T H E TREND OF RESEARCH IN PLASTIC MATERIALS By SIR GILBERT MORGAN, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.

(Presidential Address to the Institute o f the Plastics Industry)

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Tlic iicgoticitions with tlic City utid Guilds of Loitdon

histitutc which litivc bccti iii progrcss for the 1:ifit

two ycnrs h a w iiow lccl to thc iticluvioii of tlic Tecliiiology .of Plastics ns nii csniiiiiintioti siibjcct of the City :iiid Guilds ciirriculuiii. $hiiiiiiiitioiis for t,lie two grades of certificates iuay be tol;cii \)y iitiy cruiditlntcs through- out the 13ritish Ihipirc wlio iire tlcsiroiis of utt;iiiiing thcsc tec1iiiologic:il quiilificritiotis it) tlic p l d c arts. BIcan\\~liilc systctiiritic courscs ol‘ iiwtructioii iii plast.ics, tnouldiiig tcclitiique, iirid iiioultl tlcsigii Iiri\.c I~ce i~

I’rudve/ioii uj ~UIJI I / / IC! /~C wbiii ,v iir I ?.S..4 , ( i i i iiiillioiiu o j 1ioii i id.v)

Yciir

l!E4 1925 1933 I ! E i l!)% I929 I !)30 I !Kt I 109.7 1 !I33 I034 10:IB 1 ! J X

C:~lliiloicl : \ V O d d oUL[JUt U.S.A. .... Ocriiieiiy .... Vriiitee .... ~I“~”1” .... J tnly . . . . . . . . Jhgliuitl .... ltiinsin ....

Oulliiloso ncctnlo : U.S.A. .... Ilueuia ....

C: istiilk (liiirduiwd) : \\‘orltl output U.8.A. .... Gertiiniiy .... C%celi~el~\~nIiiri

I’rniiou ..,. Jlr~”L1l .... I tnly ........ 1Sllglnlltl ....

... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .I.. .... ..*. ....

....

.... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .,,.

80,000 - - 11000 -

:18,000 - 17,000 - 11,000 22,000

””50 - 1000 - - 2000 - --

- moo - - - -

Sliccilic grnvity .... .... .... __.. 'I'etisilc strctigLlt (I~J./SI~. in.) .... .... .... Cross hrmkiiig .qfriwgtlt (Il)./si~. i i i . ) .... ..,. Iinpncb rtrcwgtli (Cliiirpy) (ft. Il~,kq. i i i . ) _... \\'iitci* nlisiirptioii (24 hoiirs) .... __.. I)ic*lcctric: Ht.l.Cllgt~h (tiwip. of l i n * I i l i ~ l i > \ v i i

ictitlc.r Ifi2 volts (AX.) per mil.) .... ....

Moulding coiitriictioii ( p r l i i irnr i i i d i ) _... Jl'oitltling teiiiliwiitiirc ..__ ... . ....

Alqinrctiit density of poortlcr .... ....

TRANSPARENT METHACRYLATE POLYMERIDES

ittctltricryliitc types 1111 vc rcccivccl 111 trch rittcritiott tluritig t.lic ywr, piirt.icitliirly i is sitl)stit.iites for glass, in w1tic:lt I'onii t h y tire ol)jecis of ititcrest iiot oiily to i.bc pliistics tc~cltiiologist IJU t, rilso to thc gciierril piiblic. Attciitioii hiis lrccti focusctl ittiiiiily oii iiictlui- cryhiti! polyiiicritles, \wll kiio\vii i i ~ Clcwiraiiy iis * * l1lasigliis " i i i i t l i i r tltc U.S.A. 11s " l'oiitiilite " or " lrticitc." 111 this coiitit,rp t,lic! oltciiiist.~ ol't,lic Jloiildritc 1)riuicli of liit~ieriiil Cltoi~iicril Iiitluet,ries rrro greiitly to be cortgrnti~l~ttetl 011 the 11otrrWe i i i i~~ro\~ei i t~! i i t .~ ircdc i i r

1 1 I lie t.riitisprireiit rcsitis of polyst~yrctic, viiiyl, iiiitl

t 110 triiiisl)iirciit. rcsiii '' Perspcs," itlso it iiicthircryhte protiuct,. illrctitly used cstciisively i i i itcropliiiics iiiid iiiotorciirs, their iicw npp1ic:ttioiis iiicluilc the protluctioii of opt.icnl leiiscs for ctiiiicriis, tclcscolics, i i i i i l opera gliisses, wlicrc their liigli t.riiiisIi:irciicy t.o iiltrii-violet rays sho\vs to iit1v:iiit;tgc.

" l'crspc*s " is tlerivcd, exhibits scvernl poiits of iiitcrest. I 1 ].he ppiir:it,ioii of iiictliyl iiictliitcrylittc, froiii wliicli

I'repirdioii nf a - I'crcpr! L' " or I~icikvii"

I .

Adtlitioii of Iiyclrogeii cyiiiiitlc to :icetolie gives tlie cyaiioliydriii (I) which oii treittiiiciit. with i~ict~liyl iilcoliol iind siilpliuric iicitl is siiiiultitiicously tlchydrntctl, hytlrolpactl, iiiid iiietliyliitcd to iiictliyl iiictlincrylittc it liiiipitl colorirlcss liquid boiling :it 1~"-101" C. which rnpitlly iiiitlorgocs polyiiieriznt,ioii to :i uoloiirlew plastic.

Wlieii t,tiis polyiitcrieut8ioii takes pliicc with t,lic iiictliii- crylntc in iiii eiiiulsilictl coiitlit.ioii, griiiiulcs of p l y - iucriclc air(! prtidncctl which :ire iiiitrkotctl iiiitler tlic i imc of *. 'Ijiitkoii " iiiid user1 i i i iiioultliiig processes. \\:lieu I)olyiiii!rizrrt.ioii titkcs plitcc i i i t.lic uiitlilutctl liqtiitl, sliects ol' ' * L'crsprs " iirc 1)roduccd which iiw, iis iiiciitioiicd iil)o\'c, estciisivcly used for iiiilJrt!nlwl)li! wiiitlows ol' iiiotor-ciirs i i i it l itcroplitnos.

two iiitcriiietliiitcs, iiict.liiicryloiiit~rilc i i i i t l iiietliitcryl- itiiiitle. 'I'lie foriiicr of tliwc is tlic iiintcriiil eiiiployctl by Trililes OIIISS, Ltil., :is :I stiirtiiig ]&it iii the proihic- t h i of i t polyiiicritlc uscil 11s it suljstitutc for glass.

I 1 Llir Lbrcgoiiig tlingriiiii gives iilso tlic foriiiulie of

EXTRUDED PHENOLIC PLASTICS Aiiotlicr iiiterestiiig dcvclopiiiciit coiiccriis the protliic-

tioii by rstrusioii of iiitlcfiiiitc Iciigtlis of tubes, rods, iiiitl lwiitliiig of vririous cross-scctioiis. Nr. l~eltilieltl, of Jlessrs. 17. :\. Iliiglics k Co., Lttl., Iiits iilreiitly Icatriretl before tlic Iiistitiitc oii this iiiiportiiiit i ispct of iiioiiltliiig iuttl it. will I)c siifliciciit tlicrcforc i f 1 iiitiictitc briefly tlw priiiciplcs iiiitlt!rlyiiig tlic process. A iiioiiltliiig po\dcr iiiitilc up wit,li i i sl)eciiil pliciiolic rcsiii is l'orcctl riiitlcr pressiirc t,liroiigli it iiiould iiiiiiiitiiiiietl iit. I I tlcfiiiitc tciiiperiiturc griitliciit, HO thi t t h iiiiitcriiil is f.irst, rciitIcrc!tI pl:ist,ic itt it coiiipiir:tt.i\vIp low teiiili~riitiirc itiicl liiiiilly Iic~itt~-liiirclciictI i t t tlic i i i i t s i i i i i i i i i tciiipcriit.uri! of tlic tool. hi iiigciiious I)iickqiressiirc iirriiiigciiiciit iidjusts t.Iir nitc of protluctioii i i i i t l i m i i r c s iiii cscellciit. polish oil tlic ext.riitltx1 iiiiiteriitl.

j j y t.lic coiirt,csy ol' Rockliiirtl 'ltcsiiis, Lttl., 1 iiiii iiblc. to show you typit:itl siiiiiplull i i i vitriolis co1oiir.r. 'Phis type of iiiiit.wiii1, wliirli ciiii be Iirotliii!c!tI in r:ross-scctioiiiil

iip to (i iii., is itpplid to wiiitlow fillets, Iiciitliiigs of dl kiiicls, ciirtitin fixtures, rcvolviiig pciicils, rollers, a i d Iiiiiitllcs. It iippc;trs to lioltl iiiiicli proiiiisc for the rll t,urc..

I 1 I tic I)ri!sciit, pusitioii of plnstics w:is cliscrissctl cxhiius- t,ivrly :it ii syiiiposiriiii licltl i i i 5:iiiiiiiry of t,liin year 1)y tlit: [iist.it.utc i i i coiijuiicbioii witch t.lic: I.iliistics Group of the Socicty of Clieiiiiciil I iirlustry. 1 t, t.lieii :tppciiri!d tli:ttr few coiiiit,rit!s \\wre ciit.ircly sclf-coiitniiictl its rcgitrtlu pliistics csccpt possibly tlic U.S.A. i i i i d t,lic U.S.S.H, 'I'hc grciit tlcvclopiiiciit,s i i i Gcriiiaiiy ol' tlit! riir1)itlc iiitlust,ry will ult,iiiiiitc*ly h v e the effect. of riwli!riiig t l i i t t country iiitlcpeiitli!i)t of outsitlc resoiirccs 11s rc!gitrtls. syiitlictic rulhcr itiitl viiiyl resins.

!t'lic cstithlisliiiiciit i i i Grcitt 13ritniii of tlic iiiiiiiiifiictiirc o f cnlciuiii ciir1)iclc will witJioiit, tloiibt. sthulii tc rcsctircli work oii tlio iiuiiierous i i i i t l iii)port;iiit polyiiicrizithlc protlricts tlcrivetl froiii :tcctylciic.

Urciit hitiiiii will, Iiowcwr, coiitiiiiio to I)c tlcliciitli!iit o i i son-lmnc siipplics of cellulosic iiiittcriiils iwiployctt i i i the iiiitiiufiictiirc of pltistics. l i i iiclditioii tu wood- iiiciil whicli Iins hiig bccii usctl :IS :I filler for pliciiol- l'orii~itltlcliytl~! i i i i t l otlicr resiiis, tlic ligiiiiis Iiitve rccciitly l~ccii iipplicd to the l)rotluct.ioii of resiiis froin pliciiols, iiroiiiiitic itiiiiiics, :iiitl nltlcliytlcs iii geiieriil.

UTILIZATION OF CRUDE VEGETABLE PRODUCTS

Iigiiiiis itrc coiitlciisctl iii II coiiipiirittively crude stat c with pliciiols (sucli iis iiiisotl crcsols), itiiiiiies (such :IS iiiiiliiic), tiiiil iiltlcliytlcs (sucli :is l'iirfiiritl), cit.lit!r scptri~tcly or iiiisctl togct,licr, i i i tlic presciicc of ii suitit1)lc ciitiilyst. 'l!hc rcsultiiig iiiiitcricil ciiii he iisctl direct iis ;t iiioiildiiig powtler, :tiit1 yields products Iiiiviiig Iiropcrties siiiiiliir to tliosc givcii i i i tlic rollowilig tiiblc.

I'roiicr'lies ol l i p i i i plrrulics I'rul~iircd froiii ligiiiii, fiirfiiriil i i i i t l itiiiliiic in 11ri~sviiw uf Iiiiriiiiii

liytlrosirlc Pressed lit. 135' C. for 10 iiiiiis. i i L 3,OOU lli./sq. i i i .

l'urtlv oii iiccoiiiit of' tlicir c1icit1)iic~s t spt,liede plastics prcseiit coiisidcrhIc tiitme possi- Lilitios.

THE NATURE OF RESINS

111 litst; yciir's ittltlrcss rcli!rciicc IVIIS iiiiitlc to tlio iiicrctisiiigly tliliiciilt, task ol' tlcfining 11 pliistic. The iiictiirc of Hiicli iiiiitcriiils is still sliroutlrtl i i i iiiystcry for t,tic coiiccptioii of II rcHiii 11s II oolloiti does iiot- citrry

coiivicbioii ns i t is ofteii iiiipossil~lc to tlciiioiistrntc within iL rcsiii thc prcsciicc of n polyphnsc or cvcii :I t\\*o-plinsc systciii such 11s is i i t presciit rcgnrclcd 11s it criterion of tlic colloidnl coiitlitioti. Procccdiiig l'roiii tlic kiiomii fnct that n mixture of two or morc solid orgniiic substniiccs oftcii iiiclts iit R lower t,cnipcriiturc tlinii cithcr of its coiiipoiieiits, it is rciisoiiiiblc to suppose t l int nil iiitiiii:it c iiiisturc of iiiutually solublc subst,iuiccs whcii oiicc iiicltctl niitl iiitiiiiatcly I)leiidctl will bcliiivc :is nii uiidcrcooletl liquid sliowiiig little or iio sigii of crystnlliziit,ioii niid soiiietiiiics iiicltiiig iiitlcfiiiit.ely tit, i i

lowcr tciiipt!riit.urc thiiii the less fiisiblc of its cliciiiiciil componcnts. Siiclt titi nssu~iipt.ioii will in piirt iiccouiit for tlic propcrtics of thmiio-pliistic rcsiiis curd prtrticu- lnrly its regirds their fusibility ~ i i i d their soluldity in orgallie Iiicctin.

