The Virginia Coastal Energy Research ConsortiumThe Virginia Coastal Energy Research The Virginia Coastal Energy Research ConsortiumConsortium

Patrick G. HatcherExecutive Director Batten Chair in Physical SciencesOld Dominion University

Mission and Specific StrategiesMission and Specific StrategiesMission: The mission of the Virginia Coastal Energy Research

(Working Group) is to identify and develop new coastal energy resources through multidisciplinary research collaborations and environmentally responsible strategies.

Strategies: Conduct research in areas consistent with a diversified portfolio of energy sources in coastal areas and offshore

Initial focus:

1. Offshore wind energy2. Coastal Biomass for Biodiesel Production

VCERC Created by 2006 General Assembly to Bring VCERC Created by 2006 General Assembly to Bring Together Universities, State Agencies, and IndustryTogether Universities, State Agencies, and Industry

Integration of marine renewables into Virginia Energy Plan

Ensuring compatibility with other marine uses and coastal resources

Identification of manufacturing job creation opportunities and industry benefits of long-term, price-stable energy supply

Physical, chemical, & geological ocean sciences

Biological ocean sciences

Renewable energy curriculum development

Entrepreneurship development

High-tech workforce training

Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium Non-University VCERC Board

Wind energy engineering

Identification of waterfront development opportunities

Mechanical, electrical, materials, civil, and ocean engineering

Washington, DC area presence

Three Additional Universities andThree Additional Universities andTwo New Industry Representatives Added in 2007Two New Industry Representatives Added in 2007

Virginia Coast Reserve Long-Term Ecological Research Project

Chemical Engineering Department -- fuels testing and characterization

Virginia Clean Cities and the Hampton Roads Clean Cities Coalition identify regional transportation needs and opportunities for fuels from algae and integration of offshore wind with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Interface with local high-tech industry, including advanced manufacturing,sensors, and control systems

Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium Non-University VCERC Board

Rice Center for Environmental Life Sciences expertise on

natural algal blooms

Research and development of alternative marine biofuels and bioproducts

Integration of GIStool into Coastal GEMS

Three Initial VCERC ProjectsThree Initial VCERC ProjectsFocus on Offshore WindFocus on Offshore Wind

•• 1. Feasibility1. Feasibility--level design and level design and economic assessmenteconomic assessmentfor a hypothetical reference baseline for a hypothetical reference baseline offshore wind poweroffshore wind power projectproject

•• 2. Preliminary mapping of 2. Preliminary mapping of offshore areasoffshore areassuitable for suitable for offshore wind poweroffshore wind powerdevelopment, with identificationdevelopment, with identificationof military training areas, shipping of military training areas, shipping lanes, commercial fishing grounds, lanes, commercial fishing grounds, and marine and avian habitatsand marine and avian habitats

•• 3. Evaluation of economic 3. Evaluation of economic development potentialdevelopment potentialof commercial of commercial offshore wind poweroffshore wind powerdevelopment and associated development and associated workforce training needs, and workforce training needs, and planning for an ocean test bedplanning for an ocean test bed

•• 4. Feasibility4. Feasibility--level design and level design and economic assessmenteconomic assessmentfor an for an algaealgae--toto--biodieselbiodiesel culturecultureand processing systemand processing system

Converting algae to biodiesel

http://http://www.vcerc.orgwww.vcerc.org//

Biomass from Algae for the Biomass from Algae for the production of production of biodieselbiodiesel

Estimated cost: $1.40 to $4.40/gal

Or

$60 to $100 per barrel of oil equivalent

7.5 billion gallons of biodiesel per year requires 500,000 acres of water

At $1/gal profit, the annual return would be $7.5 billion

18:112:1

32:1

inte

nsity

Pyrolysis/GC/MS chromatogram of algae

Cells during Growth

4-Million-Year-Old Fossilized Cell

Walls

Why is it attractive ?1. Algae are the original source of petroleum

2. If we simulate petroleum formation by pyrolysis, we produce hydrocarbons

3. that resemble petroleum

Why Is It Attractive?Why Is It Attractive?

1. Algae outperforms all other plant1. Algae outperforms all other plant--based sources of based sources of alternative fuelsalternative fuels

CornCorn 1515

SoybeansSoybeans 4848

SafflowerSafflower 8383

SunflowerSunflower 102102

JatrophaJatropha 175175

RapeseedRapeseed 127127

Oil PalmOil Palm 635635

Microalgae*Microalgae* 1,8501,850

Microalgae**Microalgae** 5,000 5,000 –– 15,00015,000

Gallons of Oil per Acre per YearGallons of Oil per Acre per Year

* Actual biomass yields ** Theoretical biomass yields

% of Agricultural Land Required % of Agricultural Land Required 

to Fuel US Transportationto Fuel US Transportation

CORNCORN 1,700 %1,700 %

SOYBEANSSOYBEANS 650 %650 %

CANOLACANOLA 240 %240 %

JATROPHAJATROPHA 154 %154 %

COCONUTCOCONUT 108 %108 %

OIL PALMOIL PALM 50 %50 %

MICROALGAEMICROALGAE 2 2 –– 5 %5 %

2. Does not require agricultural land, competing with farm crops

15–23Tetraselmis sueica

50–77Schizochytrium sp.

