THE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM USER'S GUIDE

PAUL KIKTA

MEDt1A T K9RNA

JOHiN MOY

UNI VERSITY OF DA YTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE

3K) U.O)LLEGE PARK A VENUE

04 YTON, OHIO 45469 t

APIRl, 1932

..0Approved for public release; distribua,4n wnfltod

(A--C:Co

. AIR FORCE AEROSPACE MBDICAL RESEARCH LARORATORY

AEROSPACE MEDICAL DIVISION

AIR FORCe SYSTEMS COMMAND

WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR lORC11 BASE, OHIO 45433

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Automated Data SystemsTHE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM DocumentationUSER'S GUIDE 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

UDR-TR-81-877. AUTHOR(s) I. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

Paul Kikta John Moy F33615-78-C-0507Medhat Korna

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASKAREA • WORK UNIT NUMBERS

University of Dayton Research Institute

300 College Park Avenue 62202F, 7184-08-24Dayton, Ohio 45469II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Lab., April 1982Aerospace Medical Division (APSC) I3. NUMBEROFPAGESWright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 _a014 MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AODRESS(11 different fron Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

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19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side It neceeery end Identify by block number)

User's Guide Hard Copy PlotCrew Station Computer ProgramV ual Angles Visual Fields

20 ABSINCT (Continue on reverse side i necesery and identify by block number)

This Visibility Analysis Program User's Guide describes a com-puter program that generates a hard copy plot of the visual anglesto crew station components from the crewmember viewpoint. Usingthis program crew station designers can evaluate crewmember/crewstation visual interaction.

DO 1473SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Of THIS PAGE (Mhen Dee Entered)

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Block 20 - Abstract (Continued)

The Guide also describes a procedure to facilitate installa-tion and use of the program at the user's facility. The procedureconsists of three principle steps: installation of the program onuser's computer system, digitization of crew stations, and programexecution. A listing of the program is also included.

Aoe*sst.Qt 'For

1st ,:e

011

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION. OF THIS PAGS(Whsfi Data E,,temd

SUMMARY

Military Standard 850B titled "Aircrew Station Vision Re-

quirements for Military Aircraft" establishes requirements forproviding adequate vision from within the aircrew stations ofmilitary aircraft. The standard requires a "total vision envelope

plot" as a means of demonstrating compliance. This plot is amap of visual angles of line-of-sight to obstructions to external

vision, such as the aircraft structures, window frames, and

accessory equipment (fixed and retractable) which obscure vision

through the transparencies (windows). The standard describesa method for constructing total vision envelope plots from informa-

tion found in crew station drawings. This method is quite time

consuming and not versatile because plots are made from only oneviewpoint, the hypothetical Design Eye Position, which is defined

in MIL-STD-1333.

In developing the AFAMRL COMBIMAN (COMputerized BIomechanical

MAN-model), we have created the capability to make total visionenvelope plots with several enhancements not required by MIL-STD-

850. Since the plots are drawn on a computer graphics device,

the objects plotted need not be limited to those obstructing vision

outside the aircraft, but may include the entire crew station

with all the displays and controls. Because the model is general,

the crew station or workplace is not limited to an aircraft cock-

pit, but can be any environment, such as an automobile, a computer

terminal, etc. Furthermore, the model is not limited to the Design

Eye Point. Plots can be quickly made from different eye positions,

head orientations, or even plots from left and right eye positions.

This plotting program has such broad application that we

have removed it from the COMBIMAN program so that it will be avail-

able to almost any computer user having a graphics plotter.

Dr. Joe McDanielWorkload and Ergonomics BranchAir Force Aerospace Medical

Research Laboratory (AFAMRL)

t Ii

PREFACE

This work was performed under USAF Contract F33615-78-C-0507

entitled, Biomechanics of Cockpit Evaluation. The contract monitor

and technical advisor for this contract is Dr. Joe McDaniel of the

Workload and Ergonomics Branch of the Air Force Aerospace Medical

Research Laboratory (AFAMRL), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

The purpose of this report is to provide a guide to use the

VISIBILITY ANALYSIS program. The VISIBILITY ANALYSIS program was

developed and revised over the years by the University of Dayton

Research Institute as a part of the COMputerized BIomechanical

MAN-model (COMBIMAN) system of programs. The VISIBILITY ANALYSIS

program is an independent program and runs separately from the

COMBIMAN program.

Other methods of measuring cockpit visual angles include a

Binocular Cockpit Visibility Camera developed between 1948 and 1951,

primarily through the efforts of Mr. T. M. Edwards (1952). A com-

parison of 15 Air Force aircraft using this camera system was re-

ported by Kennedy and McKechnie (1970).

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of

Dr. Joe McDaniel, Dr. P. T. Bapu, Mr. Glen Potter and would like

to thank Ms. Charlene Thompson for preparing the manuscript for

publication.