\\'hai soliitioii ol' tlicriiio-plnstic rcsiiis of iiovoltik or oil-soliiblc typcs occiir it tilust. IJC bcc;tusc tlicrc is ii certain dcgrcc ol' frcctloiii ;ttiio~ig tlicir itssociatctl niolc- cules. An csiuitiii:it.ion of the pliysicril . properties ol' solutions of a carcfiilly sclcctcd fusible rcsiii iiiiglit well

repay further study. 'Sucli \ ~ o r k hits iilreiitly rcc~civctI soiiic nttctitioii i l l r i y r d to viwosity I I ~ ~ I I ~ L I ~ ~ I I I ~ I ~ ~ ~ of rcsiii solutions. 'I'he ~~roI)lciii of Iiciit.-liiirclciiiit~

iii prcscticc of :iii irrcversilh c1i;iiigc. . lmt yciir, this pheiionicnoii \vtts tlisciissctl i t 1 tcriiis ol' l'uiictioiiiility. In the solublc rcsol stiigc of I I ~ic:it-liiirtlettiii~ rcsiit t,licrc Itre prcsciit, iiggr~gntes ol' coiiiplcs iiioleciilcs wliicli still possess ccrtiiiii tlcgrccs ol' frcccloiii niitl ol' inoleculitr dissocintioii ulitlcr tlic. iiifliirrici! ill' solvc~ts. I.hcsc inolcciilcs of lie;it~-li~irtl~~iiiit~ rcsiiis iilso ~~osscss residuiil fiitict,iotiiilitics wliicli, w l i r i i t,lic rcsiii is liiirtlt!iictl, coiiic into pliiy iti siicli :I iiiiiiiiier its t~ liiik toyctht*r ndjncciit, tiiolcculcs. 'I'liis ciJiti1)iiiiitioti t,iilics ~)liicc iiiorc or less throughout, blic iiiiiss of tlic resill. l~cpiwtod cross-hrrtchi~ig of cotitiyious ~iioleciilt~s tlcst,roys tlic l'recdoiii of rotiitioti i i i i t l t h e c.ripicit,y l'or iiiolcciiliir tlissocintioti uiidcr the iiifliit!iicc ol' solvetits. 'J'lic h i t , - Iinrdened rcsiii lins I~cco~iic iiil'iisil~lc iiiitl i~ixolul~lc.

In illustrritioti ol' t,lic ~~lic~~oiiii!iioii ol' rciiilbrccd futictioiiitlities II coiiiptriitivc t~spcriiiit!iit IWS iiitide last yeitr witti tlle t h e cliltyclrosyI~~tiz~iie.r. licsorciiiol nloiic g m c n triirqiiiretit., red rcsiti witti coiisideriiblc geiierritioii of h i t . 'rlrin tiitic 1 ittii diowiag tlie coii- tleiieittioii wit.11 pliloroglucinol ( I : 3 : 5-triliytlrosy1)eit-

rcSillS I)rCSL!lltS i l flIrtllC!r C ~ l l l ~ J ~ ~ ~ i l ~ ~ ~ J l l fbl' I lCrC OllC

f l

ceiic), tiow iiiitiiiil';ictured by a British firiu, which has fuiictioiinlity 3 of thrce-fold intensity. The vigorous renctioti tiiny be coinpared with tlic iiygativc result csliibitcd uiiclcr siiiiil:n conditions by pyrogkllol (1 : 2 : 3- trih ydrosy bciixciic).

EXPLORING AGENTS FOR RESIN STRUCTURE Burthcr iiiviglit iiito thc plnstic coldition will bc

giiinccl by the npplicritioii of I I C W iiictliods of iiivcsti- gittion such (is S-my niinlysis or stiiclics of electricnl or clcctroti clin'rrictioti propcrtics.

rcrtily-foriiicd spitlietic resins gctierrilly yields but Iittlv tlcfiiiitc itiforiiirition I)ccnusc i n tlic p1:ic.c of tlcfiiiiti. spots or rings o1)scrvctl with crystals only ill-dcfitietl hiilocs nro pcrcepti1)lc with rcsiiis i i i id froiii tliese vague :~~JIX:LIXIICCS it is difiicult to itirikc ricciirntc dcditctioiis. Soitictiiiics, ;is iii tlic case of' rii lhcr, tlistortioii of tht! iiiirtcrid rc!ve:ils. iiidicitt ions of tlcliiiitc orclcr :cticl rcguli~rit~y. Proiii tlie spcctr:t of Iiiirtleitctl resiiioicls Iloiiwiiik Itits iuf'crrcd I tic esistcticc of ccrtiriii spciiigs

S-f(l!/ ( ; J X I I ~ ~ I M ~ / ~ O / ~ (f ~ ~ i t ~ a . - - t \ i i .V-riiy stlid?. 01 '

t o be prodiiccd by iiiutiinl ititcrnct,ioti of two tiiolccitlcs of the origitiiil wibstnnce.

Tlic isol~it,ioti of this sul)stiuicc, wliicli brings to light. ti liitlicrto uiircnlizr~l ititcriiictliiitc stiigc of rcsiii foriiiii- tion, illi~strritcs tiic utility of S-riiy tcchiiic~ii~: iii folIo\vin~ ~chciniciil cliiiiigcs.

In addition to tlic clc!tcctioii of tlic tiew couipoiiitd, f'urtltcr S-riiy p l i ~ t ~ g ~ i i p l i ~ liave given iiiorc tlcfiiiito iiiforiiiiitioii t1i:iii wris cspcctccl coiiccriiiiig tlic stmetiire of thc rcsiti ~iro~liiccd by ~iroloiipctl hc~iitiiig of 11-crcsol inoiiorilcohol. The spcct,ritiii of tlic resin, Fig. !), slio\vs uiiinistnkrtbly blic saiiic ~l i i i~ i i c t c r i~ t i c~ iis tliosc csliil)itctl by t,hc I I C W coiitpoiiiid. Tlir stroiig cciitrd Itiilo corre- spoiids wit,li t,lic strong iiitier ring, iitid tlic two oiitm lirilocs corrcupotid wit11 tlic oiitcr rings of rig. S. 'illic rcsiti tlicrcforc rippiirs to possi~ss ii tlistortctl crystiil striicturc, ivit.11 11 I I I O ~ C C I I ~ ~ I ~ iirr:iiigl'tiiciit c~sseiitiiilly ~i t i i i l i i r to thiit of t.lic iiitCriiicdiiit(1 c~oiiipoiititl ; rcsiiiili- cutioii occii rs t lirauglt $11 tti 11 irryii 111 r rch t i vc I 1 is pliicc- iitciits of t.lic iitolecitlcs froiii the. crystrilliiiv stiitc., iiitd iiot by coiisitlcrnlilc rciimiiigenictiis o f it rntitloiii iiiititre.

Iilec/riccrl sIiu/!/ if J / u / ~ i ) / . / / / f ~ / ; ~ / / . - ! l ' l i c 1)ropcrt.y of' l i l i i i foriiiiitiori is cliiiriictcriatic of t.ltc rrsitious stiitc c'vcii in thc viisc of' I t r i i t liiir~lciiiiig rcsiii?; \vliicli ciiii st,ill form filiiis \vliilst i i i tlic soliil~lc rcbsol sti iy. 't'liis iittrihiitv wns tlisciissetl i i i ii rccriit' syiiiposiiitii oil * ' 'l'lic N~cliiitiisiii of Solid J U i i i 'Foriiillt,ioil '' ( h y 3, 103i) (1 liirtslinrii.

iiiid ISlcctriciil LJropcrt~ics of' l'rntwt-ivc l~ili~is.'' J.S.C. I ., 1937, 56, 2W.r.)

I Itc rcsiiis tcst.ccl \vcrc of I i ~ i i t . - Iirir(lc~iiiig pltciiolic type ~)rcptirctI Iy coitclciisiiig iii prt!scttcc of 1111 iilki~liii~! catnlyst,. 'l'lic piirilierl prodiicts \v('rc pro(liicct1 iis fihiis I J ~ tlippiiig cleiiti c-oplicr foil into iilcoltolic soliit.iotis, driviitg oll' sol\~(~tit. ;it NY--'JO" (1. i i i ic l stoviiig overnight i i t s 160°. Any tlcsirctl tliickiioss \\*iis uhtriiiicil by rcpctitioii of t.lic tlippiiig prowss. 'rlic dielectric coii- stnnt i i i it l cotitliictivit.y of tlic coiidciiscr f'oriiictl Iiy pluciiig t,lic liliiis bctwmi iiicrciiry clcctrotles \vccc iiicusiiretl by i i ioi i i is of tlic Sclicriiig I)ritlgc.

'I!hc ell'cct of l i l t i i tliickiicss w i s first, tlrtcriiiiiicd hy t.estiiig iit. coiistaiit freqiieiicy r i d tctiilicniture, i i i i c l

t.lic. results iirc siiiiitttiirierd iii the following tiible.

I d . , ; \ I C ~ S O I I , N. J. I,., i i l it l Iiiislitoii, Is., T l i ~ St.riict,iirv

I .

Althoiigli every cll'ort wiis iiiiitlc to obtnin filtiis of iiiiifortii thickncss, thc vcirintioris ohserved were consid- c!rnblc, aiid the IIIL'RII vnlueu giveii iirc tlicrcforc suhject. to iiiiccrtdiitirs \vIiicli nrc ~~rol~: i l~ ly sufficient t o account for tlic tlifliret~c~s of tliclcctric coiistaiit recordcd. It can lie snid t l in t withiii the litnits of cs~~crimcntal error the diclcctric cotiut.:rnt niitl power fiictor of filiiis of the sniiie rcuiii, do tiot vary iipprccialdy wit11 thickness. The iiintcriril iiiny I)c rcgnrdcd as lioiiiogcticous niid films of wrying tliickiicss cnti Iic snid to possess n siinilnr ~)liysiciil st,riicture. It is prohiible too tlint thc volatile t*iitnlyst ciiiployccl cscrts vcry litt,lr d h t . on tlicsc clcctriciil propcrtics.

'l'lic ctl'crt of iiioistiirr iii t.hc filiiis hiis riiiiblcd detliic- tioiis to lie iiiiitlc its to tlieir iilt.iitiiite st-riictiirc. It wiis li)itiitl tliiit hot11 tliclcctric c:oiist:iiit iiiid po\ver fnctor were coiisidcriiI)ly reduced, the foriiicr to the rstriit of iil)oiit, I.l.%, nftcr tlic Iiliiis liiid bccii suI)jcct,cd to iiitciisivc drying iit. 100' uiitlcr rctliiccd pressiirc. I~rdiii t,liis tlccrc.:isc it-+ ~~o.ssil~lc to ciilciilntc t h t the \viitcr cotitciit. of tlic films \\'as n1)oiit :j*Oo/;, to a l . O ~ o dcpi!iitliiig oii \vlict~lier ~lOriZ(Jllti1l or rriiitloiii tlistributioii of tlir iiioistiirc is nssiiiiictl. This siirprisiiigly high viilue wis vcrifiid grnvitii~~tririilly, iillo~viiig dried iiItiis to rciii:iiii nt ii coiistntit IiiiiiiitIity of 750/,. TIic fiii:il iiicrccisc i t i \vc.igIit. c.orrcsliotidctl to iiboiit 3.,4%, bhc tiiiic tnkw to rciicli this ligiirc dcpriidiiig to soiiie cBstciit oii f i l i i i tliickiicss.

\\-it11 viiriiitiotis of frr(111ciicy iiiitl tcia~~criit~iirc, let1 to the siiggcstioii tliiit the structure of ~ilieiiolic resin filiiis ('iiit h s t . IJC coiiwiwd iis iiiiitlc i i l i 01' irrr~uliii.ly-shnpcd :iggrcgiitcs \vliicli itre i i i caiitiict, n t soiiic, hut iiot 1111, of tlio clirinicnlly nctivc! poiiits. Tliis hypotlicticnl striictiire rcsriiil)lcs t,liiit i i t l \ . n i i ~ ~ d l)y Iro1i\\.illk iiiid (I(* Ihcr to i\rco\iiit for tlic f'iict. tliiit t lit! iiiciisiircd tciisilc streiigtli o f sytitlirtic rcsiiis is iiiiic:h lowcr tliiitt the t Iieorcticiil viilite. Siieli ii view is supported by the ol)serwtioii tlint tJic clcct.ricn1 I)cliiivioiir of t,hc cliciiii- ~*iilly tlissitIiiliir siil)stiiticcs, pliciiolic rcsiii ciiid ccllulosc iicctntc, iirc st riliiiigly siitiiliir, so t l i i i t it. bccoi~ics iicccs- tlilry to p ~ ~ t i i l a t e the csistciwc of i i i ~ l ~ ~ ~ i l i i r npgrcgiitcs, riitlicr t h i to I)iisc i i i i c~spliitiiit,ioii O I I si)ccilic clic~iiicnl wiistitutioii iiloiit!.

c*lcotricril prol)crtks i i l t~li~ii~Ii otily rciiiot.cly coiiiicctetl with liliii I'oriiintioii lirivc 1-oiiliriiictl t.lic! " ilggrcgntc " stnictiirc? of' pliriiolic: rcsiiis tiiscussed iii lnst ycnr's :iddress. I~lcctricnl inriisiirctiiciits iirc cvidciitly of \~aluc in tlirsc stiit1ic.s of plastic tiirit.criiils.

