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The Triumph of the Iron MastersThe Search for a Style
Crystal Palace Great Exhibition of the Industry of All NationsHyde Park, London, 1851
The Search for Style
• The confidence apparent in the architecture of the age of elegance in the preceding century had evaporated– It was an age of uncertainty
Patrons of Architecture
• Emergence of the bourgeoisie• The fashionable architecture of the nineteenth
century was designed to meet middle-class aspirations
Industrial Revolution
• Started in Britain (1750 – 1850)• New way of making things• Exploitation of Natural Resources– Begun with the exploitation of water and coal
Industrial Revolution
• Spread with a relentless force throughout the world– Dramatic increase in urban population– Demand for new buildings swelled• Need for designs that will satisfy the new building types
for a changing society
Discovering an Architectural Style
• Search for a style appropriate to the changing environment
• Architects needed authority to validate a new approach in architecture
• Classical and Gothic architecture expressed authority and were the main candidates for the battle for a style
• Other styles were also experimented on
John RuskinBest known for his architectural treatiseThe Seven Lamps of ArchitectureProvided intellectual authority that enabled the public to distinguish the good and the bad, what is wrong and right in architecture
Gothic
• Revival of the gothic style– The gothic revival went through different phases
of growth and maturity– Led to a greater understanding of the style leading
to a freedom of personal expression for the designer
Houses of Parliament London, EnglandCharles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin
Symbols of the rise of the middle classReform Club 1837Pall Mall Charles BarryItalianate manner
Symbols of the rise of the middle classTraveller’s Club 1827Pall Mall Charles BarryItalianate manner
Barry provided a logical classical plan for the Houses of Parliament
Plan of the Houses of Parliament, 1844
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin designed the Gothic inspired elevation, details and interiors
Houses of Parliament
The Gothic Revival
• The English architect A.W. Pugin acquired a mastery of medieval architecture in his youth and went on to state that Gothic architecture was the only true Christian Architecture.
• He was a consultant to the Sir Charles Barry on the British Houses of Parliament (1835).
Two Principles in Architecture by Pugin
• There should be no features about a building which are not necessary for convenience, construction or propriety
• Ornament should not just be applied but express the essential structure of the building
Saint Giles Catholic Church Elaborate colour and furnishingsCheadle, StaffordshireAugust Welby Pugin in 1841
Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811-1878)
St Pancras Hotel
St Pancras Station
St. Pancras’ Dramatic contrast of the Gothic façade and the train shed which is a product of the new technology
St Pancras Station
Engineer W.H. Barlow, St. Pancras Train Shed 1868Gothic shaped roof, 243 ft. wide 600 ft. long,
Point of the arch standing 100 ft. above rail level.
Largest enclosed space in the world when built
Engineers and Surveyors
• Telford: Built bridges, roads, canals and churches
• Stephensons: Built bridges and railways
• Brunel: Built bridges, railways and ships
Buildings and artifacts of industry provided knowledge and experience that could be adapted to architecture
sAlbert Dock LiverpoolJesse Hartley 1845
Warehouse with area covering seven acresMassive cast-iron Doric columns
One of the masterpieces of theIndustrial Revolution
Leeds Town Hall 1853Cuthbert Brodrick
Great rectangular planGigantic Corinthian ColumnsTall French-looking Baroque Tower
Leeds Town Hall 1853Cuthbert Brodrick
Symbol of civic pride in one of the new wealthy industrial cities
Grand Hotel Scarborough 1863-67Cuthbert BrodrickGrandest hotel of its timeA middle-class’ dream
• Used brick and terracotta• Had an original roof line with bulging
towers• Used the latest service technology
available
Coalbrookdale Bridge 1777Severn River EnglandAbraham Darby
A watercolour of the Iron Bridge under construction in 1779by Elias Martin.