2

. . . . .. . ... ..... .. ... . .I | I I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 AN ILLUSTRATION 9

3 THE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS (VISANS) PROGRAM* OUTPUT 16

3.1 THE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS OUTPUT 16

4 INPUT TO VISANS PROGRAM 23

4.1 THE NAMELIST CNTRL 23

4.2 ENTERING CREW STATION DATA 27

4.3 EYE POSITIONAL DATA 35

5 JOB CONTROL 40

APPENDIX A: COMPUTATION OF THE VISION ANGLES 44

APPENDIX B: VISIBILITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM LISTINGS 46

REFERENCES 76

3

ie-----------------

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Example of Total Vision Envelope Plot. 6

2 Sample Crew Station - DESK. 10

3a X, Y, and Z Coordinates of Panels of DESK. 12

3b X, Y, and Z Coordinates of Panels of DESK. 13

4a Visibility Plot of the "DESK". 14

4b Input Data Generating the Visibility Plot inFigure 4a. 15

4c The Graphical Output of the Desk. 17

5 Subroutine VISVDM Printed Output. 18

6 Sample of Main Routine Printed Output. 22

7 General Input Deck Layout. 24

8 The Namelist CNTRL Input, Highly Machine Dependent. 26

9 Crew Station Data Flow. 28

10 CH-53 Aircraft Input. 31

11 Subroutine VISVDM Output. 32

12 The Eye Location Input. 36

13 Orienting the Line-of-Sight Using a Target Point. 37

14 Orienting the Line-of-Sight Using Vertical andHorizontal Angle Offsets. 39

15 Deck Layout for Offline Plot Runs. 41

16 Dummy Subroutine NEWPEN. 42

17 Deck Layout for Online Plot Run. 43

4U A?

SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

During the design and analysis phases of crew stationdevelopment, it is essential to assess the accommodation of the

crew station environment with respect to the human operator. The

COMputerized BIomechanical MAN-model (COMBIMAN) system of programshas been developed to assist in the design and analysis phases

of crew station development. One of the important capabilities

of the COMBIMAN system of programs is to produce plots of an air-craft crew station from the crewmember's viewpoint. To enhance

the capability of certain aircraft for nighttime operation,

selective shieldings are installed on certain light sources. Inorder to evaluate these crew stations, it is necessary to mapthe visual angle of incidence from each crew member to each exist-

ing and proposed light source.

The VISIBILITY ANALYSIS program (VISANSY is developed toaid crew station designers to evaluate crewmembers/crew station

visual interaction. The VISANS program was developed as a part

of the COMBIMAN system of programs by the University of Dayton

Research Institute under USAF Contract F33615-78-C-0507 entitled

"Biomechanics of Cockpit Evaluation." The VISANS program is now

an independent program and runs separately from the COMBIMAN

program.

The VISANS program uses the three dimensional coordinates

of the eye location of the crewmember and the three dimensional

coordinates of the crew station (geometrically described as panels

and contours) to generate a hard copy plot of the visual angleswith respect to the crewmember's line-of-sight, together with

legends identifying the instruments and/or light sources (see

Figure 1). Four ellipses are superimposed on the plot to definethe limits of various visual fields. The inner most field,

denoted by the letter S, is the field of stereo vision, visible

to both eyes simultaneously. The field denoted by the letter F

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without turning the head. The field denoted by the letter P is the

field of peripheral vision with the eyes caged with respect to the

head. The outermost field denoted by the letter M is the maximum

peripheral vision limit for the extreme eye deviation. The user

has the option to suppress these visual fields as explained in

Section 4. In addition to generating a hard copy plot, the program

calculates and prints the vision angles to each vertex of the panels

and contours defining the crew station, together with the corre-

sponding three dimensional coordinates of these vertices in the

user's original coordinate system.

The panels and contours which geometrically describe the crew

station may consist of 3 to 25 vertices each. These vertices must

be input in consecutive order either clockwise or counterclockwise

around the perimeter of each panel or contour. Miscellaneous equip-

ment (instruments and/or light sources) consist of one vertex each,

that is, a single point. Items identified with a single point

location have their titles listed under the LEGEND heading as shown

at the right side of the plot in Figure 1. These refer to the num-

bers on the plot itself. The center of the number is the exact

location of the point on the plot. The coordinates of the vertices

may be entered in any three dimensional system. However the user

must specify the coordinates of a Seat Reference Point (SRP) with

respect to the origin of the crew station coordinate system. The

visibility analysis program (VISANS) converts all crew station data

to a common right handed three dimensional coordinate system with

the origin at the specified SRP. This conversion allows maximum

flexibility for both military and nonmilitary applications.

The following procedure summary is included to facilitate in-

stallation and use of the program at the user's facility. The proce-

dure consists of three principal steps as follows:

(1) Installation of the Program on User's Computer System.

Although the program is written in FORTRAN IV, the conventions for

end-of-file (EOF) detection, plot initialization and termination,

7

as well as file handling procedures may differ from system to system

and some minor modifications may be needed. In addition, the JCL

and device references of Section 5 describe the procedures for a

particular set of hardware and operating system (specifically a CDC

6600 computer, CDC tape drives, CALCOMP plotting hardware, and a

NOS/BE operating system). It will be necessary to tailor the job

control language to the user's system. A listing of the program is

included in Appendix B.

(2) Digitization of Crew Stations. The workplace or crew

station must be reduced to points, lines, and panels as described

in Section 2 and Paragraph 4.2. These data may be stored on punched

cards, magnetic tape, or disk, but must be coded for the user's

specific application prior to using the program. The contents and

complexity of these data depends on the user's application. In the

examples in this report only the major console and window outlines

are depicted along with a few control references; however, individual

control panels, knobs, dials, etc., may be included if the user re-

quires them.

(3) Program Execution. Each program run requires crew sta-

tion data, an eye location, and eye orientation information. These

requirements are described in detail in Paragraph 4.2. Note that

it is possible to obtain many plots in a single run, each depicting

a different crew station and/or eye orientation, by judicious arrange-

ment of the input data.