/llw/riccil [~~/fj~;ctt~;ti /~.~.-'~lic foregoing rcferciice to c~lcctriciil 1)rolicrtic.s rcciills thc f'iict t l i ~ i t iiiiiiiy pntciit spccificntioiis Iiitve bccii filccl rccciitly oii tlic iisc ns insuliitiiig tiiiitcriuls of' ccrtliiii coiiiliiirittivrly i w v pliistic~. A s co\*eriiip for ciiI)Ics, vinyl iiiitl iieryl rcsiiiti Iiiivc r~!cci\wl iittciitioii i in t l piirt.ic:iiliirly the Iitttcr, wliicli iirc cliiiriicturiectl by f'nirly low power fiictors (n*4(?,, to 0*5:()). So f'iir, Iio\vcvcr, I I U rcsiti liiis ii~i~iroirclicd polyst.yrciic i i i rcspcct. ol' clcctricnl propert ics iiiitl iiuw that its clisiiclvriiitagc of lo\\* iiiccha- itictil stretigt~li.1iiis~Iir~11 Iiirgely o\~!rco~tic, t l iu iippliciition of' this rwi i i , '- 'I.'rolitul," ~lioiild bccoiiiu \~itliy)rciitl. A i l i i i i p ro~~ t i rcsitt, ii llcsihlc polystyrriic, iip~iro~iriritoly

., I Iiesc, i i i l t l otlicr results coiiiicctiiig clcctri~iil viiliie~

I 1 I lic poiiit 1)roiiglit out, Iy this iiivcstigtltioii is 111u.t~

ii:iiiied .. Styrofiiis," is pr~itlucctl liy it process of estriisioii through an orifice wliicli tlepciids on correct relntioii- ship betwccii pressiirc iiiid tciisioii of wit,litlriiwiil (see, for exaiiiple, ~Ihitsi:lirii Cclluloitl Fiihrik, E. L'nt.. No. 459,TI)G).

'l'lic value of styrciii! iii this coiiiicsioii slioiiltl focus iitteiitioii on the fiict t.lint it is iiot iiiiiclc i i i Great Uritriii. The probleiii of tlevisiiig new processes for the prodiictioii of this 1iydrociirl)oii is \vcll worth coiisidcriitioii, liririiig regard to developiiieiits iii otliw countries.

The resin-foriiiiiig twitlciicies of ctliyleiie riiitl otlicr olefines also iiierit. tlct.iiilctl CSiiiiiiiiiit.ioii, siiicc tlie result- ing plnstics will proliiilily possess vii1uiil)lc electxiciil niitl water repellniit. proliwt.ics, such ns oiic iissocintw with resiiis derived froiii 1iytlrocnrl)oiis.

Oil soluble rcvir~s.--l~iist, year 1 rcferrrtl iii soiiic clet,ciil to t,he foriiintioii of nil soluble resiiis (t.lic so-cirllctl * * striiight pliciiolics "), poiiitiiig out, tliiit these iirc ol)tiiiiiable froiii such ii great. viiriet.y of subst,it,uted pheiiols thtit. tlic conditions '' for oil soluldity hnvc iiot becii fully tlcteriiiiiictl." The idw t,liilt thi: i i i i i i i i iiioleculnr reqiiireiiiriit, for oil solubility is ii fiiirly Ioiig pheiiol-~iiethylciic cliiiiii is, however, iiot siipportecl by receiit iiivestigritioiis ciirried out. 11y Mr. hgsoi i i i i the Cheiiiicd liesciircli I.iil)orntory, wlicrc the iiiolcculnr weight. of siicli resins froin cresols riiitl splciiols Iiits Iircii fouiid to I)(! so low-iiiitl of t h ortlcr of 300- tliitt their iiiiijor constituciits iiiust I)c siiiiplc tliliytlrosy- tlitolpliiietliniics (228) i i i i t l ililiytlrosytlisyl~liiict.liriiit~s (sS(i) respect.ively. 'i'liis siirprisiiig f:ict. ritiscs i i p i i i tlio

.I/rrlcriilirr icei!/h/.i oJ. pltciiolic oil-uoliiblc rcsiiw prrlnircd iicciiriliiy

lo /hi!/. /'d. 4:11.53!J

I' l lI~l lOl h I . wt. of resin i n Ill~l1zclle

ni-Cresol . . . . . . . . . . .... sot solllllle p-Crrscil . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1:1 I o-J-Xylellol . . . . . . . . . . . . . sot solllllle m-4-Sylciiol . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ! l , "88. 3112 ~rl-5-Sylcllol . . . . . . . . . . . . 4S0 p-Sylcnol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2!)lt

ll-cll?SO~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S C J t SOlllb~U'

* 551 by ~ ~ ~ i i l l ~ l l l ~ r ~ c r . \ ~ l i l Ii1.I. Illl'tllot I . t 313 I J ~ I,~~~~tlsl~c~r~i~r~\\'iiIkt~~ iiii~tlioil.

l+-rtr. I 0

qiicstioii of wlint is 11 rcsiii ! 'Ilhc rcitsoii wliy C O I I I - ~~oiiiids presriit i i i such high Imporbioiis fiiil to crystitllizc! st.ill reiiiiiiiis iiiikiiowii, but it iip1)ciirs tliiit ii cluc iiiiiy he fortlicoiiiing froiii t.lie S-riiy work iilrcritly tlcscri I w t l . 111 tlint case resin foriiiiitioii I I I I S I ~ c e i i cll'ccted t.lirough sii i i i l l tlispluwiiieiits of coiiipiiriittivcly siiiiplc iiiolccules froni tlicir iioriiinl positions i i i the iiiiit cell. ~'licst! clisl)laceriiciits; which i i p p r to IJC pcriiiiiiiciit, iiiiiy I)c ciiused through t.lic rigciicy o f ii s i i i i i l l iiiiioiiiit. of iiiipiirity wliicli iiitcrposes bct\vct!ii tlic iiiolcculcs iii siicli 11 ilitiiiiier ns to prcvciit t h Itittor fiilliiig iiit.0 their IIO~IIIII~ crystril- h i t ! positioiis. Siiiiiliir coiiccptiolis IIIII~ r~pply ill t.11~1 crisc of tliese siiiiple oil-soluble resins.

RUBBER, SYNTHETIC AND CHLORINATED Tlic iiew iiiiiteriols, synthetic r i i b l m sucli iis '' UIIIIII,"

the Ccriiiiiii product froiii polyiiicrizetl biit.ndienc n n t l " I>upreiic," or "Xeo1)reiie," tlic polyiiicriaetl cliloroprcnc! of Aiiiericiiii origiii, iirc niriterinls wliicli ci in for certuiii

puqmes repliice iiatiirril rub1)cr quit,c stitisfiictorily but oiviiig to tlieir cost of protluctioii it is nt presciit doubtful whether they cnii lie rcgnrded ns serious rivrils to iiirt,iirul riib1)er except. i i i iiiitioiinl eiiiergencies. 'I'lieir coiiipctitioii is so far rest,rictcd to siicli ripplicntions as require high resistiiiice to oil. I t is, Iiowcvcr, dnii- gerous to discuss rcliitivc costliiicss. 1ii niiy cnse the iiew syiit.hetic products will ccrtiiiiily firit1 uses iii aliicli rubher cniiiiot coiiipetc.

A reliitctl cnsc is that of cliloriiiiitetl rublier. t.lie so-cnlled '' toriicsitc " or " nllopreiie " wliicli coiituiiis :ipproxiiiirttely Go/, of chloriiic. Considcrcd :is II

pliist*ic this iiew product, liiis iiiost. iiitcrestiiig properties.

(.'oiiitirerc~irl cliloriiirr/etl ntblier " Allopr~~iio "

(.!liciiiiciil i i i i t l pIipic111 ~~rnpiwt irs A p ~ ~ e ~ i r i ~ ~ i c c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Yliitc powi lw 111'

fibrous inntrriiil o . m / hroistlirc contelit a ' /I1 Volntilr inatter (IONS i i i I ti Iioiirs nt !6' 0.) : j . O ~ o lldl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 *O'%, Cliloriiir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 to UUg;, Viscosity i i i toliit!iir (C.O.S. i i i i i tn 4 0 g./lOO ILL)-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 5 to lo Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 to 85 High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 100

I'ricking tlciluity, g./i:.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-00 to 0-ltl

Lttl. Coiiipilctl frorn r l i i t n f i i r i ~ i ~ l i c ~ r l by I I I I ~ ~ L T ~ I ~ I Clieiiiical liidiistriw.

F I G . 1 I

1Ciitircly iioii-iiiLiiiiiiinble, i t slio\vs surprisiiigly good resistniice to iiqueoiis iilkalis iuicl ticids riiitl Iins vriluillile clectrictil stt,ril)utcs (poivcr fltct.or 0.003, clielect.ric coiist.niit., 3.0 to 3.4, I~rc!iikclo~\-ii voltiigc, 2500 volts/iiiil.)

At. thr request of the llublicr C:ro\wrs' Associntioii this cliloriiiiitcd riiblicr and ot,hrr r i i l i l ~ e r dcrivnt,ives Iiiive Iieeii cxiiiiiiiictl liy lh. 1). 1). Priit,t, lit, Tcrltliiigtoii i i i i t l I i i i i i iii(lcbtctl to l i i i i i i intl his sssist.iiiits for t.lic speciiilciis displiiyctl this i!vciiiii+ Cliloriiiiitctl rul~bcr dissoIvt!s rt~irtlily iii trirs iiiitl trir oils giviiig risc to products Iiiiviiig ii high degrcc of cliisticit,y. 'l'llis solii1ilit.y of alloprciic i i i viirioiis types of trirs is t h e coiivcrsc of t,hiit, of iint,urd rulibcr. Allol)rc.iie tlissolvc~s best i n Iiigli iiroiiiritic tiirs (Iiorizoiitiil retort iiiitl coke oveii tsrs) i i i id tlccrcwscs in ~olubility 11s tlie tiirs bccoiiie iiic~ri~nsiiigl~ piirnflfiiioitl, rt?r~cIiiiig t,lie h i i t i i i low tciiilieriitiire tors. Xntiirnl riiI)licr oii t.lic coiitriiry dissolves best i i i low teiiipimtiire tiirs itiitl lciist i i i liigli iiroiiiiit,ic titrs (SCP

" l'liist,ic-s A l i i t c~riiils fro111 I~iibbcriiiitl'l'iir l'roduct s, I !I37 .") 'l'lic t~licri~io-~ilri~t~ic cliiiriictw of nlloprciic renders

it cligiblc for iisr ns i i iI-ioultliiig iiiiit.crinl over ii rungc of tcinpcriitiirc froiii I O V to 150" C. 111 coiijuiictiori with vnrioiis fillers, siicli nn iisbostos poivdcr, wootl-iiieiil, iiiid Ihkelitr resiii, clriise Iiiirtl ~irotliicts of coiisidernI)le st.rciigtli lire ohtniiietl.

\\'licii cliloriiiiitctl riilibcr is iiioiiltletl i i i preaciice of ii siiiiill proliortioii of occliitlctl solveiit. i i i i t l the presniirc qiiickly releiisctl, t.he iiitips tqriiids to II porous structure coiinistiiig of iiiiiliitc vesicles. This procerrs iiitiy lie further rissisted by riiiniiig the iiioiildiiig tciiiperriturc to iipproxiiiiiitely XI" C. 14quipiiieiit for the coiitiiiuous production of this iiiirtcrinl liiis' IJCCII ilcvinetl by J h . Sctiidrowitx, wliureby nlloprciic ii!oist.ciietl nvitJi it volatile

solvetit such IIK nlcohol is cxt.riitlet1 through at sinnll orifice under cotisidern lile pressure ntid n t high tetiipern- tures.

In ttic coiirsc of' our itivestigittioiis, we Iinvc foillid tttiit, by moulding liiycrs of cloth, inipregiint,ctl with rilloprene, siiiiilnr expiirided \*esicul;ir products cnti be obtttiiied whcii t,he pressure is suddcnly releiised :itid iiioreovcr the Inriiiti:it.etl chiirnct.er of the product rcsu1t.s in :ippreciiil)lc streiigt~li. If, Iiowcvcr, the pressure is retiiiiietl until tlie iiioitltl h:is cooletl nppreci- :tI)ly, then hurt1 boiirdS which m:ty I)c cut. or sii\vii arc olBtiiiiied. I t follows that by iitljiistitig tilie rnt,e of pressure relensc I L wide rriiige of riiiitcrinls of vnryiiig cleiiuity rind physicid stmcture iiiiiy lie produced. All tltr nioulditigs itre proiiiisiiig hent;, souiid, i i t i d clcct,riciil insulntors utitl :ire not affected I)y long itiiiiiersioti i n wt tc r~ I t is possible t.liat uses will Iw foiiiitl for thciii :is rt?frigcrator p:ickiiigs, souiitl-proolitig piiiicls or :IS filliiigs for life-l~clts. Ur. I'rntt :itid 1 h:tvc iilreiitly piiblislircl tlc.t:iils of tltcse coiiipnriitiw results. (Giis \\'cirltlt Ci:kiiig Section, Scpt. 4 , lW7, 111). l:L--lS.) I propose i i o w t.0 refer to ccrtriiii uiirccortld ol~~erviitioiis oii i:hloriiii~tcd rulhcr.

