
rebe
ls w
ould
suffe
r dur
ing
the
win
ter.
Aft
er th
e de
feat
, Was
hing
ton
retr
eate
d fr
om N
ew
York
, whi
ch b
ecam
e a
Loy
alis
t str
ongh
old.
The
Bri
tish
ch
ased
the
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y ac
ross
New
Jers
ey in
to
Pen
nsyl
vani
a. S
atis
fi ed
that
Was
hing
ton
was
bea
ten,
the
Briti
sh le
t him
go.
A L
ow P
oin
t fo
r th
e P
atri
ots
Was
hing
ton
and
his
forc
es h
ad m
anag
ed to
esc
ape
the
Briti
sh.
As
win
ter
appr
oach
ed, h
owev
er, t
he P
atri
ots’
cau
se w
as n
ear
colla
pse.
The
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y ha
d fe
wer
than
5,0
00 s
old
iers
. M
any
had
com
plet
ed th
eir
term
s. O
ther
s ha
d r
un
away
.
Rea
din
g in
th
e Co
nte
nt
Are
a: C
ircl
e G
rap
hs
Circ
le, o
r pie
, gra
phs s
how
how
a w
hole
is d
ivid
ed in
to p
arts
. In
the
case
of t
he g
raph
abov
e, th
e “w
hole
” is
fi gh
ting
forc
es in
the
Revo
lutio
nary
War
. Oft
en, c
ircle
gra
phs
visu
ally
show
how
the
who
le is
div
ided
. The
y of
ten
have
num
bers
and
labe
ls, a
s wel
l.
▶
CRIT
ICA
L TH
INK
ING
An
alyz
ing
Wha
t is t
he a
ppro
xim
ate
ratio
of
Brit
ish
arm
y fo
rces
to
the
Cont
inen
tal A
rmy
and
colo
nial
mili
tias?
THE
FIG
HTI
NG
FO
RCE
S 17
77
42,0
0020,0
00
Bri
tish
re
gu
lar
arm
yCo
nti
nen
tal A
rmy
and
co
lon
ial m
ilit
ias
Read
ing H
ELPDESK
154
NG
SSS
cove
red
in“E
arly
Cam
pai
gn
s”
SS.8
.A.1
.2 A
naly
ze c
hart
s, g
raph
s, m
aps,
ph
otog
raph
s and
tim
e lin
es; a
naly
ze
polit
ical
car
toon
s; d
eter
min
e ca
use
and
eff e
ct.
SS.8
.A.3
.3 R
ecog
nize
the
cont
ribut
ions
of t
he
Foun
ding
Fat
hers
(Joh
n Ad
ams,
Sam
Ada
ms,
Be
njam
in F
rank
lin, J
ohn
Han
cock
, Ale
xand
er
Ham
ilton
, Tho
mas
Jeff
erso
n, Ja
mes
M
adis
on, G
eorg
e M
ason
, Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton)
dur
ing
Amer
ican
Revo
lutio
nary
eff
orts
.
SS.8
.A.3
.4 E
xam
ine
the
cont
ribut
ions
of
infl u
entia
l gro
ups t
o bo
th th
e Am
eric
an a
nd
Brit
ish
war
eff
orts
dur
ing
the
Amer
ican
Re
volu
tiona
ry W
ar a
nd th
eir e
ff ec
ts o
n th
e ou
tcom
e of
the
war
.
SS.8
.A.3
.6 E
xam
ine
the
caus
es, c
ours
e, a
nd
cons
eque
nces
of t
he A
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion.
SS.8
.A.3
.15
Exam
ine
this
tim
e pe
riod
(176
3-18
15) f
rom
the
pers
pect
ive
of
hist
oric
ally
und
er-r
epre
sent
ed g
roup
s (c
hild
ren,
inde
ntur
ed se
rvan
ts, N
ativ
e Am
eric
ans,
slav
es, w
omen
, wor
king
cla
ss).
SS.8
.A.1
.2
The
Amer
ican
Rev
olut
ion
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44P
M
Was
hing
ton
wro
te h
is b
roth
er th
at if
new
sol
die
rs w
ere
not f
ound
soo
n, “
I thi
nk th
e ga
me
is p
rett
y ne
ar u
p.”
Yet h
e re
mai
ned
hop
efu
l tha
t the
fi gh
t for
free
dom
wou
ld s
ucce
ed.
Was
hing
ton
begg
ed th
e C
onti
nent
al C
ongr
ess
for
mor
e tr
oops
. He
sugg
este
d a
llow
ing
free
Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans
to e
nlis
t, bu
t man
y A
mer
ican
s op
pose
d th
is id
ea. E
arly
in th
e w
ar, t
he
Sout
hern
Col
onie
s ha
d p
ersu
aded
the
Con
gres
s no
t to
take
this
st
ep. M
any
whi
te p
eopl
e in
the
Sout
h w
orri
ed a
bout
giv
ing
guns
an
d tr
aini
ng to
Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans.
The
y fe
ared
the
poss
ibili
ty
of r
evol
t am
ong
the
ensl
aved
pop
ula
tion
.
Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans
in B
attl
eT
he g
row
ing
need
for
sold
iers
led
som
e st
ates
to ig
nore
the
ban
on A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s. R
hode
Isla
nd r
aise
d a
n al
l-Afr
ican
A
mer
ican
reg
imen
t in
1778
. By
the
war
’s e
nd, e
very
sta
te e
xcep
t So
uth
Car
olin
a en
liste
d A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s to
fi gh
t. H
isto
rian
s be
lieve
that
as
man
y as
5,0
00 A
fric
an A
mer
ican
s jo
ined
the
Patr
iots
. One
exa
mpl
e w
as P
eter
Sal
em, a
n en
slav
ed
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an fr
om M
assa
chu
sett
s. S
alem
foug
ht a
t Con
cord
an
d a
t the
Bat
tle
of B
unk
er H
ill, a
nd h
e se
rved
the
Patr
iot
cau
se th
roug
hout
the
war
. In
retu
rn fo
r hi
s se
rvic
e, S
alem
won
hi
s fr
eedo
m.
Afr
ican
Am
eric
ans
had
man
y re
ason
s to
fi gh
t. So
me
foug
ht
beca
use
they
bel
ieve
d in
the
Patr
iot c
ause
. Oth
ers
may
hav
e jo
ined
up
for
the
chan
ce to
ear
n m
oney
. Som
e w
ere
ensl
aved
A
fric
ans
who
had
ru
n aw
ay o
r w
ho, l
ike
Sale
m, w
ere
allo
wed
by
thei
r ow
ners
to e
nlis
t.
Ensla
ved
Afric
an A
mer
ican
Pete
r Sal
em ap
pear
s in
the f
ar
right
of t
his p
aint
ing
of th
e Ba
ttle
of B
unke
r Hill
.
The Granger Collection, NYC
155
SS.8
.A.3
.4
Less
on 1
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M
The
Bat
tles
of T
ren
ton
an
d P
rin
ceto
nW
hile
the
Patr
iots
wer
e st
rugg
ling
thro
ugh
the
win
ter,
the
mai
n Br
itish
forc
e w
as s
ettl
ed in
New
Yor
k. T
he B
riti
sh a
lso
left
som
e tr
oops
in P
rinc
eton
and
Tre
nton
, New
Jers
ey. W
ashi
ngto
n sa
w a
ch
ance
to c
atch
the
Briti
sh b
y su
rpri
se.
Was
hing
ton
was
cam
ped
in P
enns
ylva
nia,
acr
oss
the
Del
awar
e R
iver
from
the
Brit
ish
cam
p in
New
Jers
ey. O
n C
hris
tmas
nig
ht 1
776,
Was
hing
ton
led
2,4
00 tr
oops
acr
oss
the
icy
rive
r to
su
rpri
se th
e en
emy
at T
rent
on th
e ne
xt d
ay. W
ashi
ngto
n th
en e
scap
ed a
nd m
arch
ed to
Pri
ncet
on; h
is a
rmy
scat
tere
d th
e Br
itis
h fo
rce
ther
e.
✓
PR
OG
RES
S C
HEC
K
Exp
lain
ing
W
hy w
as th
e w
inte
r of 177
6–1777
sig
nifi c
ant?
Bri
tish
Str
ateg
yG
UID
ING
QU
ESTI
ON
Was
the B
ritish
plan
for v
ictor
y suc
cess
ful?
In e
arly
177
7, th
e Br
itish
beg
an a
thre
e-pr
onge
d b
attl
e pl
an. T
heir
go
al w
as to
sei
ze A
lban
y, N
ew Y
ork,
and
gai
n co
ntro
l of t
he
Hud
son
Riv
er. I
f the
y co
ntro
lled
the
Hud
son,
they
wou
ld c
ut o
ff
New
Eng
land
from
the
Mid
dle
Col
onie
s.
Bu
ild
Vo
cab
ula
ry: M
ult
iple
Mea
nin
g W
ord
s
Som
e w
ords
hav
e m
ore
than
one
mea
ning
. Lat
e m
ost
com
mon
ly m
eans
“not
on
time.
” It
can
als
o m
ean
“rec
ent.”
LESS
ON
1 REV
IEW
Was
hing
ton’
s for
ces m
ade a
darin
g cr
ossin
g of
the i
cy D
elaw
are
Rive
r, su
rpris
ing
the e
nem
y at
Tren
ton
and
deliv
erin
g a k
ey P
atrio
t vi
ctor
y.
SuperStock
Read
ing H
ELPDESK
156
NG
SSS
cove
red
in“B
riti
sh S
trat
egy”
SS.8
.A.3
.6 E
xam
ine
the
caus
es, c
ours
e, a
nd
cons
eque
nces
of t
he A
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion.
LA.8
.1.6
.1 T
he s
tude
nt w
ill u
se n
ew
voca
bula
ry th
at is
intr
oduc
ed a
nd ta
ught
di
rect
ly.SS
.8.A
.3.3
, SS.
