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Page 1
The Visual Computer
Pat Hanrahan
Computer Science DepartmentStanford University
Mantras
Observation
Abstraction and Illustration
Interaction
Visual Thinking
Page 2
History of Scientific Images
Images of Science
B. J. Ford, 1992
The Art of the Engineer
Baynes and Pugh, 1981
Picturing Knowledge
Ed. B. S. Baigre, 1996
Purposes of Scientific Images
Records of observations
Self-illustrating phenomena
Concepts and classifications
Descriptions of equipment and methodology
vs.
Exploration
Presentation
The Scientific Image
H. Robin, 1992
Page 3
Robert Hooke, F.R.S
Flea
Curator of Experiments
Illustrations
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal (1894) Cell Types in the CerrebellumFrom Robin, p. 44
Page 4
rarefaction initial interface location
shockinterface
Tariq Aslam, LANL
From Physics to Phenomena
Self-Illustrating Phenomena
Page 5
Self-Illustrating Phenomena
Harrier Jet flow during landingNASA Ames FAST System
Eric Schulzinger (1988)Air-Flow on a Supersonic AircraftFrom Robin, p. 141
Realism in Art
Piero della Francesca, The Flagellation of Christc. 1465
Johannes VermeerThe Music Lessonc. 1670
PerspectiveLight and Color
Page 6
Engineering Drawings
Drawing of the engine for John Wilkinson, 1796From Baynes and Pugh, 1981, p. 69
Isometric Perspective
William Farrish
Page 7
Linear Progress?
Simplistic CG view of the world of image-making- Started with cave paintings- To renaissance art
Invention of perspective and shading- To computer graphics
Physical simulation of lights, cameras, materials
- Will culminate in VR/total immersionComplete control of sensorimotor field
The bushy tree of abstraction is still largely unexplored in CG
Route MapsConventional Route Overlay Route Map Sketch
Agrawala and Stolte, Rendering Effective Route Maps, to appear SIGGRAPH 2001
Approach1. Find cognitive and perceptual principles that produce effective
visualizations2. Encode these principles into a optimization functional3. Optimize the layout
Page 8
Stolte and Hanrahan, Polaris, InfoVis 2000
Depiction
How to map information to graphics
Central problem in visualization
Formal systems needed; composition
Need high-level tools to make this easy
Understand the geometric properties
Cognitive/perceptual adv/disadv
Too much emphasis on new metaphors!
Key theorists: Bertin, Cleveland, Mackinlay, MacEachren, Wilkinson
Page 9
The Power of Interaction
Gibson’s Experiment
Goal: Match 2 shapes
Active touch: 96%
Passive (rotation) 72%
Passive (imprint) 49%
From J. J. Gibson (1966)The Senses Considered as a PerceptualSystem, p. 124
Thanks to David Kirsh for this example.
Graphical Representations
Visual Proof:
1+3+5+7+9=52
Pythagorean Theorem
Chinese Proof by Dissection
Page 10
Cartographic Projection
Equiheading vs. Equidistance Projection
Mental Imagery
R. Shepard’s
Mental Rotation
B. Morin’s (who is blind)
Sphere Eversion
From G. Francis, The
Topological Picturebook
Page 11
Themes
Perception and observation vs. just reasoning
Illustrations vs. just reproductions
Interaction vs. just batch
Visual and spatial thinking vs. just symbol manipulation
More Specifically
Appreciate the culture of scientific imagery
Learn to observe, to draw (art and science)
Handling complexity via abstraction
Simple techniques (plots, eng. drawings) are the most sophisticated
Beyond simulating media towards creating illustrations
Depictions: formalisms and tools
Image and Meaning Conference, MIT,
June 2001