Triuispnrciit,, :illnost colourlcss, sheets of iillopr(we w i i be prodiicctl by tlissolviiig this product, i n beitzctic or cnrIioti tctnic:liloritlc! i d iillowiiig the vol:i.t.ile solvelit to cviilioriite. The tiiiit~ilil unites ivit.11 \)itsic colouriiig iiiiit,tcrs ii i :I rcii1:irliiiIilc itiniiticr. \\'heii tlic ciirliitiol 111iw of rosiiiiiliiic or brilliiiiitt grccii is tlissolwtl i i i

tlic iiciieeiit! soliitioii of iillolirctic tAic coloiir of thc hisic dye is rrqiitlly clcvclopctl I y thv plnst.ic iitiitcriril. 011 L!viipor:itiiig iiwi~y the solwiit, II c:oloiirctl sheet, of iillo- ~irciie is left. l'rotii wliicli tlic dye is tiot. rc:itlily cstriictetl I I ~ wiitcr, tliluto ticitis o r :ilkiilis.

'I'lic iiiost. strikiiig ~)ropcrty of :illolirciit~ is t h i t it. ciiii be iitiliectl :is :I pliistic without- t,lie ;itltlit~ioii of' :iiiy iiller. he he ti coiiiliuctcil iii :I iiioitltl iititlcr pressure ol' I toil per sq. i i i . i i t I 15°-120" C. i i i i o l ) i i tI i1P iiioitldiiig is ~)roilut:t!tl w h t ! i i tdic prcssiirc is rclc:isctl iiitiiictlintcly ;it. tlic Iiigli t.cmI)cr:ttiirc. If, Iioivcvcr, tlic ~ircssiiri: is rctiiiiictl while tlic iiioiiltl is coolctl to iipproxiiiiiitely 70' c. tlictt it coiiiplutcly triiiispiirciit, iiioultliiig is ol)tititictl. 'l!hc C O I O U ~ of these triitiSl)iireiit tiioiiltliiigs is tlctcniiiiictl Iiy t,lic clinriicter ol' the origiiiiil ri11)I~cr i)cforc cliloriiiiitioii. For iristiiiirc, ositliectl or tlcgriitlctl rubbers yirltl iiioiiltliiigs ol' the cliloriiiiitctl tlcriviiti\*cs wliicli tire colourctl l)rowii or yellow. \\%I1 tle-l)ro- tciiiiartl riilJlwr, Iio\vewr, l'rotii which t.lic less stii1)lo resinous II tit1 iilbuiiiiiioid coiist,ittiiciits iirc itl)seiit, t,riiiis- ptrciit diiiost, coloiirless titoulditiys itrc givcii, Il'ltc significiiacc of this rcsiilt is t.oo obvious to iiccd ctiipliiisis. L'rbgrcssivc ittqiro~~eitieiit ol' the stiirthig iitiitmiiil ii:i

rcgiirtls the rctnoviil ol' coloiir . i i i i t l siinl~cii~lcil iitipuritics I I I J L Y sooii pliicc this pliistic ~irodiict wi t . l i i i i the cutegory of l:olollrlcss glllssc..i.

SEMI-SYNTHETIC RESINS Extcitt1r:d iisc is l~~i i tg iiiiiilc of iiiituriil iiiiitcritils i t i

thu ~~roiliict.ioti of rcwitis i i i i t l iiitioiig t.licst! iiiiiy lw iiioitt.iu~tcil ciisuiti i i i i t l s o p h i i . I I I iiiost, iiistiiiiccs ~ltcsc! iiuitcviiils iirc coiivcrtctl into rwitis Iiy coiitlcnsiit.ioii with l'ciriiiiiltleliy~l~ i i i t t l oii tJtix iiccouiit t Itcq. tiiiiy IN! rc~giirtIwI IIH weiiii-syiit.hc!tio resins.

Certain tituiiiiig iiiritcrinls, for iiist:iiicc, gmiihier, qucbrncho, iititl iiiiiiiosa, ichich arc pheiiolit: ill chnractcr, have beeii converted iiito resins hy foriiicildchyclc con- densii tion.

The itctivc coiiipoiictit of giiiitbicr i~ catechiii-:i polyhyclric phenol of high futictiotiiility (see l'rcsideiitiiil Address, 193fj, 1 2 . 1 . Trntiscictiotis, J:iiiuiiry, 1937).

OH I-

J:m. I:! I iirprc!yirttlioii IJ p t p r r dr.ccls

tmitioii of iiqiieoiis estmirts froiii ~i l i i i i ts of iicticiit type. 1::iitihicr is II tiitiiiitig iiiittcricil ciiiployctl chiefly i i i iii:ikiiig high-griitlc Imther. I t is itiiirkctctl in tlic foriii of C I I ~ C S , or :IS II Iiitrtl liiistc txiittiiiiiiiig about 33% of wiiter iiiitl ~ip~~rt!ci:il~Ic quiiiititics ol' cutechin.

'l'he ~~olyphetiolic niit,urc ol' c*iitct:liiii tititl it.s high fuiictionslity, gave rise to the suriiiisc thnt i t might yield uscfiil cotidctisiitioti ~ iro t l i t c~ t s wibl i I'oriiidtlcliytlr. \\'lieii boiled with foriiiiiliii it. giws :I solutioii which slowly deposits t i fitic! iiisoluble po\vili*r. \\'hett, tiowovcr, 11 drop of iiiiiiiioiiiii ig iitltlctl to the boiling solutioii, 11 iicnrly iiistiiittiiiicoiis ~iri~~~ipit~it ioti occurs. 'l'liis o1)scrviithii jirov(d to I i c t,Iit! t4uc to t.lic utilization ol' catccliiii, tiiiict! i t . itnlilictl tliiit. i i i u t d coiitleiisetioti with I~cs~~iiic~t~IiyIt~i~i~t t!t.riiniitic~ ( * * t i i w ") WIIS xufiicieiitly

riipid to I)e npplied to iiioiildiiig tidttiiqiic in ti no \d iiinnucr.

Laittiiintetf bonrcls.--As you ;ire \wIl aware, tlie iiidustzinl iiiniiufiictmc of n Intiiiiiritctl board iiivolvcs

Fir: . 13 Cr///i,ry o j sltcrls

1irq)ii riitioii of i i siiit ii Iilc Iieii t- Iirirtletiiitg rcsiit , i i tipreg- iiut.ioii of sliccts of ccllular iiiiiterinl, drying of' t h c sliects, rii id sul)scqiiciit, boiidiiig iiiitlcr lierit a i d prcssiirta. Thc Iiigli reactivity of' ciitecliiii to~viirtls licxn " rciitlcrs

l h . I4 Ilol borrtli1ty ( I f sltr . r . / ,s

prior prcpurutioii of' 11 rcniii iiiiiiec(!ssriry, tlic coiidciisii- tioii product lieiiig Ibriiictl irc s i l t / tliiriiig hot liressiiig of HhcetR ~~rcvioiisly iiiiliriyrited wit11 the two iiigre- (1 ieiitR.

Tlic process briefly coiisists iii pausing pnper sheets t41rough an aqueous solutioii of " licxn," ullowing to dry, pnssiiig though :in iilcoholic solut,ioii of catechin, rc-drying, cuttiiig to tlie required size, iuid pressiiig botwccii.heiited pliiteiis (see Figs. 12, 13, ruid 1 4 ) . Boards thus protluccd nre brown, homogeneous in cross-section, : t i i d possess n high polish. !t'hcy have tlie following properties.

I'r0pw'lie.u ./ h/iiiiiii/eiI bortrth w t d e /row n t ~ e c l t i ~ r C'otitlitioiis of t~irttn~fncti~rc~ :

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stlrtlgtl! of c & Ilesll " 57;

C.C. nlcollol Strctigtli of ciitccliiii

' I ' i ~ ~ t i p ~ r t i t ~ t r i ~ of ~~ressing . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I(i' C. I iiiic of pr(wi~tg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J rtiitiiites I'rcssiir~ (tons 1)ersq. i t t . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 'I'lticktteas of ~)iqrcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005 in.

L'npcr Imsc! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u4yo Cntccliiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%2% " kICSIl " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 yo

~IJriiicll llnrtliiesl: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :lO-:j5 Wittcr nbscrrptiori (24 hr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . ?-:jo/, Xrotliilu~ of rupturc (Ih./sq. in.) I{caistnttce to oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JSscelletit .\hicliinnbiliLy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vit:. 15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 g. per 1OO(b

* *.

Cortt~~~ouit.ion of typirtil lrimrd :

I'ropcrtics :

. . . . . . . . 25,W)(I--PB.CH)o

I 1 I Iic process outliiiod suflcrs from the tlisntlvniitiigc of hciiig expensive bceniisc of tlie diitivcly high cost of' ciitccliiii. C'oiisidcriiblc qiiniitities of' rilcoliol :ire nlso iiivolvctl. Rediict.ioii iii costs w i i s :icliicvctl Iiy tlic s i i i i l h iiietliotl of' replmiiig nlcoliolic cittcchiii by iiqiicoiis g:itiibier, ivliicli is iiviiilultlc rit 4 t l . per 11). Siticc giiiibicr is only sliuriiigly solultlc i i i cold \mtcr, iitil)rcgtiiitfioii ol' 1ii i l )~r slicct,s wrls ciirrictl out, i i i n liltcrctl W y 0 soltit,ioii of' kiiowti tlciisit,y, Iicl~t, n t 5.3". Boiirtls were tl icii prot1iicctl ItiLviiig prolwtics siiiiilnr t o those iiiritlc l'roiii cntccliiii, csci!pf; tliiit wiitt!r ;il~sorptioii wts soitiewliiit ltigliw.

lh r l r Iirowii bonrtls i i p to 14. in. thick, coiitiiiiiiiig f;oO slitrets, Iiiivc bccii iiiiitlc. Y'licy iiiiicliiiiti csccllciit,ly iiiitl citii rcntlily I I C inndo illto gcilr WIICCIS, fiiigcr pliitcs, ctc. ' h y nro not siiitiililc f'or clcct,ricnl piirposcs Iieciiiisv of' t h i r poor rcsiz;tiiiicc to wntcr, Iiut niiiy fiiid itscfiil npplicntioii ii i tlccorntivc ivork, 1~iiiiclliiig, etc. I lie ~irnccss, i v l t i d i hiis 1)ccii covcrctl by JZritisIt Pntciit Slieciiliciitioii No. 4fiB,4 I I (Sir C:. 'I!. Jlorgiiii i i i t t l N. J . J,. .\lcgsoii) CUH I I O cxtcti~lotl siict:cssfiilly to otlicr tiiiiiiiiis, o.g,, qiiclmclio ii i i t l iiiiiiiosii, to ccrtniii 1iolyliytlric pltciiols siicli iis rcsorciiiol, tint1 to rrr-iitiiiiiol)lieiiol. ' Y I i c cost ol' ~~roiliict~ioii I'roiii giiiiiliicr (not iiicliitliiig Inhoiir u i i c l ovc!rltciitl ~ I i i i r g i ! ~ ) liiis brcii cstiiiititctl to IJU iilio~it Is. 5cl. pw sq. f't, for IL tliickiicss of' .i in. Vcirioiis coloiirccl tlcsigiis ciiii rcntlily lie iiicorporiitecl i i i IioiirtIs I)y iittpriiitiiig tlic rcrluiretl litittcrii oii the

illoitltlctf f'rot/trc/s.-l3y ntiiilogy with t h tcchiiiqiiu iist!tI for 1)repririiig lioiirds, giiiiibicr iiiicl ciitccliiii ciiii he succcssfiilly ciiiployctl i i i iiirikiiig inouldiiig iiiistiires Ilritisli I'rovisioliiil Sl)i!cilicrition No. 2!),837/3(i. (Sir GilLert Rlorgrin, N. J. 1,. I\Icgsoii, i i i i t l \V. Vosc). IGsrtc!ii- h l l y tliu iiiotllotl coiisistn i i i iiiiikiiig iiitiiritrtc inixtures of wootl I I I ~ I I ~ , gtiitibier, i i i i t l Iie~riittctl~~lciictctriiiiii~ie

I ,

top sllcct, I,clbrc lt~Jt-~ircssillg.

iiiitl hot prcssiiig tlic resultiiig coiiipositioii. 111 pructicc i h is rlesiraldc to iidtl ~~nrnforiiiiiltlchytlc, rctnrtliiig ngciits, plasticizers, iiiitl lu1nicnnt.s to ciisiirc good '' flow " propcrtics with frcctlorii l'roiti blistcriiig. Sniiiplcs of iiioiilclecl tiiscs were cshi1)itcttl.

THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH IN PLASTICS I iiis very iiicoiii'pIctc siirvcy oi' rcscnrcli tciiciciicics

i i i plii~tics poiiits to t h iiti1iz:itioii of t h e productx in two tlirectioiis, lirst iii rCpliicCiiiciit of lexs a(1;q)tiiI)Ic iiiatcrinls of coiistructioii iiiid sccoiidly for entirely iicw p i i r p c s . S'iiiiicrous iiistiiiiccs of tlicsc iqipiicnt,ioiis :ire csliil~itccl eiicll yciir i i i iiicrciisiiig profusion at. tlie I3ritisli liidiistries IGiir.

I *

but whntcvcr prograiiiiiies of rcsearch iiiiiy bc devised and ndoptcd tlic root. of tlic iuattcr lies ii i tlic chiiroctcc iiiid training of tlic iiivcstigutors conceriietl. '' i\Iaiiy arc crillcd but few nrc ~IIOSCII ."

