• The vast area of Sudan and complex diversity indicate that federalism is the most suitable system of governance.

• In Sudan there is a unique cultural, ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity .

• Implementation of the federal system allowed for the resolution of historical conflicts – on top of these problems is the conflict of Southern Sudan.

• Within the federal system the states are given financial autonomy and active participation in the decision making process on the national level

Federalism and Conflict Prevention Federalism and Conflict Prevention Management and resolution MechanismsManagement and resolution Mechanisms

Evolution of Federalism Evolution of Federalism ImplementationImplementation

- Settlement of disputes Settlement of disputes - Achievement of peace & stabilityAchievement of peace & stability

Within the concept that Federalism is a Within the concept that Federalism is a process of continuous dialogue and process of continuous dialogue and negotiations to settle disputes and struggles negotiations to settle disputes and struggles according to the Interim National according to the Interim National Constitution 2005(CPA), it is evident that the Constitution 2005(CPA), it is evident that the chronic problem of Southern Sudan was chronic problem of Southern Sudan was solved. Besides there are other solved. Besides there are other achievements in this respect namely.achievements in this respect namely.

1.1. Abuja Peace Agreement – settlement of Abuja Peace Agreement – settlement of disputes with main rebel groups.disputes with main rebel groups.

2.2. The Agreement of Eastern Sudan the conflict The Agreement of Eastern Sudan the conflict was resolved finally.was resolved finally.

3.3. Cairo Agreement the political agreement Cairo Agreement the political agreement between the National Pact led by the between the National Pact led by the Democratic Union and the government of Democratic Union and the government of Sudan.Sudan.

4.4. Development projects and services were Development projects and services were delivered and implemented in regional areas delivered and implemented in regional areas where peace and stability were secured where peace and stability were secured especially in most of Greater Darfur areas.especially in most of Greater Darfur areas.

5.5. The Doha forum is a mechanism for dialogue The Doha forum is a mechanism for dialogue and negotiations with Darfur rebel groups. A and negotiations with Darfur rebel groups. A comprehensive agreement is on its way to be comprehensive agreement is on its way to be signed with these groups signed with these groups

Unbalanced development was an outstanding Unbalanced development was an outstanding feature in most regions of Sudan.feature in most regions of Sudan.

This was a direct result of regional conflicts in This was a direct result of regional conflicts in Darfur, Eastern states and Nuba Mountains.Darfur, Eastern states and Nuba Mountains.

The policy of the government was to bridge The policy of the government was to bridge the gap between the center and the states by the gap between the center and the states by reprogramming and distributing development reprogramming and distributing development projects.projects.

Settlements and control of regional and Settlements and control of regional and ethnic disputes was advantageous to restore ethnic disputes was advantageous to restore balanced development. balanced development.

Ethnic Conflicts and Balanced Development Ethnic Conflicts and Balanced Development in Sudanin Sudan

Federalism & the Administration of Federalism & the Administration of ConflictConflict

in Sudan in Sudan

To achieve its objective as a pragmatic To achieve its objective as a pragmatic mechanism for settlement of disputes the mechanism for settlement of disputes the federal system should put into federal system should put into consideration (3) main dimensions.consideration (3) main dimensions.

1. Active political participation and power 1. Active political participation and power sharing.sharing.

2. Effective delivery of services and equal 2. Effective delivery of services and equal opportunities for all.opportunities for all.

3. Equality and Justice in revenue sharing 3. Equality and Justice in revenue sharing and balanced development. and balanced development.

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) according for its philosophy of (CPA) according for its philosophy of decentralization put into consideration the decentralization put into consideration the dimensions of diversity. It set general dimensions of diversity. It set general directives and established institutions and directives and established institutions and commissions to solve issues of fairness and commissions to solve issues of fairness and equality. equality. Self government to the south.Self government to the south. Power sharing.Power sharing. Revenue sharing between various levels of Revenue sharing between various levels of government.government. Consensus democracy.Consensus democracy. Targeting of development and promotion of Targeting of development and promotion of services at all levels. services at all levels.

