The Unifications of

Italy and Germany

Why Did Italy Unite

• The Spread of Nationalism

• Revolutions of 1848: Liberalism and Nationalism Split

• Defeat of Russia in Crimean War

• Isolation of Austria• Re-emergence of France

under Napoleon III

Italy Becomes a Nation-State

• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

• Revolutionary democrat

• Republican

Maps

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

• Republican• Revolutionary• Military leader• guerilla fighter

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)

• Sardinian nobleman • Prime minister of

Sardinia-Piedmont• King Victor

Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

• Conservative• Ambitious• Pragmatic

Before and After

Napoleon III, Emperor of France (1808-1873; r. 1848-1870)

• Nephew of Napoleon• Re-emerging French Empire• Sounded democratic• Believed in personal rule

and a centralized state• Made a deal with Cavour: • France promised Nice and

Savoy (from Piedmont)• Sardinia promised

Lombardy and Venetia (from Austria)

Unification Of Italy Timeline

1859 Austria goes to war against Sardinia-Piedmont (and France)

1860 Napoleon bails, but Austria cedes Lombardy

1860 Plebescites in Tuscany, Parma, and Modena

May 1860

Garibaldi and thousand Red Shirts go to Sicily

1861 Kingdom of Italy declared (King Victor Emmanuel)

Massimo d'Azeglio

• First speaker of the new Italian Parliament: “We have made Italy, now we must make Italians!”

Unification of Germany, 1864-1871

• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

• Junker• Brilliant diplomat• “Blood and iron”• Not revolution• 1862 became

Minister-President

The German Confederation 1815

Unification of Germany (cont.)

• William I, King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)

• Schleswig-Holstein (1864)

• Austro-Prussian war of 1866– The Seven Weeks’

War

Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71

• Leopold von Hohenzollern

• Paris Commune • January 18, 1871:

Second German Empire (Reich) declared in the Palace of Versailles, Hall of Mirrors

Unification of Germany