I'olytnerx of Ilrc i itxolirl le eruwli i i&etl type

SAMUEL KERR THORNLEY 1871- \\'hen the history of tlie Industriiil Itcsciircli Associs-

t.ioii iiiovciiicnt. roiiies to I)c writ,t:en, the niiiiie of JI r. 8. li. 'I'Iiornley will figiirc ~roiiiinciitly i n its ~iiigcs, 'I'lic 13csc!:irch ..\ssoc:iiition of 13ritisli l'iiiiit,, Colonr iintl Viirnisli ~liiiiiifndtiircrs, of wliicli Jlr. 'I'liornlcy his Iiecii :Presitlciit since its iiiccpt,ion (save for two yciirs) tliitcs only froiii 19%, iind is t,licrcfore one of the younger iiieiii1)crs of t,he I~cseiircli Associiit.ion fiiiiiily, I)iitf thcre \\*crc long ywrs of ~ ~ ~ p i i r i i t . i o ~ i work Iieforc iii i oltl- estiililislirtl iiitlrist,ry, rciiinrkrililc for its iiilicritctl .rr:ift.siiiitiislii~) i i n t l i i strong iiidivitliiiilisiii throngtiout., :ic.cclitetl tlic iicw order. Jlr. 'I'liornley \\*oiiltl I)c t,lic first. to protest. ;it, itIiy siiggcst.ioii t,liitt. lie :1l01ic wiis ~espoiisiI)le, Iiiit. it. wis liis stiitc~siiiiiiisl~i~i wIiii*li, witti

s. li. TilonsI.E\:

wliiali %lie niiiiies of t.110 Pitint, I~cscitrcli Stiiiioii iintl its I h c t o r Iiitvc bwn proiniiicnt~ly itssociiitctl) found Jlr. 'I'lioriilcy in thc crrstoiiiiiry lciitl : hc 11ec:iiiie tlic first cIinir~ii:in of Tung Oil 12stiitcs Lttl., :I coiiil)nny pro- iiiotctl 197 the h i n t , rintl \'iiriiisli Intlustry of this coiintry to prow tung trees in the Sortlicrii Shiiii Stiitcs of Upper lh ir i i i i i . l l r . 'I'liornlcy iviis Prcsidcnt of tlic Niitionitl Fcclcriition of :\ssoci:itcd Piiint, C.'oloiir rind Vitriiisli Jl:iiiiifiic:t,iircrs of t h Uiiitctl Kingtloiii in 1920 i i n d Iiiis loiig Iicc!ii rcgitrclccl :IS :I ~~~~r i i i i i nen t iiiernbcr of its Council. ill! liiis :itso Lccn for :I niiiiilter of years 11

iiiciiilicr of tlic: Griii it l Coiiiicil nnd of' t,lic lSseciit,ivc C!oiincil of t.lie Fctlcrnt.ioii of I%rit,isli Intliist.rics.

1 1 1 JIity 193fi Mr. l'liornley Iicciiiiic oiic of the iivc Coiniiiissioners :qipoiiitctI uiitler tlic! Sugiir Iiitiustrics ( Ileorgiiiiiz:it.ioii) Act. of 1 !Mi. 'I'ho Coiiiiiiission is dii ir~cd witti t.he cliit,ics of keeping itntlcr review tlic growing of siignr Iwct rtritl the iiiritirrliiotiire, rcfining, iiiiirl<cting i i i i d coiisiiiiilition o f siigiir in t.lic Uiiit.ct1 liingdoiii. I n iitlilitioii, t,lic. Coriiiiiissioncrs render :itlvisory services to the Minister rind Jiiivc cscciitive ciiitliority on ccrtiiin tccliiiiciil qiicstioiis. 'I'lic Coiii~iiis- sioncrs lire i ih ~:on~~cr~icd wit11 t h ~~repiriit.ion of sc~liciiics for resea rcli, for the [iroscwtiiiii of ~diicli they :ire ~!iiipo~verc~l to rriisc ronsi~li!r:il~l~! siiiiis of inoiicy. I t is likely t.liiit, 31r. 'I'liornley's :ippointmcnt, hail sonic reference to t.liis Sirgiir Itcscnrcli Sclictiic, and, if so, itnyonc intcrcstcd iiiriy rest. :issiirc!tl t h t cwry aspect of the iii:itter, incliitling t,lic rciictions of the imitny tlivcrsc interests involved, \rill I)c \vcIl tlioiiglit. out I~rforrlir~ntl.

L\ iiiiiii's life iuitl work, interests i i i i t l outlook ;ire iisii:iIIy :I ri:fIi!ct,iiiii of Iiis I~ii~kgroiirii1-.l~iisi1ir~::s, fiiiiiily, Iioiiii!, iiiid friimls. Jlr. 'I'lioriil~y hiis I i i i t rccciitly left. t lie Iioiisc iii which lie \vits Irorn i i i i t l t.licii only 11cciiiiw tlica iitlviincing wiivc of lit.t,lc-villiitloiii s\vc!jits it n~viiy.

Aiiioiig tiis iiiorc prizctl ~~ossessio~is iirc the old records of the fiiiiiily I)iisincss wliicli wis c~stiil~lisliecl i n 1794, i n the rcigii of Gcorgc I1 I, in Ilic~iicl Strwt, I~ ir i i i i t ig l i i i i i i , Iiy oiic 15tl\viirtl 'l'lior~ilcy, 'l'lic 1)iisiiicss gi.c\v i i i i c l piissed froiii fiitlicr to son, iilwriys rciii:iiniiig i n the 'I'liornlcy fii~iiily, until, iiftcr 100 yciirs, t,hc Iciisc of' the l i i i id upon whicli tlie origiiiiil fiictory wiis Iiiiilt. rim out. The I~iisin~~ss, t h i in thc l i i i i it ls 'of Siiniocl 'I'lioriilcy of Yiirdlcy, w i s rciiiovctl to I3orclcslcy Green Itoiid, Mir- iiiiiigliiini, \vlicrt!, iis 'I'liornlcy t Knight., Lttl., it, rcriiniiis to t,his thy. Sine! I!)% t,lic I)usincss liiis 1)een iintlcr tlic control of tlic present S. I(. Tliornlcy, soil of Snrniiol 't'honilcy i in t l grciit.-grc:it-grit~i(lsoiii of tlic foiintlcr. Socli is the ~iriter~i i i l contribut.ion to tJic iiiiiii-his iiiotlier wiis o f Scottish origin. I l e rcgiirtls liiiiisclf its i t siiii!, ste;itly, hiit qiiitc ortlinriry person, with no piirti- oiiliir itliility--yet tic inspires coiifitlciicc iuitl instils niitliusiiisiii in rill wlio iiicct hiiii, i intl his \vrty of cstitli- lishing csscntiiil ~)rinciplcs like inilc-stones oii liis way is iiiipressivc ; iiiriny kno\v t,hc s:tt,isfitctioti of Iirrving Iic*rtrd Jlr. 'I'lioriilcy i n tlcl)ritc siry just, wliiitf iuout others feel t h y woulri Iiiivc liked to hnvc sriid tliciiiselvev Init. ctoultl not, i1u11, iiiorcovcr, he n twr fiiils to clioosc thc riglib iiioiiicnt,.

Alr, 'l'liornlt~y's \wr;iit.ility cxtcritls to his rccrcntions. 1112 oru1 cliiini to I)(! one of tlir first, golf ~iliiycrs in t,lic

Jan. 1,1838 CHEI\IIRl'RY AND LUDUSTRY 13

&Iidl:ind C'oitntics and for scvcn consccutivc years was captain of tho North Wiirwickshirc Golf Club. IIc is onc of tho 200 rciuaining membcrs of thc aclcct Circlc of 19th Century Motorists, and nst year took part in the Scottish Motor 13nlly. Hc clninis to hnvc drivcn himself ovcc 5 0 0 , ~ O miles withoiit ncoideiit or injury to any hunian being i i u l with hit one policc siiinnione, and thrit in conncsion with it oiic-\v:iy stmct.

ARMOURERS AND BRASIERS COMPANY'S SENIOR INDUSTRIAL

BURSARIES

1Suginccring (Civil, JlccIiii~iicnI, Elcctriciil, or Bero- iitiiticaI), n t a CoOlIcgc or ScIiool in LontIon, n p p r o d h,t t l l C collll'any. (3) Huvc bccn rlwnr~lcd by tlugast 15 liis Dcgrcc with I.Ionoiirs ut tlic filial csiitiiiiintion of the University of Loiidoti for thc Degree of U.Sc. (Eiig.) (Mining or BlctnIlargy). (4) Uc recornrticiidcd by the Principid of Iris ScIiooI, or in tIic case of it School of tile Wni\wsity, by t i i s Professor. (5) 15itltcr (a) go to a n Eiiginccriitg firm iis 11, pipit, or (I) holtl :in ~tppro\~c'c'l appoititmei~t ;* tltc lirin or :ippointtnciit utiist bc npprovcd h3' thc Coiiip:iny i i s c l wet1 not neccss:trily he in London. (6) Stntc spccificiilly t.lic coiirsc it l i d pcrit~tl of ~ o r k 01- triiiniiig poposctl. (7) Siitisfy tIic Coiiipitiiy t.lrnt tiis niciiiis niitl thoso of his piircnts arc iiisiiIIicicnt to CII~IIJIC Iiiiii to eoiiiply with rcgiilittion (5) wittiorit :issiutaiicc.

of iiiiy npplicnt,ion Cur 11 rcnc\s-iil of i i 1311rs:iry. I , Ihis recluireinciit Iniist hc coiiiplictl with un tlic occilsioi1

Applic:it,ioiis for ii 'I3iirs:iry must Ix sciit in 1JefUl.C lliiy 31 in cncli JYXIL~ to-

%)lie Clerk, r l llic Coiiqiiiiiy of rlruioiircrs :itit1 Ihsiers,

~ ~ y l l l o ~ l r c r s ~ I-rni I , 81 , c!olcllliln St.rcct, IS.C'.3,

from whotti fortits ul' :ipplicntioii ciiii IJC o l i t i i i i i t d .

INDUSTRIAL NOTES FROM ABROAD

c

14 CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRY Jnn. 1,1038

Cheiiiisclicn \Ycrkc* Kiili\\.crkc A.-G. Koliii, F. t\. \\lciss- bcrgcr, niitl Co. linxolupi, cstnblislicd iiciir I'ilseii.

JAPAN

Production of strlplitiric acid i n Jnpnii is to bc i~icr~nscd t o atf Iciista 4 .3 iiiillioti tons, which iiicniis tliiit only thc United Stotcs, \\*it.li iiii output of f j iiiillioii tons, will produce iiiorc. Jnpniicsc ~~roiliictioii ]ins riscii froiii 1 *2 inillioii tons in 1030 to iiboiit 4 iiiillioii t.Iiis yciir niiil tlic recent In\\. for cncouragitig iintionnlly ritnl iiidust,rics by providing c;Ipitiil on c n ~ y tcriiis will incrciisc tlic honic tlciniind for tlic acid. At prcscnt 75"/0 of tlic protluctioii is iisrtl by tlic l'crtilixcr industry for the iiiriiiufiict.iirc of siilplinte of miinonin niicl s i i~~c r~~ l ios~~ l i i i t c :id iinot.lier 124% is rcquired for iiinkiiig cliciiiicnl \vood- pulp. Oil rcfincrics, tlic csplosircs iuid rlycst tiffs industries, i intl n niiinbcr of iiiiiior m~~nufiictnrcs take itiost of tlic rciiiniiidcr, t.liough about 4000 tons iirc tsportccl. Sotiic of tlicse iiidnstrics arc bcing cs~~iiiitlccl very rnpidly uiiclcr tlic J i i p i c s c p1:ius for self-suflicicnoy ai l i t1 selphuric iicitl product~ion iiiiist lie corrcspondiiigly iiicrcnsctl. Il'lic iii:iiii tlifliculty is to scciirc ntlcquatc siipplics of pyritt!~. Out,put this ycnr will bc ribout 1 . 9 inillion tons, hut in spitc of t,lic ncw dcposits fount1 :is :I result. of much state-iiidcd prospecting, it is doiibtfiiI wlicthcr Inrgcr qiIil1itities cnn bc proclucctt in tlic iiiiiue- di:itc fiitiirc.

U.S.A.

I n Octolwr esports ol' clieiiiicnls fiiitl rcliitctl ~irodiicts froiii tlic United States were valued :it $1G,fj(i4,000 coiii- ~iiirctl wit.11 $1.1,612,000 in Scptciiibcr rind $13,0df,~)oO for OctoBer, 1931;. 'I'liis October ligurc rcprcscnts :IN iiicwnse i n riliiiost cvcry lending itciii i n t,hc cliciiiiciil export. triidc with the csccptioii of fertilizers. .Foreign cleiiitincl for intlustrial chcniiails ndviiiiccd, in prirticuliir t l i & rise in sodi~ coiiipouiitls wns noticcihlc. 'l5sports of criitlc nncl rcfiicd sulpliur iiiorc t.linii tloul~lctl during October. !Ile Quicksilver Corpomtion of hicricii, Fd101i (Xcviitlii), is reported to Iw nl)out# to rcsuiiic olma t.ioiis.

YUGOSLAVIA

I lie Yiiposlriv cliciiiicnl iiiniiiifiwtiiritig h i s ol' J iiiro- Scriiiii :it. Suliotic:i, S o r t h r i i Yiigosliivin, nritl Piltrln, 11:ivc I m i i titkeii over by tlic (:cnnrui 'I,(:. Ifarl~cii- ititlustrie. .It is iiitcntlcd tliiit. bot,Ii firins slirill continue birsi~iess d r ! r t h i r ' prcsciit ii~i~iies.