20–30Phaeodactylum tricornutum

45–47Nitzschia sp.

35–54Neochloris oleoabundans

31–68Nannochloropsis sp.

20–35Nannochloris sp.

>20Monallanthus salina

25–33Isochrysis sp.

23Dunaliella primolecta

16–37Cylindrotheca sp.

20Crypthecodinium cohnii

28–32Chlorella sp.

25–75Botryococcus braunii

Oil Content (% dry wt)Microalga

15–23Tetraselmis sueica

50–77Schizochytrium sp.

20–30Phaeodactylum tricornutum

45–47Nitzschia sp.

35–54Neochloris oleoabundans

31–68Nannochloropsis sp.

20–35Nannochloris sp.

>20Monallanthus salina

25–33Isochrysis sp.

23Dunaliella primolecta

16–37Cylindrotheca sp.

20Crypthecodinium cohnii

28–32Chlorella sp.

25–75Botryococcus braunii

Oil Content (% dry wt)Microalga

Oil Content of Some Microalgae

From : Chisti, Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances 25 294–306

a. Electric power generation to reduce CO2 emissions-carbon credits (algae need CO2 as a carbon source to grow)

b. Agricultural and municipal wastewater runoff to clean up nutrient-laden effluents (algae require the nutrients such as ammonia, phosphates, and nitrates for growth)

c. Clean-up of algae from eutrofied waterways-can pump and filter algae for use as a feedstock for biodiesel

Why is it attractive?Why is it attractive?

3. Algal production and ensuing biodiesel can be coupled with numerous industrial processes

How It WorksHow It Works……..

Grow the AlgaeGrow the Algae

Extract the Extract the biomassbiomass

How It WorksHow It Works……..

Extract the Extract the biomassbiomass

Extract the lipids = Extract the lipids = ““biobio--crudecrude”” oiloil

How It WorksHow It Works……..

Refine into bioRefine into bio--diesel and diesel and other productsother products

What we (ODU, VCERC) are currently focusing on

Harvest

Return flow or tertiary treated water

Incoming 2o sewage

Shut off valves to isolate or divert flowsBottom drains with valve for draining tanks

Alternate flow to settling tank

Biofuel Chemo-Reactor

Residual products from pyrolysis andcombustion of biosolids

Inco

min

g w

aste

byp

rodu

cts a

nd e

fflu

ent

Return of CO2 and products to bio-reactor

membrane

Harvest

Return flow or tertiary treated water

Incoming 2o sewage

Shut off valves to isolate or divert flowsBottom drains with valve for draining tanks

Alternate flow to settling tank

Biofuel Chemo-Reactor

Residual products from pyrolysis andcombustion of biosolids

Inco

min

g w

aste

byp

rodu

cts a

nd e

fflu

ent

Return of CO2 and products to bio-reactor

membrane

The ODU strategy: production of algal biomass for conversion to biodiesel

Algae production coupled to wastewater

Test Facility:

Virginia Initiative Plant

Hampton Roads Sanitation District

Pilot-Scale Reactors at VIP

Concurrent laboratory culturing ongoing using VIP effluent

Biomass production rateBalance gas transfer (CO2 input O2 stripping)Instrumentation and controls Separation/dewatering

Nutrient uptake

Accomplishments: Accomplishments: 1. Pilot1. Pilot--scale facility near Hopewell, VAscale facility near Hopewell, VA-- stand alonestand alone

2. Build a similar facility at VIP plant2. Build a similar facility at VIP plant-- wastewaterwastewater

StandStand--alone pilotalone pilot--scale facilityscale facility

Anticipated production: 3000 gallons biodiesel/yr/acre9,000,000 kg biomass/yr/acre

Harvesting the algaeHarvesting the algae

Continuous flow centrifugeand other approaches

Algae paste

Batch-Mode Converter: for conversion of algal biomass to biodiesel-filed provisional patent

Thermo-Reactor

Carrier Gas (e.g., Helium;

Nitrogen; Hydrogen)

Algal Biomass from Bio-Reactor

Condenser

Bio-Diesel

Solid Residue

Volatile LMW Waste products,

including CO2which is returned

to Bio-Reactor

Thermo-Reactor

Carrier Gas (e.g., Helium;

Nitrogen; Hydrogen)

Algal Biomass from Bio-Reactor

Condenser

Bio-Diesel

Solid Residue

Volatile LMW Waste products,

including CO2which is returned

to Bio-Reactor

Thermo-Reactor

Carrier Gas (e.g., Helium;

Nitrogen; Hydrogen)

Algal Biomass from Bio-Reactor

Condenser

Bio-Diesel

Solid Residue

Solid Residue

Volatile LMW Waste products,

including CO2which is returned

to Bio-Reactor

Seed funds from ODURF ($50,000 in FY08) were used to develop “proof of concept” chemoreactor