Iron smelting furnace in Coalbrookdale
Close-up of bridge joints
Coalbrookdale BridgeStructural possibilities of Iron was
demonstrated on a dramatic scale• After a few years, iron was extensively
used for columns and frames• Hallow clay tile floors were also used to
provide fireproofing for the mills• Complete system of stanchions and
beams were used by the beginning of the 19th century
Iron
• In 1839 Chartres Cathedral’s roof was replaced with a cast-iron above the stone vault
• Iron was also used for the roof of the new palace of Westminster a few years later
• The use of iron declined after the 1850s due to architects preference for other materials and the intellectual dominance of Ruskin
Functional Tradition
• Iron was an obvious choice for the bulk of the ordinary buildings constructed– Bridges– Railway stations– Conservatories– Market halls– Shops and offices
Development in Construction Technology
• Pre-fabrication of building elements changed the craftsmanship and mechanization of the operations on site– Formation of large building contractors
• Development of new technical services– Heating and Ventilation– Plumbing and Sanitation– Gas lighting
Development in Construction Technology
• Last decades of the 19th century– Elevator– Telephones – Mechanical ventilation
Challenges to the Designer
• A new range of possibilities and aesthetic challenges for designers opened with the introduction of different technologies
Crystal PalaceGreat Exhibition of 1851Joseph PaxtonBrought the discoveries together and became
the most influential innovation of the timeSupported and enclosed by iron and glassConstructed in nine months and can be
dismantled and erected againDestroyed by fire in 1936
The Crystal Palace• Built in Hyde Park, London for the Great Exhibition of
that 1851 celebrating the achievement of modern industry.
• Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, it was a “freak” creation for a very special moment. It could not be a starting point for the future because it was not related to the past.
• He went on to design historicist chateaux.
Crystal PalaceGreat Exhibition of 1851Joseph Paxton
Natural History MuseumLondon 1868-80Alfred Waterhouse
Yellow and blue terracottaLively animal details
All SaintsMargaret Street, London 1814 – 59William Butterfield
Complete demonstration of the principles of Pugin
The church, vicarage and hall are closely grouped around a small court
Spire is tall and the nave highVictorian architecture at its most
uncompromising
High Victorian Gothic
• All Saints’ Church, Margaret Street designed by William Butterfield in 1850 became the model church of the Ecclesiologists.
• Distinguished by its strong colours.
• The church demonstrates on one hand the blustering confidence of the English nation, and also confusion in its aesthetic aims.
All SaintsMargaret Street, London 1814 – 59William Butterfield
Oriel ChambersLondon Liverpool 1864Peter Ellis
More original in its construction and function as offices
Light iron frame and masonry piers
Provided a solution for creating an interesting rhythm with plate glass fenestration-use of shallow oriels the height of the building
The Paris Opera
• Was designed by Charles Garnier (1825-98) and today is known as the “Opera Garnier”.
• Provided a setting for the masses to have a chance to be seen.
• The architectural program emphasized the ritual of opera attendance over the presentation.
The Paris Opera
• Provided a setting for the masses to have a chance to be seen.
• The architectural program emphasized the ritual of opera attendance over the presentation.
Thorvaldsen Museum
Copenhagen 1839Gottlieb Bindesbøll
Use of Classical shapes and rich primary colours
Bibliotheque Ste. GenevieveParis 1843-50ExteriorHenri Labrouste
Bibliotheque Ste. GenevieveParis 1843-50Henri Labrouste
Light and lively interior
Eiffel TowerParis FranceGustave Eiffel
Most visited monument in ParisSignpost of the Paris exhibition in
1889Worlds tallest structure for many
yearsMetal web of great complexityDemonstrated spatial possibilities
for future structures and the decorative arts
Gustave designed the frame for the Statue of Liberty
Neuschwanstein Castle Bavaria, GermanyEduard Riedel and Georg von
Dollman
Fairy castle on a mountain
Alte PinakothekMunich 1826-36Leo von Klenze
One of the great picture galleries of the centuryFloor plan influenced the design of such buildings throughout Europe
High Renaissance
Galleria Vittorio EmanueleMilan, Italy 1863-7Giuseppe Mengoni
New roof pedestrian streetCruciform Plan 39 Metres diameter octagon30 metres high
Expensive shelter for shopping and socializing
Galleria Vittorio EmanueleMilan, Italy 1863-7Giuseppe Mengoni
Public Library Boston USA 1887-95McKim, Mead and White
Cinquecento essay of compelling elegance andExquisite craftmanship
Public Library Boston USA 1887-95McKim, Mead and White
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine ArtsPhiladelphia 1871-6Frank Furness
Industrial Revolution• Industry had drastically affected traditional building methods.
• Prefabrication made buildings into shippable commodities.
• Machines made possible the cheap production of ornament which had once indicated status.
• The nineteenth century had changed the whole architectural landscape with a wealth of new buildings and demonstrating a massive variety of taste