'

, I

9

ITALY

~ i c siiiliiiiir sri~c.s oliicc in l\7ilicil t.Iic cntirt: :itriliiiri sulpliur protliict ion is represciitcd, hiis just piil~lisl~etl its report for thc period August 3 , 1936, to Ju!y 31, 1937. dccortling to this r e p r t t h voluiiic of basincss as fnr nbovc cspcctiitions, \rliilc iit t.lic siiiiic t.iiiic prices w r c sntisfiictory mviiig to t,lie worlting of tlic! St:rtc pricc cqunlliziitioii f'iiiitl.

12'3 iiiillioii lire. Yet i n spitc of tlicsc fitvourril~lc t ratling results nncl nil iiicrcvrscil profit of BO lire per toii ]~~lJdllCCd, the Ttalinn siilpliitr iiitliist.ry litiils itscll' Iiniicliciiplictl by iiicrcnsing tnscs frniii tlcrt!loping iicw cxl)orta licltls with t.lic uicl of growing rcwiiiic,

Actunl rc\'cIiitc froti1 cxl)ort S ~ I ~ C S i ~ ~ ~ i o i ~ l i t d to OVCP

Vice-l'reaiiIeiiU : Prof. C. 0. Ilnnnlster. I C. S. Garlanil. V. 0. Unrtrarn. 15. Unbrlel JOndd. . -. - . . ... W. A. 9. C~Jicr. R. T. Colgrte. C. J. T. Cronslinw. Dr. J. J. Fox.

nr. I,. A. Jordan. J nr. 11. hvtnstain. Dr. Foster U. Siicll. 1 Gdnln Thompqon.

Onliiirrp Jfcaikrr o j Coioicil : M. P. Apploliey. 11. It. reei1y.

If. \V. Jamea. H. \V. Lreiner. F. P. 1)uan. I 11. 1'. Potter. Dr.-T. n. Durrana. T. 11. nniit. Y. A. Orrcnc.

J. A. Ilervcll. I'rof. J. Ilelllv. I I f . W. 1tore11.

Stclioii uiirl Groir I L'hniriitrii niirl Stcrrlnrier : AYEIIIOAX J. 0. biil l . C. 9. Kliiib~II. B l ~ Y l S O l l A U U. \V. I'nrkes. (;etir#e Klng. BnlBTOL Dr. A. C. 5Ionklioiiae. A. 5fnndcn. CANADIAS PACIYIC .. .. Dr. 11. LT. CIuk. EUlNDUnOll A. 11. Cnnicroii. J. Sandllanda. ~ L A 6 I l O I V 1)r I V 110 or. W. J. 8klllln#. LIVEnI'OOI. i~t~r..*r.*i~. iKiitch. J. Y. Torcn. LONDON Dr. 11. hss l i iu Dr. A. J. V. Uvlerwood. MAXO~IKSTEH C. 51. Wlilttnker. Dr. W. If. Urlndky. ~ O N T I I & A L nr. J. n. ~ l d l l l p ~ . 0. A. llictton. NEWOA6TLlI J. \V. Crngw. E. Y. Myem. NO%'TISO~IAY \V. Wooclliouse. \V. T. T. Aloawottl~. O ~ A W A Alex. E. Macline. A. L. Dnvldson. BUAWIN~O,AX irms If. 8. JI~III I . Is. It. WIlIInrns. 8OUTli \VALIS 0. Mrtlcl. J. 11. Wulls. BTDNIIT, S.S.\V. A. I). 0110. T 0 n 0 ti T 0 I I . D. Ciiiiicron. Yonnsiiinr: C. 1'. It. llrothi~rton. II. J. llocluman. ~ U E i l l O A l , ~ N O l N K E l l l S O SlnIIlCy Ilobsofl. J . 51. Lconnrd. FOOD OHoor l'rnf. II . I~iil*trlck. B. n. Anderson. I'LA~TIC!I Onnu!' 11. I~allglv~~ll. N. J. C. Magnou.

bfATKIlIAIi3 OIIOUI' Y. hf. I'OttW. Dr. A. It. Lec. CANADIAK Caoscrh Vlebr 0. Ilnrtraiii, Dr. 0. J. Wabou.

Iluiioriiru I'orelgii (or Orrrrrcrr .Sterrfar# : J. Uavlilion PWt. (:/iuiriiiuii nlt?tati of choiiicnl Abstruets : 911 nailart lfor an

11. Or. E. 11. Nowmm. T. Elwortli)'.

I b A D A N D UOllSlSlI

Ilorlorrirli 'I'rtaritrcr : Ijr. 1,. 11. Lainplti.

Uriirriil .qrtrrturir 11. J. Pootav. cttrtoi1 ~foiinu. Nuston Ilnad. Idnn!on: N.W.I.

American Section f%iiiniiiiii : .I. i f . VIM, I'icc~C%iiiriitiiii : W. 1'. Culiiw.

1: ?

.~..IB-G.~(J I L I I I . G ~ S S for Geiicrul Scicntitic i i i it l

O.Ij.lC., I).Sc., F.Tnst.P., P.S.G.T. Othcr lcctiircs in t.hc scrics will I J ~ givcii oii t,hc siiInc thy in tlic Institution.

YORKSHIRE SECTION ..\ joint, iitccting of the Yorksltirc Scctio~r of the SoeicLy

wiis licltl witA t,hc Ikxid tintl I3ailrling Nitcrinls Group 011 ~lond;~y, 1)ccenibcr (i, in tlic Chelaistry Tmturc! 'I'Iiciit.rc of t,lic Uiiivcrsity of I,ectls. A p i p r on " !~III! C'litssifi(!i~tio~~ of 'I'iirs itntl Oils riceording to tlicir P1tysic:ril .l'ropcrt,ics '' \VIIS mid by Dr. I!, I.[. 13liikclcy, 13.Sc.

I)r. Ihkc lcy ilescribcd II i i i c t h l of cliissifying ttirs :iii11 oils wliich is dc~)cndcnt on t,licir spccific gritvity it nd viscosity lifter dcliytlration ~iiid rcturii of iiny tlistilled oil. 'I'lic cs~~rcssyio~i (log (constiitit -t. log \.iscosity) ) \vlicn plottctl iigiiinst. the s1)ccific grirvity gives :I convenient fortti of cl:issificrit.ion chiirt, on \s*liiclt oils, tiirs, iind pitches, tlcrivctl froni i i single soiirccl fiill close to n striiiglit linc which is ~)aritllcl to lints givcii by iiiiitcrinls froiii otlicr singlc soiirccs. Crude tctrs, which incluclc t,lic wholc of tlic oily dist.illntc froni coal ns iioriiiiilly obtninctl by cnrboaixnt.ion in cstcrniilly- hcritctl systcnis, fiill close to n bnntl ; tlic l~iind is suclt t,Iiiit liigli-aromiitic tars :ire iiiorc viscous than l o i ~ :iroiiiut,ic: tiirs. l l r . 13liikclcy iilso indicntcd Iiow the cliiirt ctin be uscd for thc iiiterprct~it.io~~ of spccificiitions, est,iiitiitiiig tlic propcrtks of iiiistmcs nntl corrcltit,iiig

l l C l l t I h i S t i t l g 1.'Ilr~JCSCS.'' 13y 'l'r0f. J\r. lc. s. Tll~llCr,

d ti tit. Jlr. .\. 1-1. Dotlcl, vice-cliriirlnun of tlic Yorkvliire

Section, said thit thc iiiitlior wiis to I)c congriLtulntcc1 on his rit,tciiipt to piit. tlic clnssificritiolr of' tnrs on ii dcfi- iiitu biisis. I-ic litid iicliicvctl ii siiiiilnr objcctivc to tlint, of Scylcr in tlic clrissifiaition of coals.

J II tlic ciatiiiig clisciission Blr. .J . ' I h i d \ \ d I Silitl tlliit. tltr 1)iipcr siIppIics ii long f'ctt w i i t in (*orrct~it i~~g tiirs uiitl oils. 1 . 1 ~ iilso uskcd if t,wo tiirs of' iliflcrclit origiii roincidc on the cltissificntion, docs it follo\v tliiit tile tiirs will yicltl products of sillliliir tjiiniity nntl quantity ? 'I'lic clirirt will Itc uscful for finding the qunntity of oil required to t.liiii 11 tar down to it givcn viscosity--it will also I N useful for indicnting t.lic tlcgrcc of' crttckiiig to wliicli trirs iiiivc bccii stiljjccted. In rcply 3h. 13lnkclcy sriitl t,litit Iir, t.liouglit tlitit iiniiiiscd tars coinciding oil tlic cliiirt woiild give products of' siriiiliir quniit,ity rind qiitilit,y, Init, this would not rtpply for i1 ttir frilling in tlic siiiiic plncc iis t i niisturc of' two or iiiorc tiirs.

JIr, I). \Y, l'nrkes iiskctl wlitit, effect the SOIITCC of c o d liiitl 011 the relutionsliip, j f the siiiiic rtiw ~iititcriiil WIIS tiikcn end subjcctcd to tlin'crent ciirl~oiiixttt,ion coiiclitio~is, Iwo'o'hicts lidling in tliflcrcnt positbls 011 tlir: cliiirt. would bc ol~trtinctl, but wooltl tlifTcrcat cotils cnriionizcd iiiitlcr siiiiilrir contlitioiis give protliicts i n the S ~ I I I I C posit io~~ ? Coals wiry conuidcrt~l~ly in their Oz t m l X2 cot~tc~lt., co~~~cqucnt. ly tlic yicltl of plrcnols \*itrics, wliich ouglit to influe~~ce the positioa of t h tiir on tlic chart. I>r. Uliikclcy rcplicd t,liiit in this classilicut,ioii tnrs only tire contridcrctl-tlic sourco of t,lio coiil \voultl tiflcct t.lic ~iiitiiro of tlic tur, but thia is only ant: of tlio ~iiriny vnrhI)Ii> fnctora, nnd vory probably . the cn'cct of' tho S I ~ I I P C ~ of thc c!onI iiiiiy IE s\~*iinipcil by t,lic o t h r \wialilc frict,ors. I<csiilts qiiotctl i n tlic

dTcct. Varintioii in tlic tnr ucitl coiitcnt. niny iiccoulit for slight irrcyuliirities in thc clnssificntion, hit. nctuiilly it seciiis nlmost possit~lc to incluclc t a r ncitls i n ii specin1 position on tltc chart.

Aftcr npolayixiiig for tlic ihcnce of MY. F. 31. Potter? c:liniriiian of tlic liond uiitl 13uilding Al:itcrinls Groiip, Xlr. W. R. Cjolding csprcsscd :ippreci:it.iori of klio high qiiiility of tlic pqicr1 ndditlg that it woiiltl IIC ol' grcnt itsc. 1-Ic nsltctl wlictl~cr tlic csl)rcssion ol' viscosity iis n dynniiiic viscosity (poises) woiild IiriIIg tlic point?; for IL prticitlar tar iiiorc closcly on to a -r;trriiglit line. .Dr. 13litk~lcy ststcd t h t tic did not tliink tlic C ~ I : I I I ~ I ~ woiild hiw any ciplircciablc effect.

A h . J-I. J. ITodsa~i~n tltcli ritltled tliilt this i ~ ~ t l i o t l ciinlilcs esiiiiiinntioti of n tnr to lic iundc 011 n ccry S I I I : ~ ~ cliinnt,ity. 1'101' sonic t,iinc Iic hritl bccn intcrrstctl in thr viscosity of t:irs, end in colliil~orritioii with A h . :\. :\. Clark 1i:id csiiinincd tiirs with rcfcrcncc to Or. 13l11ltclcy's h u t , :inti without csccption tlic tars fcll in tlicir proper plnccs. In clriborntioii A h . Clrirk sciid tliiit iii ii process for conferring structur:rI viscosity on tars, tilrs of I O W uroiiintic iiiiture IVCTC rcspoilsiivc to t,rciit,l\\el\t, \vhcrciis high nroiiiiitic tars wcrc not. As n result,, this clnssifi- t!ntion linrl Ilccii foillid to lic of iisc in forccristiiig wlict.lic!r :I tiir would rcspotitl t,o t.rc:it.iiicnt, hy this process.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY Au ordinary wicnt.ific mccting \vns Iicltl 011 Drccm-

tier 16 ; t.hc Prcsidcnt, Prof. If . G. l>nnnnn, C!.'H.IL, P.R.S., occiipicil tlic Clinir.

l h . 3'. C:. BIii~iii discussed : The Constitution of Complex Metallic Salts.

Part VI. The Constitution of the Pliospliine and Arsine Derivatives of Silver and Aurous Halides. The Configuration of the Co-ordinated Argentous and Aurous Complex. [I?. a. AIASX, A. k'. WKLIS, ntitl .D. I.'IJI~IIIIE.] (&I! S.C.S., l!W, 1828.) Prof. C. S . C:ibsoit %:lid thi t . its .f;ir 11s thc work ~ I I

~ i i l t l ~ompot~n~ls is coiiccriicd, tlic riiit,liors I i t i t l I~r~iiglit forward cvitlcncc wliicli fiirthcr einpltnsizccl tlic ?- cov!ilciicy of titirow gnltl. This cvitlciicc \voiiltl d s o I I C streiigt.licnct1 by resiilts of i i i i invcstigiitioil wliicli hi: iind Dr. Uriiiii hopcd to siilimit~ to the Society in tlic nciir l'iitiire.