8.A
.3.6
The
Amer
ican
Rev
olut
ion
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Firs
t, G
ener
al Jo
hn
Burg
oyne
wou
ld le
ad t
roop
s so
uth
from
Can
ada.
At t
he s
ame
tim
e, L
ieut
enan
t Col
onel
Bar
ry
St. L
eger
wou
ld m
ove
east
fro
m L
ake
Ont
ario
. A t
hir
d g
roup
, u
nder
Gen
eral
How
e, w
ould
mov
e no
rth
up t
he H
udso
n. T
he
thre
e Br
itis
h fo
rces
wou
ld t
hen
atta
ck P
atri
ot t
roop
s at
Alb
any.
The
Bri
tish
Cap
ture
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
Bef
ore
the
atta
ck o
n A
lban
y, H
owe
soug
ht to
cap
ture
Ph
ilade
lphi
a—th
e ho
me
of th
e C
onti
nent
al C
ongr
ess.
How
e w
on b
attl
es in
Sep
tem
ber
1777
at B
rand
ywin
e an
d P
aoli,
nea
r Ph
ilade
lphi
a. T
hen
How
e’s
troo
ps c
aptu
red
Phi
lade
lphi
a, fo
rcin
g th
e C
onti
nent
al C
ongr
ess
to fl
ee. B
y no
w, w
inte
r w
as c
omin
g.
How
e de
cide
d to
sta
y in
Phi
lade
lphi
a in
stea
d o
f goi
ng to
Alb
any.
The
Bat
tle
of S
arat
og
a M
eanw
hile
, the
Bri
tish
pla
n fo
r ta
king
Alb
any
was
in tr
oubl
e.
In A
ugu
st, A
mer
ican
sol
die
rs le
d b
y B
ened
ict A
rnol
d s
topp
ed
St. L
eger
at F
ort S
tanw
ix, N
ew Y
ork.
G
ener
al B
urg
oyne
’s a
rmy
had
n’t r
each
ed A
lban
y ei
ther
. In
July
he
capt
ure
d F
ort T
icon
dero
ga, b
ut h
e ne
eded
sup
plie
s.
He
sent
a fo
rce
to th
e A
mer
ican
sup
ply
base
at B
enni
ngto
n,
Ver
mon
t. A
loca
l mili
tia
grou
p, th
e G
reen
Mou
ntai
n B
oys,
de
feat
ed th
em. B
urg
oyne
ret
reat
ed to
Sar
atog
a, N
ew Y
ork.
Her
e Bu
rgoy
ne fo
und
him
self
in s
erio
us
trou
ble—
and
alo
ne.
Patr
iots
had
sto
pped
St.
Leg
er a
t For
t Sta
nwix
. How
e w
as s
till
in P
hila
delp
hia.
Now
Am
eric
an tr
oops
und
er G
ener
al H
orat
io
Gat
es b
lock
ed a
nd s
urr
ound
ed B
urg
oyne
’s a
rmy.
Bu
rgoy
ne m
ade
a de
sper
ate
atta
ck o
n O
ctob
er 7
. The
Pat
riot
s he
ld fi
rm.
On
Oct
ober
17,
1777
, Gen
eral
Bu
rgoy
ne s
urr
ende
red.
The
Br
itish
pla
n ha
d fa
iled.
The
Con
tine
ntal
Arm
y ha
d w
on a
n en
orm
ous
vict
ory
that
cha
nged
the
cou
rse
of th
e w
ar.
✓
PR
OG
RES
S C
HEC
K
An
aly
zin
g
Why
did
How
e’s
Phila
delp
hia
vict
ory
lead
to d
efea
t at S
arat
oga?
LESS
ON
1
LESS
ON
1 REV
IEW
Rev
iew
Vo
cab
ula
ry
1. U
se e
ach
of th
e fo
llow
ing
wor
ds in
a se
nten
ce th
at
dem
onst
rate
s its
mea
ning
.
a.
mer
cena
ry
b.
recr
uit
An
swe
r th
e G
uid
ing
Qu
est
ion
s
2. C
ontr
astin
g H
ow d
id th
e tw
o si
des i
n th
e
Amer
ican
Rev
olut
ion
diff
er?
3. S
umm
arizi
ng H
ow d
id th
e Co
ntin
enta
l Arm
y fa
re
in th
e ea
rly b
attle
s of t
he w
ar?
4. E
xpla
inin
g W
hat k
ey fa
ctor
s led
to th
e Am
eric
an
vict
ory
at S
arat
oga?
5. P
ERSU
ASI
VE
WR
ITIN
G
As a
Pat
riot,
writ
e a
lett
er
to th
e ed
itor o
f you
r loc
al n
ewsp
aper
. Poi
nt o
ut th
e
Patr
iot s
tren
gths
and
why
you
thin
k th
e Pa
trio
ts
will
win
the
war
for i
ndep
ende
nce.
157
LA.8
.1.6
.1
SS.8
.A.3
.4, S
S.8.
A.3
.6
SS.8
.A.3
.6
SS.8
.A.3
.6
SS.8
.A.3
.4, S
S.8.
A.3
.6, S
S.8.
A.3
.8
Less
on 1
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