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Contents
By
Niteesh K Shukla
Asst. Dir. Head- South Center
IRMRA
Importance of rolling resistance of tyres in the fuel economy of the vehicles
Contents
• About IRMRA
• Tyre Testing Facilities
• Global and Indian scenario on RR
• Methods of measurement and factors affecting RR
• Challenges towards the Tyre Materials to meet the desired RR.
• Case Study
• Conclusion
Contents
About IRMRA
Established in 1959, as a small scale R& D Institute, is now an
internationally well known Centre of Excellence both for non-tyre & tyre
sectors .
At present, IRMRA is under jurisdiction of Dept. of Industrial Policy &
Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
In the last 50 years, with the help of state-of-the-art facilities created with
the financial assistance granted by Ministry of Commerce & Industry,
Govt. of India and expertise developed by the scientists of IRMRA, it has
rendered remarkable service to rubber Industries .
Accreditations and Recognitions Accreditation and Recognition
• ISO/IEC 17025:2005: NABL Accredited
• ISO: 9001:2015 Certified
• BIS Recognized
• DGMS Accredited
• CEMILAC Approved
• DSIR Recognized / CEMILAC Approved
• BMO Accredited with ‘’Diamond Grade’’
• NABET Accreditation for LMS training
• RSDC approved training center
Certificates
Centre of Excellence for Tyre Research, Testing & Certification
Centre of Excellence for Tyre Research, Testing and Certification is
engaged in Testing and Certification of Automotive Tyres received
from the various national and international tyre manufacturers,
automotive OEMs, Customs, BIS, SRTUs, Industrial sectors.
Apart from testing, the centre is also equipped with facilities for
pursuing the research on tyre technology, tyre materials and Failure
Investigation of Automobile and Military Aircraft Tyres.
The Rolling Resistance test facility available with this centre is being
utilized by major automotive OEMs and leading tyre manufacturers in
order to demonstrate the fuel efficiency of their tyres used in
automotive vehicles.
About
Tyre Testing Standards
I. BIS standards :
IS15627 : 2005 : For 2 & 3 Wheeler tires
IS 15633: 2005 :For passenger car tires
IS 15636 : 2012 :For commercial vehicle tires
II. ECE.
III. FMVSS (U.S.).
IV. GSO (Gulf Countries).
V. SNI(Indonesia).
VI. IN Metro (Brazil).
VII.CCC (China).
VIII.ISO .
IX. SAE
X. OE specific standards
Passenger /Light truck tyre
Endurance Machine:
2 Station Type
Max. Load : 2500 kg
Max. Speed : 350 km/hr
Deflected radius .
Dynamic loaded radius checking facility
Facilities available
Facilities available
Rolling Resistance Machine:
Torque method
Test Standard- ISO 28580, ISO 18164
2 Station Type
Capacity:-Two/three wheeler/Passenger
car/Commercial vehicle tyres
Max. Load : 10000 kg
Max. Speed : 350 km/hr
Deflected radius .
Dynamic loaded radius checking facility
Tyre Testing and Research Centre has got the status of Candidate Laboratory Alignment for
the measurement of tire rolling resistance of C1, C2 and C3 tyre in accordance with
Regulation (EC) 1235/2011 and 1222/2009 following the test procedure described in ECE
Regulation No 117,
Facilities available
Tyre Shearography Machine
Advanced computerized non destructive
inspection Technology.
Capable of finding defects such as faulty
repair, inner liner separations, broken cords,
porosity and voids, foreign material.
Capable of giving scans of different regions
like crown, sidewall, shoulder, bead, inner
liner.
Facilities available
Universal testing machine.
Plunger Test: Carcass strength is checked against the
min. specification. Plunger rods
(8, 19, 32, 38 mm Dia.) are used.
Bead Unseat Test: For tubeless passenger car tires, bead
unseat force is checked against the min. specification
with standard fixture.
Static Loaded Radius: Min. distance from centre of tyre
rim assly. to the ground under specified load & inflation
conditions.
Radial Stiffness: Stiffness in radial direction.
Lateral Stiffness: Stiffness in lateral direction.
Tangential Stiffness: Stiffness in tangential direction.
Cornering Stiffness: Stiffness in cornering angle.
Foot print test: Digital Footprint with Land & sea
calculations as well as pressure distribution in contact
path.
Facilities available
Tyre Uniformity Machine :
Radial force and radial force variation
Lateral force and lateral force variation
Conicity, Ply steer
Radial and lateral runout.
Tyre Profilometer
Computerized dynamic growth profile facility.