15vcii in its siinplcst coiiipouiitls niiroiis gold iiplicars to 1)c S-covnlc~\t ; c.9. tlic const.itut,ioii of iLiirous hro- iiiitlc may bc tlcducctl from t,Iir tIccoiiilJosit.,ion n t (jOo of inoiioct Iiyltliliroiuogoltl :

112, ,,13r\ ,13r /'5r!d,,li E/'"K l]r,/i\tl\ fh' + 2 151.131. f A l l

iiiitl t h t of nu~*o~is cyiitiitlc froiii t . l t tlccoiitposit.iolr iintlor inild coiitlitiotirr of the clirilkyli~io~~ocyi~~ioyoltl

Atirous lirotiiiclo niid cynnido prcpurcd 11s iiitlicn t c!tl wil I bc 811 Lniittctl to crystallogrrrpliic invcst,igntinii.

'l'hc spcnkcr considcrctl that! t,licrc ix little just,ificiil,ion for dcttw~iiiiing t,ho co-ordiiirit,ioii nulirbor ol' 1111 elcnic*nI.

cnlrlpolllltls

I l l S

c:oiiipoii~itls of 2 : 2' : 'L"-t.ripyritlyl riittl ckhil)itctl piirple rctl wool nnt l silk dyciiigs of the dirrk rctl I)ist~ripyritlyl fcrroiis broinitlc which sliows n distinct coloriition rwn i n n dilut~ian of one pnrt. i n two millions of wntrr.

L'rof. \V. \Vnrtl111\~ stiitl tliiit, tlic: ituthor'ij r ~ s i ~ l t s c~itiphasiscrl the important clinngc in tlic configumtion of .I -cowdent roniplescs of metnls wliich limy ncconi- pnny n clinngc in principnl vnlcncy. W'ltilst iinivnlcnt: ropper and iinivnlcnt silvcr forin 4-covnlent compoiintls of tctrnhctlrnl t y p , it hiis bcen dciiionstratcd quit.c clci~rly hy rcccnt work t l int 1)ivalcnt coppcr and bi\vilent silver tirc ciipnhlc of giving 4-covnlcnt3 coinplcscs of pliinc c.nnfigurnt,ion. Altliougli a t prcscnt, thcrc nrc no t lnta on thc iiinttcr, onc woirltl cspcct iinivnlcnt gold in its .I-coviilcntn co~~poi inds to Iw tctrnlicilrnl, for it is now \rell cstnl)lislietl thit ~~-coviilcnt~ iiuric gold has II plnnnr 11ist.rihition for its vnlcncics. Ih. 1.1. D. li . Drew inquirctl \vlictlicr the iiiitcro-

itiolcculcs wcrc prodiiccd ~vlicn, for cs:iiiiplt~, silvrr iiitrntc or siilphntc i m s uscd iiistc:id of' thc iorlirle. It sccitird rnthcr iiniisuril tlirrt sonic of the coinpoiiiitls tlrscril)cd lind very low ~itclting points, :iltlioiiplt thcir rtiolcciilnr \vciglrts wcrc 1700 or over.

Prof. II'. Iiiissctt~ directctl ;itt.i!ntioii to tltc liict t h t 3 i n 192.1 Itc h:ul sho\vn with Dr. Corlict thnt the tIoiil)lt! c:ynnidcs of silver :ire 1)rwiselp siriiilrtr to those of cnprous coppcr : l<~l~ \g(CX), , , l~20 csists just tis docs IC,,CII(CK),~, H20, :rlt.ltough lLp\g(.C!N),l corrcspontling to I<,Ce(CN), w n s not, I'oiinrl. I t IS cvitlcnt. t,lint, in t h vyiiniidcs, too, silvcr tentls to licconie 4-co-ortliniite, not, only %co-ortIiniitc?, n s stntcd i n ,111.. Jlnnn's ~ ~ i ~ l ~ l i s h r ~ l I"l)'cr.

Prof. S. \'. Sitlgwick iilso spoke. Ih. ,\limn, in rcply to Prof. C:il)soii, siiid tltitt I I C

considcrctl t h n t tlic gold ntoin in tlic nuroiis compounds !:Et,P(Nl J&iiiCI] nntl [( ISt.O):IP( N l ~ I ~ l ) 2 A ~ ~ C l ] prcprctl 1)y Lcvi-3liilv:ino wns ccrtninly I-coviilcnt, :IS thcso t*oinpo~~ntls werc non-ionic riiitl freely ~01iiblc in orgnnic solvcnts. I lcnce in t.licse co~iipoiinds, t,lic gold iitoiii ol)tninetl seven clcctrons, nncl so ricquirctl tlic clcctronic strite of rntlon. In rcply to lh. I)rc\v, Iic snit1 tliiit ia homologous sc!ric!s ol' co~iij~o~inds in which itlkyl siil- phitlcs, phonphincs, itrsincs, ctc., \ccra co-ortliniiti!tl to ~nctnllic l~n l i~ lcs~ tlic ~nclting points nlmost invririnldy fell 11s tlic liomologo~i~ iilkyl scrics wns nsccntlc~l. This wns to be cxpcctt!il, ns in tliesa circiinistnnccs tho orgiinic rtntiirc! of t l~ i ! ~nolec~iilc bccnrnc! stc!irrlil,v I I I I ) ~ ~ p"oiin~:t~d,

:tiid t8Iw infliicncc of tlw co-ortliaiited niutttl I ) ~ C I I I I I C ! stciidily less.. \\'ith rcgnrtl to thc possibilit,y of rcplncing tlic hnlogcn riitlicnl i n thc cuprous nncl nrgcntous coni- poiinds by other rndicnls, i t wns clcrir that thc structiiro tlescril~cd dcpcndcd on one ritoiii of thc acid rndical linviiig originally two lonc p i r s of clcctrons n\~nilnblc.

c*spcrinicnts qq)c:ircd to sliow thnk tlic h:rlogcn rndicvils i:oiilcl Iw repliicctl I)y t.liiocyiuintc rntliciiln, biit I I O ~ liy cprinitlc rntlicnls, in ~iccord:incc with csprrtntion.

Prof. W. \\'nrtlln\v tlisciissctl : The Stereochemistry of Quadricovaletlt Atoms :

Cobalt and Manganese. [It. C:. Cox, A. J. Siiowmn, \V. WARI)I,AW, nntl W: J. lt. WAY.] (Stv .J.C.S.? l 9 X , 1556.) Dr. P. C. Blrinii said t l int tltc results tlcscri1)cd by LIIC

iiiit,liors w r c o f w r y grcnt jut crest,, ;is tlicy slio\vcvl conclusively t l i n t n 4-covnlcnt mct~nI coiiltl cs1til)it. two tlist,inct configumtions without) t i clinnga of its niiiiii mlciicy. IIc considcrcd tlint c1iciiiist.s lind Iiccn iiicliiictl iii t.hc pnst to rcgiirtl t,hc configurntioris of rnctnllic: coinplcscs 11s bcing fnr iiiorc rigid t,linn tlicy nctiiiilly iverc. It WIS cvidcnt, liowcver, that tlic configiiriit~ioii \vns liirgcly tleterinincd by thc nature of tlic co-ortlinii~irig ~~roi ips or I~~OICCIIICS, 1)nrticiilnrly if tlic Int,t.cr foriiietl ring OT cliclrite ~ys tc~i i s . Dr. Linstcntl I d SIWWII t,lii~t ~I . -co \de~i t nicttils, norrnnlly tctnilicdrril, bccnnic uni- ~ I I I I I ~ I ~ untlcr tJw influencc of tlic co-ortlinnt.ing ])lit.linlo- cy:ininc inolccdc ; Prof. \\riirtilnw Iiiitl nnw tli!inonstriitctl iinot.licr clinngc of configiirntion tluc tip~iiirc~itly 1.0 t h nittiire of thc co-orilinatiiig groiips. The s1)cnker thoiight t I~crcforc tliatt.lic stercocliciiiiciil propcrtics oCn pnrticelar co-ortlin~itetl ~noIcci~Ic, ~~iirt.iciiliirIy if i t contiiincrl ring systcnis, could not 1)c iisctl iis ii lmis for II gciicr:ilii:it.inn wit,li rogiirtl to t.lrc coiifigiiritt.ioti o f t hc 4-covnli*nt n i i ~ t : i I

co~iccrncrl. Dr. J. S. Andcrson siiitl tluit, tlic! author's 1)111)i:r

clircctctl iit,tcntion tn t.\w itsl)ccts of t.hc st,crcochciiiistry of ~nctallic co~irplcscs \vliich lire \vorthy of note : ( (1) \YItwi there is.t,lic ~it)ssilJilit.y of II ~l-co-ordin~~tetl ~nctnl iitoni titking i i p c!itltcr thc plttiiiir or tlic t.ctriiltccIriil t~onfigirrnt ion, t.hc tlillcrcncc ia cncrgy bctwccn thosv stntcs in probnbly only smiill. It, is this possiblc for groups cscrcising it s i i it~nl~lc coiist mint, c.g., tlic pl~tluilo- cyiiniiic groiip, \vit,lL n eiiic ion, to itnposc tlm config~im- tion ~vhicli is noriiirilly iin-lit\~ourctl. ( I ) !I!hc iict,iinI st.ifhicss ol' t.kc \dcncy iinglcs is of II aiucli loacr ortler thrin tliirt. of the ntlciicy niiglcs of, e.g., cnrbon. This is cscinplifictl 1)s t,lic dist.ort,ion of tlia 13r-Au-lir viilciicy :inglc to 100" in G'ibson's.( 15t;zAuBr),, :ind, strikin$y,

to the scissor bentliiig vibriit~ion of tlic CO groups iilmit t,lic iiicltcl in Ni(CO),l (80 eiit.-1) wit11 h t of tltc clilorint! iitotiis in CCI, ; the st,iflncss vnrics ns the sqiinrc of thcl corres1)onding vibritt ion I'rcqiiwcy.

It Ibllo\rs tluif, not only is thc clillcrc~icc iu clicrgy 1)ctwccn two configuriit~ions of t lie co-ortliniitc!d cnniplcs ~ t i i t t l l , hit nlso the cncrgy " Iiiiiirl> " hct\vcen tlicnt cnrinot, bc Iiirgc in coinpnrison with tho cncrgy of co-ordination. It is tlicrcforc coniprcltcnsillo how t,lic switch ovcr froiii, e,y., f . 1 1 0 jiliiniir to tlic t.otmlictlrd iirritngonicnt,, miy conic iiltoiit.. Prof, \\'artllnw's p p r

I , I lic point WRS now being invcstigntetl ; l)rcliininiiry

@.

by t , l lC colll~~llrisoI1 oft IlC lilunlln frcqllcncy corrcspontllng

suggests t h t for 1~iviilc11L cobrrlt, tlic stirtcs urt? so nicely bnliiiicctl tliat tlic clinngc from the clcctrically nciitml [CoCI,, 2C5HGX] c o ~ ~ i p l c s t o the [CoCI4]?- anion, with its extra rcpiilsivc forces bctwecn tlic clilorincs, iniist siiflice to tlctcriiiinc tlic spntinl nrrnngcmciit,.

Prof. K. 17. ~itlgwic~r, Prof. L. 0. ~rockwtiy, 111.. A . I{. ~Jl)bclolitlc, niid Ih. E. C . Cox :ilso spoke!.

l lr . 1-t. T). K. I h \ v tlisciissctl :

((1.) Stereochemistry of Platotetrammines. /ll. 1). I<. DIOZW, I?. 8. H. i-r1~,\1), iInti 1-i. .J. T I ~ I { S S % J.c.s., 19.37, 15‘19.1

1.r. ‘11. K. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 1

P ~ ~ ( X I ~ I ~ ~ C I ) , ~ -1 I ~ , I ~ ~ I C I , ~ = [iJt(~I-r3),~iJtiCt.l -1 ~ K C I

(b) Evidence on the Structure of cis- (F-)Diammino- platinous Chloride. Ill?. \V. CII,WTAWAY nntl

‘l‘lie rriictioii

has b t ~ i i ciirrictl out. ; it Iins i i lso brcii rcvcrsctl. Tliiis, tlic ~-~i lr i tot l i i i i i i i i i i i i t ! ciiii bclt:i\*c like the t,ypiciilly ioiiiscrl ~iliitott~tr~iiiiiiii~ic srilt; [Pt(KII,),]CI,. Untler n t l w coiitlit ioiis it bclinvcs likc the ~iliitotrinmiiiiiic salt 1 I.% ( KJ-T,),C I] C1 , giving t I ic pi I I i i d i ~ c i 1 t [ P t (NIl,),C I] &I CI o. ‘ I ! h t,\vo C O I I ~ ~ I O I I I ~ ~ S bcloiig to scrics BeiicriilIy coil- sitlcrctl iiii])ossiblc on nccoitnt, of t lie ii~i~iiireiit~ liick of ioiii3iitioii iiiiiotig tlic ~ ~ I i i ~ o t l i i ~ i i i ~ ~ ~ i ~ i c s . ‘L‘lic rc.iiilts stmiigt Ii&i the cvidciice lircvioiisIy hroiiglit forwirrd in support of t Iic iibovc foriiiiilit for tlic cis-( [3-)phito- cliniiiiiiiiic.

N r . k‘. M’. Cliirttnwiiy siiitl tliiit, p-tliniiiiiiiiiol)lntiiioiis i~liloro~~nlliitlitc, [l’t,(WII,),]t’tlCI,, wis obtiiiiietl from ii siiturntctl solution of 1<2L’dC1,1 (6 pnrts) in wntcr iiiid I I siitiirntctl soliitioii of ~-1’t.(X1-l,Cl)2 ( I pnrt) iii hoiliiig \\.iitcr. licnctioii \v:is coiiiplctc iiftcr 2-4 tliiys. ‘l’lic stil)stiiiicc foriiictl greyish-lilnck iicctllcs with I I copiicr- likc broiizc.