8

SECTION 2

AN ILLUSTRATION

In order to use the Visibility Analysis Program (VISANS)

the user must be able to geometrically describe the crew station

to be analyzed. The example used to illustrate this procedure

is based on the crew station in Figure 2 consisting of a sixdrawer desk. In modeling the desk, only the desk's top, front

side, and leg well are defined. The other sides are not needed

because they do not cause any physical or visual interference

to a person sitting at a desk.

First, we arbitrarily choose an origin and define a coordi-

nate system. In this example we chose the mid-point of the front

edge of the top of the desk to be the origin and defined the

coordinate system as follows:

+X Forward

+Y Left

+Z Up .

Using the dimensions of the desk, and the origin of thecoordinate system, the three dimensional coordinates are obtained

for the various vertices of the panels and for the location ofany controls or other miscellaneous equipment as needed. Next

the user must supply the program with the three dimensional

coordinates of the Seat Reference Point (SRP) with respect to

the origin of the crew station's coordinate system. The three

dimensional coordinates of SRP with respect to the origin of the

desk are defined as follows:

X-Coordinate = -15.0

Y-Coordinate = 0.0

Z-Coordinate = -11.0

9

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1---- 30 -

1- 7-

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Figure 2. Sample Crew Station -DESK.

10

As shown in Figure 2, the "DESK" consists of a total of six

panels. Each panel has four vertices, and is rectangular in shape.

The coordinates of the vertices are shown in Figures 3a and 3b.

Figure 4a shows a visibility plot of the "DESK" shown in

Figure 2. The eye location (X=6.12, Y=0.0, and Z=31.46) shown

in this figure was arbitrarily selected, the user may enter any

desired values as described in Paragraph 4.1. The user may modify

or change the visual field overlays by changing the equations

defining these overlays in subroutine VISPLT (see Appendix B).

For this example, the crewmember (the person sitting at the desk)

is looking 00 from forward and 00 from horizontal. The information

provided by the visibility plot is explained in Paragraph 3.1.

Figure 4b shows the program input used to generate the

visibility plot. This is explained in Section 4.

11

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3 3 33.0 -30.0 0.04 0.0 -30.0 0.0

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1 4 3 0.0 -13.0 -5.0i _ 4 0.0 -1 3.0 00

2 3

Figure 3a. X, Y, and Z Coordinates of Panels of DESK.

12

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1 0.0 13.0 - 5.02 0.0 1 3.0 -2+.03 33.0 13.0 -24.04 33.0 13.0 -5.0

SWELL-AT

POINT X Y Z1 0.0 -13.0 -5.0

I 42 0.0 -1 3&0 - 24.03 33.0 -13.0-2+.04 334 -130 -5.0

Figure 3b. X, Y, and Z Coordinates of Panels of DESK.

13

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SECTION 3

THE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS (VISANS) PROGRAM* OUTPUT

This program provides visibility data to evaluate crewmember/

crew station or other crew station interactions. It allows the user

to label the instruments and/or light sources (miscellaneous equip-

ments) of a crew station and it also includes an optional overlay

defining the limits of various visual fields.

3.1 THE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS OUTPUT

The program provides both printed and graphical output (hard

copy plot). The graphical output is shown in Figure 4c. The plot

provides the user with the following information:

(1) The eye location of the crewmember with respect to the

seat reference point (SRP) of the crew station (see

Paragraph 4.2).

(2) The name of the crew station.

(3) Definition of the vision limits.

(4) The vision limits themselves.

(5) A rectilinear plot of the crew station and miscellaneous

equipments.(6) A LEGEND defining the miscellaneous equipment.

(7) The orientation of the head, in degrees.*

The printed output for this program contains:

(1) An output from subroutine VISVDM containing the crew sta-

tion data (Figure 5 is an example of subroutine VISVDM

output - see Paragraph 4.2 for details), and

(2) An output from the main routine for each plot consisting

of the Namelist CNTRL's variable values, the eye location,

head orientation, and, for each vertex, its three dimen-

sional coordinates (in the original crew station coordi-

nate system) along with the vision angles at which that

vertex can be found.

*Note that for line-of-sight angles, positive horizontal is left offorward and positive vertical is above the horizontal.

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the following:

(1) The program name.

(2) The page number.

(3) The visibility member name and the date created.

(4) The eye location.

(5) The head orientation.

(6) Each visibility contour, panel, and/or point source

name.

(7) Cross reference output showing the vision angles for

each vertex of the visibility member.

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SECTION 4INPUT TO VISANS PROGRAM

The input for program VISANS is of three types:

(1) input/output control,

(2) ciew station data, and

(2) eye/head positional data.

The data stream is entered in the following form:

" the namelist CNTRL,

0 crew station data,

* coordinates of the eye position, and

" coordinates of the point at which the head is pointingor the vertical and horizontal angular offsets of the

head with respect to straightforward.

As many sets of input as desired may be entered ending with:

* the namelist CNTRL with IEND=l.

The general deck layout is shown in Figure 7. The following three

paragraphs describe the format and content of the data iri.ut.

4.1 THE NAMELIST CNTRL

Input/output control for VISANS is accomplished using the

namelist CNTRL. The namelist CNTRL and its default values are:

* NEW - if NEW is set equal to 1, VISVDM is called to read

crew station data from Unit 3* in card image format as

described in Paragraph 4.2 (default:O). If NEW=O, VISVDM

is bypassed and the data is read from Unit 9.** (This is

the case after the first plot when more than one plot of

the same crew station are requested).