Max. Speed : 300 km/hr
To check maximum growth of tyre at
maximum speed due to effect of centrifugal
force against theoretical envelop curve
Global Scenario on RR
TYRE LABELLING &
PERFORMANCE REGULATIONS
15
•Mandatory EU+TR as from NOV2012 for stage 1, Nov 2016 for stage 2 •Scope: passenger, light and heavy CVs tyres •RR,wet grip and external rolling noise •Self certification •Member States responsible for surveillance •Minimum requirements for RR, wet grip, rolling noise
EC Regulation 1222/2009 - labelling
Rolling Resistance
C1-tyres C2-tyres C3-tyres
RRC in kg/t
Energy
efficiency
class
RRC in kg/t
Energy
efficiency
class
RRC in kg/t
Energy
efficien
cy
class
RRC≤6,5 A RRC≤5,5 A RRC≤4,0 A
6,6≤RRC≤7,7 B 5,6≤RRC≤6,7 B 4,1≤RRC≤5,0 B
7,8≤RRC≤9,0 C 6,8≤RRC≤8,0 C 5,1≤RRC≤6,0 C
Empty D Empty D 6,1≤RRC≤7,0 D
9,1≤RRC≤10,5 E 8,1≤RRC≤9,2 E 7,1≤RRC≤8,0 E
10,6≤RRC≤12,0 F 9,3≤RRC≤10,5 F RRC≥8,1 F
RRC≥12,1 G RRC≥10,6 G Empty G For "snow tyre for use in severe
snow conditions", the limits shall
be increased by 1 N/kN.
17
Stage 2- Nov 2016
Stage 1- Nov 2012
Tyre Class Max value in (N/kN)
C1 12.5
C2 10.5
C3 8.0
For "snow tyre for use in severe snow
conditions", the limits shall be increased by 1
N/kN.
Tyre Class Max value in (N/kN)
C1 10.5
C2 9.0
C3 6.5
LABELLING AROUND THE WORLD
18
Japan Voluntary since 2010
Only Summer replacement car tyres RR and wet grip
(future) minimum requirements for wet grip
19
The tyres with a grading of A and above for rolling resistance performance and grading a to d for wet
grip performance are defined as "Fuel Efficient Tyres", and uniform mark (right) is marked to promote
use.
Unit(N/kN)
RRC Grade RRC≦6.5 AAA 6.6≦RRC≦7.7 AA 7.8≦RRC≦9.0 A 9.1≦RRC≦10.5 B 10.6≦RRC≦12.0 C
Wet Grip performance (G) Grade
155≦G a
140≦G≦154 b
125≦G≦139 c
110≦G≦124 d
LABELLING AROUND THE WORLD
20
South Korea Voluntari 2011
Mandatory as of November 2012 Applies to PC/LT tyres
RR and wet grip Registration of all products required
Minimum requirements for RR and wet grip
LABELLING AROUND THE WORLD
21
BRAZIL •Mandatory from 2015 •Applies to passenger,Light and Heavy CVs tyres •RR,Wet grip and rolling noise •Certification by Lab accredted by INMETRO •Minimum requirements for RR, wet grip and rolling noise
LABELLING AROUND THE WORLD
22
USA Final decision pending NHTSA Tire Fuel Efficiency Consumer information RR, wet grip and durability
23
Indian Scenario on RR
The prepared Automotive Industry Standard AIS-142 for tyre
rolling resistance, tyre wet grip and tyre rolling sound properties
for C1, C2 and C3 tyre which has been adopted by CMVR-TSC
Tyre rolling resistance , Tyre wet grip and
Tyre Noise properties by April 2020
The proposed date
of implementation
Why rolling resistance is
important ?
The payoff can be quite significant , How much
??
20 to 25 percent reduction in rolling
resistance can increase fuel economy by 3-5%
percent.
1.Force Method 2. Power Method:
Test Methods for Rolling Resistance
Measurement
• Measures the torque input to test machine & converts it to rolling
resistance . We measure the torque input to test machine &
converts it to rolling resistance .
Torque Method
Rr = T / R
Where Rr : Rolling Resistance
T : Net input torque
R : Test wheel
Radius
Cr = Rr /FL
Where Cr : Rolling Resistance
coefficient
Rr : Rolling Resistance
FL : Tyre Load
International Standards for Rolling
Resistance measurements of Tyres
ISO 18164
ISO 28580
SAE J 1269
SAE J 2452
Test Observations :
Speed (km/hr)
Load (kg)
Inflation Pressure (kPa)
Loaded radius (mm)
Dyn. Rolling radius (mm)
Room temp.(°C)
Rolling resistance (N) at room temp.
Rolling resistance (N) at 1.707 m drum & 25°C
Cr (N/kN) at 1.707 m drum & 25°C
Rolling resistance (N) at 2 m drum & 25°C.
Cr (N/kN) at 2 m drum & 25°C
Test observations of RR as per
ISO : 28580
Speed (km/hr)
Load (kg)
Inflation Pressure (kPa)
Loaded radius (mm)
Dyn. Rolling radius (mm)
Room temp.(°C)
Rolling resistance (N) at room temp.
