The Unification of Italy and the first troubles

1848-1870’s

The 1830’s

The 1830’s revolutions began in France

WHY?

1. The new King, Charles X was a reactionary2. Abolished the Constitution drafted by his predecessor, Luis XVIII 3. Gave many privileges to the Aristocracy and the

Clergy4. Started a military campaign against Algeria

The events

July 1830: Charles X drafted new laws

1. Right to vote just for Aristocracy

2. New Parliament, devote to him

3. Abolished freedom of the press

Revolt! The people force the king to escape in England

New King: Luis Philippe. A Constitutional King

In Europe

Belgium: the riots were successful Poland: the revolution was a

disasterModena: a total failure

March, 3rd

Agitations all over the Hapsburg empireHungarian liberals, leaded by Kossuth, claim for self govern Form a liberal govern headed by Count Lajos Batthyàny.

March, 4th King of Sardegna drafts a Constitution, the Italian Constitution The Pontifical State institutes a Council of representatives

to support the Ecclesiastic hierarchy with legislative activity

March 13th Revolutionary wave reaches Vienna The people (mainly bourgeois and students) raises against the governmentMetternich abandons the CountryThe Austrian emperor abolishes censure and promises

a Constitutional Assembly to be formed

1848

The Quarantotto (1848) A new wind on Europe

March: Riots in Milan against Austria

THE CINQUE GIORNATE: 18-22 March

Piedmont declare war on Austria

The Papacy and the Kingdom of Due SicilieJoin the Piedmontese army

Carlo Alberto invades Lombardia

First War of Independence, 1848

The Revolution moves from France, to Italy, PolandRaising in Berlin and Vienna

April 1848: all the Italian States join the Piedmontese in the war

against AustriaPatriots’ Enthusiasm is on top

April, 29thThe pope turns back, and recalls his army (Austria is a

catholic empire!)The others do the same

May, 30thPiedmont defeats Austrian in Goito, but do not take advantage of this victory and the Austrian can reorganize the army

FebruaryThe Granduca of Tuscany escapes from his region and hides in GaetaTemporary govern in Florence

1849

MarchPiemonte attaks Austria again, is defeated

French intervention in Rome, they are defeated by a young general:

Giuseppe Garibaldi

In Rome is formed a new govern, The Repubblica leaded by the three: Mazzini, Armellini e

SaffiSoft policy, but France cannot accept the pope to be

dethroned

April, 12th

Pope, Pius 9th settled back under French protection

Constitution is abolished and a conservative policy is adopted

1850

NOVEMBER Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, leader of the Liberal party

is Minister of Trade

Failure of 1848/49 riots Failure of the moderate and democratic

program (fall of the Roman and Florentine Republics):

1. The romantic feeling fades

2. The Risorgimento assumes now a political feature

The movement is now in the hands of the Sabaudian Monarchy, and Count Camillo Benso of

Cavour

Italy would have been unified not by the people, but by:

1. Diplomacy2. French military help3. Annexing

Modest participation of lower classes to the processPopular revolts in Southern Italy, around the 1860’s, but just because they wanted the property of lands

A big problem, never solved completely

The Expedition of the Mille

A great chance to transform the Risorgimento in a popular movement

Many people, especially young, left their own cities, studies, families to go into a far land and fight for an ideal of freedom and liberty

Garibaldi promised he would have conquered Sicily and take thepower to form a temporary dictatorial govern

• Abolish taxes on grain• Abolish taxes on cereals• Abolish rents on lands• Reform the latifondo, the southern rural structure

March 1860: Napoleon III was the main obstacle for

Piedmont

The Regno delle Due Sicilie was the only possible target

1. Diplomatically isolated

2. The king, Ferdinand II, was inexpert and young

3. Great Britain was against the Southern Italian kingdom

But the Regno delle Due Sicilie was not an easy target...

93,000 soldiers

The most modern sea fleet

The Papacy

La spedizione

1162 men sailed from Quarto, the younger was 10!

MAY 5, 1860

MAY 14, the MILLE are in Sicily

November 13, Siege of Gaeta

February 13 1861 the Bourbons are exiled

MARCH 17, 1861Italy is a Nation!

TextText

The evolution

Italy, 1859 Italy, 1860

Italy, 1861 Italy, 1866

Italy, 1870

In synthesis:The three phases of Risorgimento

1. (1847-1849) Preparation- revolutionary movements- anti-Austrian wars (5 days of Milan)- failure of the republican program

2. (1859-1860). Realization- Alliance with France and the Emperor Napoleon 3rd

- Piedmont of Cavour and Vittorio Emanuele II unified Italy

3. (1870-1919). Collapse- Conquest of Rome- Rise of Liberal State- WWI

Coming next...

1870’s-1890’sThe Liberal State and the troubles of a new Nation