*Unit 3 is defined by the user and contains the input data.**Unit 9 is where the reformatted data is written for use byprogram.

23

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.. . . .. .. ... . . ..A • i nm ~un | I nm nnnm.

5)gunex7.seeneralinput Dc aot

24

o EYELOC - if EYELOC is set equal to 1, the eye location is

read from Unit 3*, otherwise the EYELOC used on the previous

plot is used. If this is the first plot and EYELOC=0, the

Design Eye Position (described in MIL-STD-1333) for a 130

seat back angle (6.07, 0.0, 31.5) is used (default:0).

e TARG - if TARG is set equal to zero, horizontal and verti-

cal angle offsets for the line-of-sight are read from UNIT

3. If TARG=1, the program looks for the three dimensional

coordinates of the point at which the eye is looking. (The

coordinates are read from Unit 3.*) (default:0).

e ILIM - if ILIM is set equal to 1, the vision limits are

superimposed on the visibility plot. If ILIM=0, no vision

limits are plotted. (default:l).

e IEND - IEND set equal to 1 denotes the end of the input data.

If IEND=O, the program looks for more data on Unit 3.

(default:0).

The format of the namelist CNTRL is as follows (see Figure 8a):

" column 1 a blank

" column 2 a dollar sign($)**

" column 3-7 the word CNTRL

" column 8 a blank.

After column 8 the user may code none, all or any combinations of the

control variables in the form NEW=l, EYELOC=l, ..., the last one fol-

lowed by a $ sign. Note that, although embedded blanks are accept-

able, on some machines they will be considered as zeros when they

occur between a variable value and the following comma. Thus, a

namelist string of the form NEW=l, EYELOC=l, IEND=l$ might be inter-

preted as NEW=l, EYELOC=l0, and IEND=1.

*Unit 3 is defined by the user and contains the input data.**Note that the format of the Namelist convention is highly machinedependent.

25

-ul41 E- -

mw z3mA mUmm -3-

mE4 0U

m -*mU- :

do:E

ma - ON- U lmE - *

mU mu26

Figure 8b is the namelist CNTRL input that contributed to

Figure 2 as follows:

" NEW=I caused VISVDM to be called to read the CH-53 data

from Unit 3.

" EYEL0C=I therefore, eye location was read as X=6.12, Y=0.0,

Z=31.45.

" TARG=0 therefore, the vertical and horizontal angle off-

sets were read as VANG=0 ° and HANG=0°, i.e. head is point-

ing straightforward.

" ILIM=l therefore, the vision limits are overlayed onto the

visibility plot.

* IEND=O indicating that this is not the end of the input

data.

4.2 ENTERING CREW STATION DATA

Crew station data are entered with coordinates in a user de-

fined coordinate system (see Section 2). Data may be entered as

boundary definitions (panels or visibility contours) consisting of

three to twenty-five vertices, or single point miscellaneous equip-

ment to be labeled and identified on the plot legend. A combined

total of 100 boundary definitions and miscellaneous equipment is

allowed with no more than 40 miscellaneous equipment. The data

flow is shown in Figure 9.

(1) The $ADD card containing

columns 1-4 $ADDcolumn 5 blankcolumns 6-13 crew station member namecolumns 14-16 the number of visibility boundary de-

finitions for this member (NBNDS)columns 17-18 the number of miscellaneous equipment

for this member (NEQPTS)columns 19-24 the neutral seat reference point (NSRP)

X-coordinate (ACXYZ (1)) *columns 25-30 the NSRP Y-coordinate (ACXYZ(2))*columns 31-36 the NSRP Z-coordinate (ACXYZ(3))*

4 column 37 blank

*Note that the coordinates of the NSRP are in the user's defined

coordinate system.

- 27

-- - -- r - - - / / ' -'

/ 7

SMiscellaneous Equipment Data

/-Boundary Definition Data

41An &ADD C'ard

Figure 9. Crew Station Data Flow.

28

column 38 the direction of the positive x-axisof the input coordinate system (IX),with respect to the operator, asfollows:

F for ForwardA for AftL for LeftR for RightU for UpD for Down

column 39 blankcolumn 40 the direction of the positive y-axis

defined as above (IY)column 41 blankcolumn 42 the direction of the positive z-axis

defined as above (IZ)

(2) The NBNDS boundary definitions as follows:

Card 1 columns 1-3 sequence number for this boundary(BN0)

columns 4-27 the boundary name (BNAME)columns 28-29 blankcolumns 30-32 the number of vertices for this

boundary (BNV)

This is followed by BNV cards with the coordinates for each

vertex as follows:

columns 1-6 the X-coordinate in the inputcoordinate system*

columns 7-12 the Y-coordinate for this vertexcolumns 13-18 the Z-coordinate for this vertex

(3) The NEQPTS miscellaneous equipment definitions asfollows:

Card 1 columns 1-3 a sequence number (BN0)columns 4-27 the name for this point to be

placed in the legend (BNAME)column 32 a 1

Card 2 columns 1-6 the X-coordinate for this pointin the input coordinate system

columns 7-12 the Y-coordinate for this pointcolumns 13-18 the Z-coordinate for this point

*Note that if a decimal point is not included for any coordinate,

one is assumed to be between the second last and third to thelast columns of each field (F6.2).

29

Figure 10 shows input for the Air Force's PAVLO aircraft which

contributed to the plot in Figure 1. Figure 11 shows the printed

output generated by VISVDM. The first line shows the $ADD card as

read by the program.