Rolling resistance (N) at 1.707 m drum & 25°C =+RR amb*(1+(K*(T amb-25)))
Cr (N/kN) at 1.707 m drum & 25°C =+RR 25/1.7m
/(load*9.81)*1000
Rolling resistance (N) at 2 m drum & 25°C. =+RR25/1.7m * 0.98
Cr (N/kN) at 2 m drum & 25°C =+RR25/2m
/(load*9.81)*1000
Test calculations of RR as per
ISO : 28580 for PCR tire
• Inflation Pressure
• Load
• Speed
• Temperature
Parameters affecting Rolling
Resistance
To get the real benefit of low resistant tyre ,one should inflate the tyre to correct value .Why?? Size : 155/65R13 of 4 different makes.
Standard : ISO 28580. Pressure type : Regulated.
Rolling Resistance (N) vs Pressure (kPa)
Standard : ISO 28580
Sr. No. Pressure kPa
155 /65R13 Make A 155 /65R13 Make B 155 /65R13 Make C 155 /65R13 D
RR in N CRR
(N/KN) %
Change RR in N
CRR (N/KN)
% Change
RR in N CRR
(N/KN) %
Change RR in N
CRR (N/KN)
% Change
1 210 38.53 10.76 35.03 9.78 35.77 9.99 32 8.94
2 180 41.63 11.63 8.05 38.25 10.68 9.19 39.72 11.09 11.04 34.81 9.72 8.78
3 150 45.83 12.80 18.95 42.25 11.80 20.61 45.7 12.76 27.76 39.32 10.98 22.88
0
10
20
30
40
50
210 180 150
155 /65R13 Tyre A
155 /65R13 Tyre B
155 /65R13 Tyre C
155 /65R13 Tyre D
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
210 180 150
155 /65R13 Tyre A
155 /65R13 Tyre B
155 /65R13 Tyre C
155 /65R13 Tyre D
Pressure (kPa) Vs RR (N) Pressure (kPa) Vs CRR (N/ kN)
If tyre is underinflated 30 kPa ,then there is increase of RR to 8-11% If tyre is underinflated 60 kPa ,then there is increase of RR to 19-23%.
Effect of Inflation Pressure on rolling resistance
Size : 235 /65R17 104H
Standard : ISO 18164
Pressure : regulated type
Sr.no . Speed Load Inflation Pressure
Room Temp.
Rolling Resistance
Rolling Resistance
Crr Rolling
Resistance Crr
at room Temp.
at 25°C at 25°C at 25°C at 25°C
& 1.707 m
Drum & 1.707 m
Drum & 2 m Drum
& 2 m Drum
Km/hr Kg kPa °C N N N/KN N N/KN
1 30 720 220 21 68.89 66.69 9.44 65.35 9.25
2 50 719.9 220 21.1 70.42 68.22 9.66 66.86 9.47
3 90 720.1 220 21.6 72.76 70.78 10.02 69.37 9.82
4 120 720 220 22.4 75.92 74.34 10.53 72.85 10.31
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
30 50 90 120
Speed (kmph) Vs RR (N)
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
30 50 90 120
Speed (kmph) Vs CRR (N/kN)
Effect of speed on rolling resistance.
If speed is increased from 30 to 120 km /hr then ,there is increase of rolling resistance by
11%.
Size : 185/65R15 88S
Pressure : regulated type
if load is increased from 400 to 475 kg then ,there is increase of rolling resistance by 21
%.
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
400 475
Load (kg) Vs RR (N)
9.60
9.65
9.70
9.75
9.80
9.85
9.90
400 475
Load (kg) Vs CRR (N/kN)
Effect of load on rolling resistance
35
Challenges towards tyre materials to achieve the desired RR
Rolling resistance, wet grip and wear resistance form the so-
called Magic Triangle of tyre performance.
36
Tyre materials plays key role
towards the magical triangle of tyre
performance
37
This work is being carried out with modified special compound, in tyre
construction aspect to reduce rolling resistance thus gaining in fuel consumption.
• This is latest development in passenger radial tyre
• These tyres have low rolling resistance than normal tyres
• These tyres have a high proportion of non petroleum based material and are
called environment friendly or GREEN TYRE
Fuel economy / low rolling resistance
tyre - special compound
Green tyre ---Environment Friendly
The following are requirements for the tyre technology for
its sustainable growth
• Production of green tyres with the use of eco friendly rubber
ingredients
• Production of fuel efficient tyres to save the economy and
excessive emission of CO2
• To meet the Global tyre performance regulation
• To meet the Fuels and Vehicle norms (BS-V, BS-VI/Low
carbon vehicles/ Electric vehicles (EVs)
Conclusion:-
Thank You