Settlement of Disputes Under the Settlement of Disputes Under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)

Political Participation and Power sharing Axis:Political Participation and Power sharing Axis:1\ self rule to the south (CPA) granted self rule 1\ self rule to the south (CPA) granted self rule

to the South for an interim period of (6) to the South for an interim period of (6) years followed by a referendum for self years followed by a referendum for self determination.determination.

a.a. To empower Southerners to preserve their To empower Southerners to preserve their cultural and political identity. cultural and political identity.

b.b. To be given a chance to adopt their own To be given a chance to adopt their own constitution in full independence as to the constitution in full independence as to the relation between the state and religion.relation between the state and religion.

c.c. To use their own language within the South.To use their own language within the South.d.d. The CPA granted all states both in the South The CPA granted all states both in the South

and the North the right to initiate and adopt and the North the right to initiate and adopt their own constitutions. their own constitutions.

Effectiveness of Services DeliveryEffectiveness of Services Delivery

The fruits of federalism are evident in building The fruits of federalism are evident in building confidence between the people and their confidence between the people and their government through active participation in government through active participation in formulating decisions that affect their daily formulating decisions that affect their daily life.life.

To achieve this objective behind services To achieve this objective behind services delivery necessitated building a hierarchy of delivery necessitated building a hierarchy of lower level bodies to allow for decisions lower level bodies to allow for decisions concerning services to the be initiated by the concerning services to the be initiated by the people themselves.people themselves.

To sum up, it can be said that federalism laid To sum up, it can be said that federalism laid down strong indications to services delivery in down strong indications to services delivery in the direction of the prosperity for all citizens. the direction of the prosperity for all citizens.

Justice in Revenue Sharing Towards Justice in Revenue Sharing Towards Balanced DevelopmentBalanced Development

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement sets The Comprehensive Peace Agreement sets clear directives of revenue sharing between clear directives of revenue sharing between different levels of government to safeguard different levels of government to safeguard transparency and fairness in the allocation transparency and fairness in the allocation of funds and balanced development to of funds and balanced development to different levels of government as follows:different levels of government as follows:

a.a. Exclusive revenues for the national Exclusive revenues for the national government.government.

b.b. Exclusive revenues for the government of Exclusive revenues for the government of Southern Sudan.Southern Sudan.

c.c. Revenues for the states. Revenues for the states.

Revenue Sharing requires Revenue Sharing requires mechanisms of justice to secure the mechanisms of justice to secure the targeted balance through targeted balance through constitutional commissions such constitutional commissions such as:as: a.a.National Revenue Fund Commission.National Revenue Fund Commission.b.b.Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Fiscal and Financial Allocation and

Monitoring Commission. Monitoring Commission.

These institutions are established to secure transparency and justice between different levels.

Consensus DemocracyConsensus Democracy

Lack of mechanisms that allow for the Lack of mechanisms that allow for the satisfaction of regional aspirations within the satisfaction of regional aspirations within the political system give the regions the feeling of political system give the regions the feeling of being excluded and that policies are imposed being excluded and that policies are imposed upon them by the mechanism of majority upon them by the mechanism of majority (winner takes all).(winner takes all). Social equality will be jeopardized if it does Social equality will be jeopardized if it does not take into consideration the interests of not take into consideration the interests of minorities. This will question (the legitimacy of minorities. This will question (the legitimacy of the state) in a state of culture and ethnic the state) in a state of culture and ethnic diversity. diversity.

The political practice after the The political practice after the implementation of the (CPA) implementation of the (CPA) brought out a mentality of respect brought out a mentality of respect to other opinions through dialogue to other opinions through dialogue and consensus before taking and consensus before taking decisions through mechanical decisions through mechanical majority.majority.

(Winner does not take all. every (Winner does not take all. every body wins something). body wins something).