$ADD CH-53 121143.8 524143.80 24.00140.70 A R U

The second output line gives the member name, creation date, number

of boundaries, and number of miscellaneous equipment, as read from

the $ADD card.

MEMBER,CH-53 PAVLO (01/02/81), HAS 12 BOUNDARIES AND 11 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT

The third line shows the X, Y, and Z coordinate offsets used to

translate the new station to the programs coordinate system with

the origin at the NSRP.

COORDINATES ARE TRANSLATED TO (143.80, 24.00, 140.70).

The next line describes the direction changes in the coordinate

system as follows:

COORDINATES GIVEN AS A, R AND U ARE NOW F, L, AND U.

Input Absolute

+ x - Aft (Fuselage Station) + x - Forward

+ y - Right (Butt Line) + y - Left

+ z - 2p (Waterline) + z - Up

The remaining VISVDM printed output includes, for each boundary and

miscellaneous equipment, the sequence number, the number of vertices,

and the coordinates of each vertex both before and after translation.

The last line starting with VIS534I is a message which indicates that

VISVDM has successfully completed processing the visibility member.

30

oI

iCNTRL NEWZI ,&ADO CHN-3 12111: 3.8 24.0 1-10.7 A R. U 01/02/81

ISTODE 1 4116.2" 13.2314tb.73116.2t, 30 °00 I',f.ie3111.4.7 30. O9lse. is

110.61 13.251CO.1'.2CEHTE. 1 4

116.81 13.2i1k5.07110.61 13.2:ME.1.9110$81-13.251 . 14

3LZDE 14

110.61-13.23160.73 Boundary111.4-30.00158.55 Data116.2*-30.00146.73

4OVERHEAD 1 4126.92 1944178.00tS2*O0 19 .4*18'. 00

162.00-19.44184.00126.92-19.4,#178.00

SLWRCONSL 1 41-2.38 8.75138.2211'S 81 8 74145 07116.81 -G4.7ls.071-2.38 -8.75136.22

11REFUELING CONTROL 8 1137 55 -6 00139,5016NAY CNTL DISPLAY a 1

12'.50 5.00143.00ITNAV CONTROL a 1124.00 7.50143.2S20CPLR 8 1135 00 4 00140 0021RADAR CONTROL 8 110,00 6.0018200022APP CONTROL HANDLE a I142.00 0.0 150000 Miscellaneous

23L4H FIRE HANDLE a 1128 00 -9 0177, 00 Equpments24RH FIRE HANDLE 8 1128.00 5400177.0029PILOT CAUTION LITE 8 1116.00 10I0158.0830AFCS RESET LIGHT 8 1

116 00 1 0 161. 0031PILOT FIRE WARNING 8 I116.00-18.0 01f8. 05

6.12 31 45

SCNTRL ZENOuI I

Figure 10. CH-53 Aircraft Input.

31

I

44-

0

do 40

Q4OC-a. t a.e~ 0~~r. 1 C0-MCf I .. I .d*C I ~ - * a..

.4 .4 . m4 . M .5 45 4.4 9. w d m- r- I- 1. 1,Ne yc 0z 14

IL 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 00%W 0 0: 0: W Z 0 0 0NN Q

w4 .*W .. 1.. .. . .* *Ii .* ..... w ... .. ..

5 .4 t ty 0n 0 0 4pMI .)0a4 0iP' ey 1 0( y a ba a 0 *4 II I

.j -

140

uj 6 -1-f f- 6- - -- n mama Id-CC Paa aa ma f-I- - f -Pm - -f- 0-0. -- 1 41;

oo w4 .4P I4 om N4 #I

Q L 0.4s .0I4 04PI ky..44 I I de..4 d 44.4.CP*0a-"c L"aO .404..44 MlC-.AO daC d4..4.aU ma anmaaa

.B. 4.i.4 .4 '1.4 . .. 4 .4 4.4 0. 4.4 .44.40.4.4& 4..444 4.)I z z0

'AZ 4 U, VI W W V4 W .

0CCU - I- p - p- 4SU ia! al w w ae a

40CM

I- Z3

e .44f I

w CA

0. in d . A -.J

). 04 0 r

0 0

do z z z

K. MAW~ (3 .5 0 5

0 .22 o.

Cd L34) 4 C* IA3C

-14-3

0

LC.,

00

W, 4 "a0: : :: o . .4. ee. MWMNNsie

. . . . . . . . .4

fy.c 0 4 1 1 1

00 CPO:: 0z0:000. -0 0 0.40000.0.. 0 14.aN500. af *4).4.. ...w. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .4 M . .4. MAI"- MI.4if)M.4m.4.4.4 ON ow 4p 0.41,M"P in *AW)2I'aN1.0l. z 4

000 0 0

(A (A We in 4

00: 0 0 0 0 0 c o aelf0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

w .~4 1. 15 I0L Ckf 0 0 0 N 0 0N 0 @ 0 W N W 0 ~ 0 ? 0 0 . 0 O 00

00P I- 0 ~ M 4 ) 4 0 0 0 0 0 . P4 4 0 . l A A M 0 . 4 ~ 0 ON

Z * 2z.. . . . . . 3 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .cc40,. .0P.....44004N~f*04.N4050444444' M..s.........44.. .NPi~fNPOJPPW ... A O MPP .