Second generation flow-through converter

Fluidized bed converter being constructed from monies provided by ODURF and VCERC

Boteng et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2007USDA, facility- being used for switchgrass conversion to bio-oil

Biodiesel Production from MicroalgaeTable. Biodiesel production from different algae strains with a benchtop converter:

Type Species Oil-like yieldProtist (brown tide algae) CCMP 1847 3%Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum 3%Coccolithophorid Pleurochrysis carterae 7%Green algae Dunaliella spp. 4%Green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa 12%Green algae Botryococcus braunii 37%

Our preliminary results demonstrate that Botryococcus braunii, a green algae strain from fresh water, produces the highest diesel yield using our converter.

Botryococcus braunii

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Time (s)74

Quality of algae biodiesel Quality of algae biodiesel •• algae sample from Lake algae sample from Lake

James, dominated by James, dominated by diatoms; diatoms;

•• soybean biodiesel is from a soybean biodiesel is from a commercial biodiesel commercial biodiesel company;company;

•• Results: algae biodiesel is Results: algae biodiesel is very similar chemically to very similar chemically to commercial biodieselcommercial biodiesel

•• However, the procedure is However, the procedure is tedious and time tedious and time consuming. A better and consuming. A better and faster method is needed. faster method is needed.

Algal biodiesel

Soybean biodiesel

GC-TOF-MS analytical ion chromatograms

Sample#Sample# LocationLocation Dominant Species Dominant Species Oil contentOil content

66 Lake SmithLake Smith CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 22.4%22.4%

77 Lake MauryLake Maury CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 23.1%23.1%

99 Lake Whitehurst (west)Lake Whitehurst (west) CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 23.9%23.9%

1010 Lake Whitehurst (south)Lake Whitehurst (south) CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 21.1%21.1%

1111 Elizabeth RiverElizabeth River(ODU Sailing center)(ODU Sailing center)

DinoflagellateDinoflagellatediatomdiatom

42.1%42.1%

1212 OAES pondOAES pond CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 13.3%13.3%

2424 Lake KempsvilleLake Kempsville CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 22.1%22.1%

2727 Lake ChristopherLake Christopher ChlorophyteChlorophyte 20.0%20.0%

3131 Elmwood Retention pondElmwood Retention pond CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria 23.9%23.9%

VIPVIP ODU sewage treatment plantODU sewage treatment plant ChlorophyteChlorophyte 31.2%31.2%

Big BlueBig Blue ODU GreenhouseODU Greenhouse ChlorophyteChlorophyte 24.0%24.0%

Table 1. Oil contents (NMR) of algae collected from aquatic environment around Norfolk

Does the algal biodiesel work?

Constructing pilot-scale algal farms

1. Collaborative with HRSD VIP plant near campus- Tank farm

2. Collaborative with “algal” farmer in Hopewell, VA area

3. Collaborative with Hopewell, VA wastewater facility

High throughput, second-generation chemoreactor under construction

Designing of harvesting technology (preparing IP disclosure)Collaborating with Acent via SBIR

Current Activities

Possible Commercial Ventures

1. Algal biodiesel production for wastewater industry- $40 million/yr profitFlorida Businessman- Donn Dresselhuys

2. Algal farming in stand-alone facilities- $20 million/yr profit-1000 acres1. Algal Farms, Inc.2. Cherokee Biofuels, LLC3. Kegotank Biofuels

3. Algal farming/large-scale for production of biofuels1. Use of Navy OLF site (20,000 acres)- $50 million/yr profit2. In association with Danville/Southside wastewater facilities

4. Algal farming associated with Powerplants for CO2 sequestration and fuels

5. Biodiesel production from algal/other feedstocks

AcknowledgementsODU teamDr. Margaret Mulholland, Assoc. Prof. OceanographyDr. Andrew Gordon, Prof. Biological SciencesDr. Harold Marshall, Emeritus Prof. Biological SciencesDr. Han Bao, Prof. Mechanical EngineeringDr. Gary Schafran, Prof. and Chair Civil & Environ. EngineeringDr. Aron Stubbins, Research Assist. Prof., Chemistry & BiochemistryDr. Zhanfei Liu, Postdoc, Chemistry & BiochemistryDr. Elodie Salmon, Postdoc, Chemistry & BiochemistryDr. Chris Burbage, Postdoc, OceanographyRichard Hubbard, Senior TechnicianAdair Johnson, Technician, Chemistry & Biochemistry

VIMS teamDr. Elizabeth Canuel, Prof. Marine ScienceDr. Deborah Bronk, Prof. Marine Science

JMU teamDr. Christopher Bachmann, Assist. Prof. Integrated Science & Technol.

UVA teamDr. Robert Davis, Prof. and Chair, Chemical Engineering

HU teamDr. Ates Akyurthu, Prof. and Chair, Chemical EngineeringDr. Jale F. Akyurthu, Prof. of Chemical Engineering