Is Is 0 g x a

0000 0000 00 m cmm mmOO~ ee~~ m ~ comoaa~oaO

10.N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0N 0 O 0 0 . 0 0 . W)I ~ 0 U t0 ,0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:amaamm a =aft, a a m a a a am 14P2.r Ow 4 P. P2 P2 m2 P2 a2 P2 a 2a

4 r4*P a '"a eofo .4. (i . 1 .~ . 1 W*

a a a a a4 a4 a a a 4a 4a C4 a vow4a ~.. 4-- *9. P- o14 o- *N -s w * " a .

a aa a at Ci t (~ ~ac ~ac i a i at 4:a i

Aw Nu 0w 0 C 0 a 0 0 0 C , H

c, a a U a a a a a 1. a

9-9-t- ka P- : I-. No16-l-I $*b- -0p t- 0 ami

-&.4& 4L a

.4aaaa~lP~*S*I*~l ~ o9 p 41 4w

.4NDN..4.IA.IAI IA.IAN A.4A.4A.Whi hi 3i hi hi hi hi hi h

aaaaa.a9a9a.alaP9-.-9-m._jaI

a 0 a aaa0a aC w0C ac o C. C. .

.4P~2aat N4AIuiQaaiaaJaJE A O~Z0a.. ........ 0

4.4. ..P244-p....?- J-49a9-N-a9Q9-4-494,.

.aaaa. a0P20N N0P2* 340 4

The remaining VISVDM printed output includes, for each boundary

and miscellaneous equipment, the sequence number, the number of

vertices, and the coordinates of each vertex both before and after

translation. The last line starting with VIS534I is a message

which indicates that VISVDM has successfully completed processing

the visibility member.

4.3 EYE POSITIONAL DATA

The eye positional data consist of an (X, Y, Z) coordinate

triplet that describes the eye location with respect to the origin

of the visibility member data, and the line-of-sight information

in the form of a target point for the head (X, Y, Z) or the

vertical and horizontal angular offsets for the head (HANG, VANG)*.

The eye location is entered in the following format (see

Figure 12a):

" columns 1-10 the X-coordinate of the eye,

* columns 11-20 the Y-coordinate of the eye,

* columns 21-30 the Z-coordinate of the eye.

This should be entered in the SRP system (i.e. (0,0,0)=seat re-

ference point, and axes FLU). Note that if a decimal point is

not punched in the field, it is assumed to be between the second

and third to the last columns in each field. Thus, the input

card of Figure 12b gives the eye location X=6.12, Y=0.00, Z=31.45

for the plot of Figure 4.

To enter target data (point at which the head is pointing),

enter an (X, Y, Z) coordinate triplet as follows (see Figure 13a):

o columns 1-10 X-coordinate of head target (F10.2)

* columns 11-20 Y-coordinate of head target (F10.2)

* columns 21-30 Z-coordinate of head target (F10.2).

This should be entered in the user's coordinate system. Figure

13b shows input for the point X=16.12, Y=0.0, and Z=21.45.

The user may use any desired values). Horizontal and vertical

offsets to line-of-sight are entered as follows

*Note that the head position is specified by entering either targetdata or angular offsets, but not both.

35

U

.l3 -U-m

.3 -,.Us - ,4:

,,: 2 mm -

.2 - = - -

m m -m3

Z -,- - S -

U, N o-,a- 0

.36

.3 -m u , * -- _-- ,i i

m4

44 Mu at

mmM -

a) F

-. C,4

mm# mare-

al imu- 4.)

mal mm -(mgZ muml -- muS p4"

/uma ma -

373

mm ;mm - -I.-

ma: mm - ,

mma ma-

|ma .- m3 -ma m3- .q

.= =.:3,- 0mlt 0P ' mg -

m• ,-4 mg

ma m .!.Xme mm- .=ImU p4 mm... 'a,4

.il .) m m u-

mE ma.. ..4.)

(see Figure 14a):

* columns 1-7 the vertical angle (HANG) offset

* columns 8-14 the horizontal angle (VANG) offset.

Figure 14b shows the sample input for HANG=0.00 and VANG=-45.0'.

Note that as with the other eye positional input, when no decimal

point is entered, the assumed point is between the second and third

to the last card columns in each field.

The user can specify the head position by entering either

target data or angular offsets, but not both. Which one the user

enters depends on the value of TARG in the CNTRL namelist

(see Paragraph 4.1).

38

L . .. | i , . . . . .

2 m

so o- 4 1-4

so- 0

4) V

0 a - 4r

ma- 04 VIA-

ma mu-414 U

m2 14. ma14

.9 v4 mmmUIM

me 1.1me 4J-

mu~$ 0r .ma 41 mU

10 0m-

mU~V WU .ma o U 41

mm$ 41mu4m00

mu4

mu ma-0 m=q

al39

SECTION 5

JOB CONTROL

VISANS originated as a function of the COMputerized BIo-

mechanical MAN-model interactive graphics program. The current

version of VISANS creates offline plots on a CALCOMP 1036

three-pen plotter using a CDC CYBER computer at Wright-Patterson

Air Force Base, Ohio. The job control cards used for these

runs are shown in the deck setup of Figure 15. Plot information

is transferred to TAPE? under system control. This plot tapproduces three-color plots on a CALCOMP 1036 drum plotter ilizing

a CALCOMP Model 925 controller with a universal tape d 'yeIf online plots are desired, a dummny subrouti , NEWPEN(I)

must be added to the Program Source as shown in igure 16. The

deck setup for online plot runs is shown in gure 17.

The Visibility Analysis program (VIS S) is written inFORTRAN IV using a CALCOMP based plot *ng package. It uses the

following units for I/O:

Unit 3 - user input, card image format (see Section 4)

Unit 6 - printed output

Unit 7 - Gould plotter output

Unit 9 - Scratch file used by the program.

40

F.mm i-- nm mu I u ul nU u mme

VIS,T25,I1050,Cm1O5000. 1D#

FTN.

ATC, CCPLOT, CCPL0TlO 36, ID=LIBRARY, SN=ASD.

LABEL, TAPE7 ,W, D=PE ,VSN=Tape#, RING.

LDSET, LIB=CCPL0T.

LG0.

7/8/9 (E0F)

* Source Deck

7/8/9 (E0F)

* Input Data

6/7/8/9 (E0J)

Figure 15. Deck Layout for Off line Plot Runs.

41

Lli

SUBROUTINE NEWPEN (I)

RETURN

END

Figure 16. Dunumy Subroutine NEWPEN.

42

VIS,T25,I050,CM1O5000. ID#

FTN.

ATTACH,CCPL0T,CCPL0T56X, ID=LIBRARY, SN=ASD.

LIBRARY, CCPL0T.

LG0.

R0UTE DPL0T, TID=Terminal ID,DC=PT, ST=System designation.

7/8/9 (E0F)

Source Deck

7/8/9 (E0F)

Input Data

6/7/8/9 (E0J)

Figure 17. Deck Layout for Online Plot Run.

43

APPENDIX A

COMPUTATION OF THE VISION ANGLES

As mentioned in Section 1, crew stations are defined

geometrically as panels and contours. These panels and contours

are represented by closed polygons, and are input to the program

in a user defined coordinate system.

Before calculating the vision angles the user defined

coordinate system is transformed through the following steps:

(1) Convert to the three dimensional coordinate system

with+x = forward

+y = left

+z = up

and seat reference point = (0,0,0).

(2) Translate the origin to the eye location of the crew-

member.

(3) Then, if the crewmembers head is pointed HANG degrees

left of forward and VANG degrees above horizontal

a) rotate HANG degrees left about the z-axis and

b) rotate VANG degrees up about the y-axis.

Angles are calculated in this resulting coordinate system

as follows:

If the coordinates of the point are (x, y, z), then

horizontal angle a = tan- (y/x)vertical angle = sin-1 (z/x 2+y2+z2 )

44

, nil J ~ i qm pmH llb~m nM mu m •

y~vZ) UP (xY.z

I'

I YLEFT

B-VERTICAL-% ANGLE

EYE POSITON

For the program's visibility plot, these angles are sampled

at one inch intervals along the polygon perimeters. To save

plotting time and storage, each polygon side is tested to see ifit is perpendicular to the x-y plane; and if true, the segment is

not sampled (because it will show up as a straight line on the

plot). For the printed output the angles are calculated only at

the polygon vertices.

45

APPENDIX B

VISIBILITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM LISTINGS

46

. . . . -... .. i

'4

9. nC* CD . . C, 4,'o 0 w CIC, C,.,7 2 . . . . w : 424%4Ts:*t84 pUUUq ~fiW . Lwa'

do

MI 'CO A ~ lc,:LL *

I4"L '

u% %A Z L a

20 LL -11* _ W _j

4* K z 2 M w M jo_ - * " L dcl* * w W~ 0 3- l. IL Z -.K Z S0-*. t- 4c co (A DW I -

,-* 4 w w w. (" m- .. w jo IA -c o z Sc.* * L I~ D QL Z-ZI *.1&0 0 Pwww -

0 O.* MO 0 .4 I-.. w K .41 W 4 WO

IA l-U fA1. 0 Z W 0 WW 0Z I....~ - o*

=A 6-1- Xa. a * ~ w "h.4 W. 0- c' 0 0 -Z L) 144 b -I. 4 o- K.O Q .J3. w) o 0 . 0. W K SA o _

H' * 14 w1 wouo * 11K 4 o 11011.64 1 -,4 1.0 CA $_0 - j"in 0 WO "~.O * *j x46 Q zAJW M Z4.lh-- OW W &0-0 ; x P o r

l. j _j * I.- *QZ P -ce ~C0 U 0 .4.1.1O Z w w 5 0

U.20 04fI _jW L5 FA (L -Zo tw.4 Z0 0 0 S.

"'K- 20 0 31 w3 *lLL,0 a . * U 9_j 0 -*Zwv .1 kWp~ IS . I0 u.-OZ l .4 - 10 *4 I. -

- 025 j j.. 4 (a1 "o* *Z .4 - OzI-Z 1 .0 (AU vi *m ~ w 1coZ j ZZ .I~ w r4. K M11 ZZ ~) U. .1 c_ w4 U o

0* = L w-* o l--O Os.U w 40 *I.- 0-.4 Z 14 -. j- S x. J- K

C4* 04* j4 u- jl4 4' 0 1-~q.- _ r-CW j w 11/ -UQ N X tM* 4 -* 0 wo.-i N- 6- ww*w _ 41 40 IA lA 0._ o N* C;. o * -i N 0.4* &Afl w ZO0:Tfz0.* Z= *. aIW &4IS.J~-PJZ -1 . N

N * -2 1-CQO :O ow IlAW~ 241CA a--6 9S 3 V 64 0

.. *1-Z1* IA de64 4; 1- c Icy.4W Z.I(~ at.0-- Ii.J Nz-.4 2 - ().JI. W- -4Z U 13 U * £J .1

1-* R2 .5 I WK . 2a . * 4IA *6 2 O1)1- U Z w v, '4m Ii0*64 * 0 1 14l-1 U~ * 14 114 5 ~ 64~WIA- IA.5 *5. 0 -

0 * 1 4 5 6 4 * Ia. 0 W ILL. *, w ,3 U 0 4 1 ~ 5 1 2 0 2 6 4 * 2 4 1 I N**14-* 42 I~f02 S 4641fl.al- 0.~b~2 60 .- '4w * J2 -o~~~~~~~~*~~~~~~1 oN !A :DMIW I 7 _j0. - 5.4- II .0 U .5 * N . . N

0*~I IA* 4.4 U) .5. 1.I 4vZNJ& S.. U N * Z 5. -. 2.'4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ x*40 r1~ 4 L x- * ItW~ I45 w0- 4I W 4 Z * #. I. N6 .KXUO

0.~~~1 t4W AW r ~ I= a%40 1 .04 * .I5 -6. 1J

0 *4..5 L Z. o W * '4 0 I I OU '4 II I ' N W Z0547.

mN c , 1 1 1

0 1

&1 0 1.- 4z 0 zoo~S. z (L . L LL

U, M* OC *O *

* *A * al0 1- Ix Ls *2 U. *6. Z&,. K U, w *w0 c -j t3 In- 0* I A

0 C * in x .1 .1 . 3-20 ". 1, z2 J. *

* z z0* *.

Z~~~ X * 0 2

C: Ct W31 c 4a *3 z is lI., j jcI-. p- C; * * "0 *

z M 30 *0 * Zrx xII u2 W: 0 4 sp cy 0 Z- C*-tj *o l 41 is, R is0 W 00 Z a

V. D *0I- *- 0. 0 -J j~ Wis

z 9 T 7. 0 is4* ).0a -1 *2.1 j *is *jr m l 1.- 0 44 P 0

-j 0 *11 ,a -9 z 1-L

*2 0 LrA 0. u IL.)4 U U~

*N u 4 * O 0. l i- g.0 -

* 0* * 23.I1..&'* NJ *44*

48**30 00 *13* 1 1

.,

4.

co

IAA

.4.0 00 0000 000 0000 000 0000 000 0000 000 0000 000 0000 000

% ~*IflNai.4N)*A.t.U0-ft~~OC0

0 tn w(

0

0 * * z* 0% . I: *. lu *U 3 )l* * * * : z L

IS 0 LO Z a. 4 * &. 1. * -C : - *..P

- 4 . O It a w .6 0 M.4* ON U) W u * 0

IA.~~ : x I h** * *

4D 0- 4. P. .l . *

C, It *2- N N N1 Iiii*0*

I* Z "If -Z Z4 mZ * * *-*~~- 0 Li 61 W W 0 * * **

4;* *nU ** m t) it**.4/6 N * * *. * *0 A

*2c *4 l c uf"*Q *i hi N L46 * (3 Zi- * *

61 U* *N4 4. X* * . U** *

* ~ t *t al a W L * ** * A

*2 * *00hi *16* *7.J*N *49.

4

"WWI

0l-I . 4 4 4 4 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N~C, C, mmooo a o o o oo o o o o oo o o o o oo o o o o o

I. * i

C * C 0

0- *1 a, : NI,

z~ .9 .I-N : * F.lD

zN

j 2b I. - W + ).0 V4 N CL I. u 00 . bP4I . cIf -. 1 0 0. 7- 11w : LI

I. U., *j + N . .04 0. 2:~ 0 -1 N-1X-ZI Of z ~ 4 :1- IF 0* 11 NQWZI! o

In IL w4N4,~. Iuos wI- L 81. .1; -1 * N,. 0J ---. 99y 0

04 WO W0 0 .

N 0- 0j .4W C; --. >m 1 -E It CD .0 *Lb to~

4: + .11 It IA. 0..3 P4.N *C - ;; 044 Z- mw C;*..- .44 0

0 ~ ~ W I-.0 V) I- e . to .1 . NI

(NWNW z 4 -l u It N1f =.*2 M... w.*Chx . 0.II12 f f- 1 L " IL w T- NY of It It4 a. a,24 0 4-1 *- Z j =

X 1if60 E 44--4Z Z 2 Z- fn0 0. 0-I *0.. -1 .. ~~-.00 - ,o Wif 20 44 . (A ~ 'of 1-f Wof -Ju0 XT.J**1 ,~4 01 *0' to

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REFERENCES

Bapu, P. et al., "User's Guide for COMBIMAN Programs. Version 4",

AFAMRL-TR-80-91 (AD A-097705) January 1981.

MIL-STD-850A, "Aircrew Station Vision Requirements for Military

Aircraft" June 1967.

MIL-STD-1333, "Aircrew Station Geometry for Military Aircraft"

June 1969.

Kennedy, K. W. and D. McKechnie, "Visibility Toward the Ground from

Selected Tactical Aircraft", AMRL-TR-69-123 (AD 880934), Oct 70.

Edwards, T. M., "Development of an Instrument for Measuring Air-

craft Cockpit Visibility Limits", Technical Development

Report No. 153, Civil Aeronautics Administration and Evalua-

tion Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, January 1952.

76*U.S.Governmont Printing Office, 1902 - 55-007/6036