I~is-(~-Clilorotli~iiiiiiiiiio~~~iitiitoiis) cliloro~iiilliitlcitc, ~l?t(N1-l , , ) ,~l]Z~tl~l~, prcpnrcd iii :I siiiiiliir wiiy froiii ~ - P t . ( X ~ l ~ l C l ) 2 iiiitl ii soliitiori of RlCI, iii coiicciitrirtctl IICI, foriiicd jet-bliick phtcs. On rclicatiiiy \\*it11 the origiiiiil iiiot81ter-liquor, [ t’t(KII:,),]L’tlCI,l w:is forittetl oil cooliiig.

Sir C:illicrt I\lorgitii cslircssccl soiiic tloulJt IIlJollt t h Ibriiiiilnt.ioii of tlic cis-p-plntorliniiiiiiiiic :is ii two-fold itiiiiiioiiiiiiii cliloridc, CINII,.Pt.NII:,CI, which sciirccly iit:cordctl wit11 its cliciiiicnl prol)crt,ics. Tho foriiiat,ioii of the piilliitlic salt foriiiulatctl IIS [I’t(l\TIIc,),CI],’l’tlC1, iiivolretl ii cliiiiigc of vnlciicy cithcr iit tlic ~~iillirdiiiiii or tlic pliitiiiuiii ~diicli coiild iiot occur tliiriiig it siiiiplc rloiiblc (1ccoiiil)ositioii bct~\vccii potiissiiiiit ~inlliitlo~:lildritlr i i i i d tlic tliiiiiiiiiiiic.

A h . F. 11. 33iirstiill rciiiiirkctl bliiit, t.licrc wcrc iiiiiiiy ciirioiis ~ i i t t l iiiiesl~liiiiictl ciiscs of isoiiicrisiii iiiiioiig plittiniiiii tlcriviitivcs, i intl rccnlletl tlic prcpiiriitioii of yellow r i i i t l rctl foriiis of [PtCl,clipy] coiitiiiiiiiig 2’ : 2‘- tlipyridyl by Sir Gilbcrt Alorgaii iiiid Iiiiiisclf in 1034 ; i i i t,liis ciisc the possibility of cis i i i i t l ( twt is isoiiicrisiii wis csclutlctl. After referring to tlic tliroc isoiiicric tliiiiiiiiiiiics [l’tC1,2Nl.i,l tlic spcnlxr cs~)rcssccl tlic opiiiioii tliiiti tlicrc ivns still iiisufliciciit cvidciicc to just,ify tho Htriicturc proposed for tlic ~-pliitotliiiiiiiiiiiic i i t t , l ia pru~citt t h e .

Ur. B. B. Alrii~ii said tliitt tlic rcsiilts obtiiiiicd by tlic :iiithors wcrc of grent \.nlue, but tlint. Ire would put, n cliffcrciit tlicoret.icn1 iiiterprctatioii upon than. l ic felt sure that furtlicr work upon tlic coiiipoiuid tlcscril~crl iis [Pt(N€I,,),]PtlCI,, \voultl sliow it to Iw

It wiis in iiiiy cusc quite clciir tliiit certiiiii ~~~.~-tliitiiiiiiiii~- plntiiious :uid -pnllndous coiiipo\iiitls lint1 t h nsunlly :icccptsd foriiiulii. Soiiic yciirs ngo Miss Crowfoot. nticl the speakcr liad shown t l in t diiiiiiiiiiiio-piillndou.9 osiiliitr lint1 the structure

:riitl tliot. t,licrcfore i i i t,liis coiiipouiitl 11 st riit!t~ir(* malogous to Pt(NH3(;l)2 W M iiiipossible.

Dr. A. I?. Wclls snid tliiit tlic tlctnilrd .\‘-ray csiiiiiiii- iitiori of t,lie 1)ridgctl ~oii ipouiir1

(Cl.T,),As\ /13rl,, ,,/ 131- 85” ( I’d ) 95” I’d 13r ” ‘ % I3r/ ‘’.\ As(C1 I,):!

sIio\~~c(l i i tlispositioii of tlic LJtl I)oiitls iis iiitlicntctl, niitl n l’d-13~l distniicc of 2-55 A . liiiisinuch :is t.lir “ srliinrc riidii ” of A i i ” ’ n i i d P t l ” iirc tlio siiiiic, this l’d-13rl tlistniicc iiiny I)c coiiip”tl tlircctly wit l i t.,licm scpnrntioii 2 ‘65 A . rcportcd for du-l3r in [Et+d3r],.

\\Wi rcfcrciicc to tJic qucstioii of dctcriiiiiiiiig t.hc coiifigiirirtioii of iiietnllic co-ordinntioii coiiiplescs 11y cliciiiicnl iiiciiiis, it. ivcis poiiitctl out tliiit tAc cis coii- figiiriit.ioii \\’its iissigiietl to thr ioii [(Nl13)2C~(XO~).l:~- on t:he yrouiitls t,liiit !\vo iiioiio-osiiliito tlrrivntiros (coiitiiiiiiiig tlic ioii [NI-I,),C‘O(KO,),C,O,~~-) rsist, oiic of \vliich is resol\~iiblc iiito optic111 niitiiiicrs. L\ii S-riiy esiiiiiiiiiitioii of ~~\g[(NI-I,,),Co(WO,),,] sIio\\*s, Iiowcvcr, thrit t,hc coiiiplcs ioii Iiiis tlic /,ar,.s coiifiyurntioti.

A s is ~vcl l kiiowii, \\’criicr hiiiiself rccogiiiscd t,lir iiiobility of co-ortliiiiitccl groiips, I)ut i t scciiis thiit tlirrc is st,ill i i tciitlciicy to rlctlucc tlit! configunition of’ the procliict of i t rcnctioit from tlic coiifigiiriit.ioii of tlw stiirtiiig iiintcriiil, iiiitl r ice w r w .

I>r. ‘Ilrcw, i i i reply. snirl tliiit, sucli stritct,iircs 11s

[t;t.(mi,),1rdci4 \ \we uol; probiiblc for ti runibcr of rcnsoiis, iiotiibly tlicit other ~-pliito-tliiiiiiiiiiiic tlicliloridcs did iiot foriii ~~iilliid~cliloritlcs. Tlrc ~-~~liitotliiiiiiiiiiiics w r c of two kinds, tliosc of‘ tlic first kiiitl react,iiig with Iiyclrocliloria ncitl to give Cossn’s snits, with siilpliiiric: ncitl, iiiitl witli pliuiiostclluriiic tlibisulpliittc ; wliilst tliosc of tlic, sccoiitl kiiitl liiilcd to react, with t,licsc rciigciits. p-Diniiiiiiiiio~~l~it~iiioiis cliloridc bcloiigctl to tlic first typc. A utiiforiii ~iictliod of foriiiuliit,ioii coiild iiot bo ndoptcd for nll t.lic p-tliiiiiiiiiinus. So l i r 11s the iiutliors could fuitl, t h a-tliiiiiiiiiiiics.tlit1 iiot reiict, yitli piilledoutl cliloritlc.

PERSONAL AND OTHER ITEMS Prof. \Y. A. Soycs celelirritctl his eight,ictli I~irt~lidny

on Noveiiilwr 6 , 1937. Ih. R. 15. Sliitle Icctnred to t h Insthition of Clicniicril

1Sngiiiccrs on I>crenil)er 17 011 tlic tlcveloli~iicnt~ of griiss drying. I-ligh-protein dried griiss cnii now lie protlucctl lit t i n overall cost of f5 n ton, incliitling obsoles- (*ciire : this ~~oni~i:ircs fn\-oiirnldy with tlic cost of fecdiny I'll ke.

In II coniniiiniciit ion t o Rtt/ttre, ~niblislictl on Deceni- her 25, X r . 14. G. C'o\rley nnd Prof. J . R. I ' iirti~igt~n givc tlittii of tlir tlipolr nionients of scvernl nlkyl liro~iiidcs r i n d ioditlcs.

Alr. \Y. \\', \!'iitt,, for sonic tiiiie l i i i ~ t . wi th Jlcssrs. I,c\-er .13ros., T A . , lins I ~ O C I I :ippoint.ctl joint, niiin:iginK tlirrctor of tlic Hritisli Osypen (lo., Lttl.

Mcssrs. A. 13onl;e, Itolicrts S: C'o., Lttl., h v r tleclnrcil : i n iiitrriiii tliriclend of 1 free of tns.

Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments in London 1 hc t~~cnt,~-eigIit.li iiliniiiil esliil~ition of scicntilia

inst,riiiiicnts nrriingctl by t.lie l'liysicid Socict>y \rill he lirltl nt. t.lic lniperiiil College of Science iind 'I'eclinology, ,Soutli Kensington, on Jnniinry 4 (2.30 p i i i . t.o !I p.111.) . *.Jniiipry 5 ( a 1 ]i.ni. to 0 ]).in.), nnd Jnnunry fj (2.30 ] ) . in. to 9 p i i i . ) . 'rickets iiiny lic 01it:tinctl froin the l h l i i l i i - tion Sccmtnry. 1, Ilowtlier Chrdcns. 'Esliiliition Roiid, s. \v..i.

World Trade Notes: Chemicals and Allied Products :\ccortIing to WorM Trcirlt! A'O/CS for I)twiiiber I I

1937, t Iic ~iro(luction of nioiilcling resin i n C:criiinny \YIIS

25,000 nictric tons in 1935, 32,000 tons i n 1936, niid :11)1~0~i1iiiit~Iy 45,000 tons in 1037. Of this oiit,piit it is prohnblc tlint 1 l ~ J O i i t 93% consists of plicnolin ~irodiict,~. I lie injrction nioiiltling resins, cspccinlly polystyrol, arc :itt,mcting inereitsing :ittcnt,ion, hi t . the oiit~~iiit~, is still rrlitt ivcly siiiiill.

American Chemical Society ' 1 ' 1 1 ~ follo\ring linvc been noniinntetl for l'rcsitlcnt,-

rlect : \Villiiiiii Lloyd 12niiis. Hrirry S. l~lolnics, Clinrlcs :\. Krnus, riiitl C!. S. Li~i t l . A Iiiillot tlccitlcs wliirli of t licse is to be :ippointctl.

Prof. Jnines I<cntliill, of I~dii11~11rgl1, lins offcretl to provitlc for one ycnr tlic Aniericnn Clicnricnl Society's :\\vnrtl i n Pi irc Cliciiiirtry. This \vns forincrly pro\~itlrtl Iiy A . C. Lnngniuir rind his b r o t h .

Society of Glass Technology 'l'lie Ninth Aiiniinl Dinner of the I,ontloii Rcct,ioii of

t lie Society of C h i s Tcr:linology wis 1irlt1 nt, t,lie Old 1 3 ~ 1 1 Iir!stniirnntl, I.Iigli I rt~l l iorn, on \\'ednt!siliiy, I)eceiiilirr 8, 1937. C!ol. S. C. I-TIIIsc, C.Al.(;. WIS i n t,lw din ic .

l'lic torista of t,lic c!vouing werc '' Professor 'l'iirner,'. proposed by ah. C. IL Rniiisden, " JIr. Cook riatl tlic Yidlnnds Section," by Nr. A. 1,. Nnrtlcii, nncl " Mr. \\'inks c i n d the York~liirc Section," hy Mr. Urnlinni ('iinninyhniii. '~'IIPSC sl)ct~eIics rind t lit* rrl)lics w r p rill

,,

? ,

iiintlc in :I liglit~liciirtcd i i i i innc'r )I nt l provokctl iiiucli nierrinient.

True to the Londoii Section's trndition, t,he progrnniiiic was coiiiplctely inforiiinl, nnd community singing mns coninicnccd imniedintely nftcr coffec. The ~pecches w r t * interposctl with iiiorc singing :ind the solitnry entzriint for t,lic I\lriralinnd Trophy, Jlr. 1.1. 3lnrsden-Sniitl1, kept t.lii. conipiiy riniiiscd for ten iiiinirtcs wit.li a nionologur. liy :I h i t is11 atirking nitln. lie tliercliy t~lioroiighly tlcserrecl t . 1 ~ t.ropliy and rctrtins it iintil nest ycrir, \vIicii it. is Iiopt?d t.lint niorc! cntrics will tic reccivcd. '* i \ i iItl Lnng Sync * ' wound i i p ,onc of t,hc most. cnjoprililo tliiincrs t Iir lJondon Section lins licltl.

Census of Production, 1935 :\ Suiiininry of thc Preliniinnry I~es~ i l t s of the Pift,li

Ccnsus of Production ( 1 935) has just, 1)ecii piililislictl i n the llo[irtl of Trade J o u r ~ d . M'c rxt,r:irt: frani this t , h ~ follo\viiig inforinntion. C'lirniirnls rtv. :

Cost of A rerllgc Gross niatcrinln. xct iiiiinlwr

oatpiit fuel, titi-. o t i t ~ ~ t i t eniplnyctl

I!U5 _... 101,7!)2 101.5l7 87,354 In I ,080

80 fiir iis the production of clicniicnls is concerncd tliese figures indicntc thrit to tiirn out) f 100,000 of clicniiciils in ti ycnr you iiiust. 011 t,lic rivcrngc! employ n Iiiintlrctl pcrsoiis.

Tlic figures of oiiiploynicnt iirc :

E'000 E'000 moo I0:Hl .... 181,A59 105,501 72.765 177,382

Clicniirnls. etc. :

Operntivcs

.\lIllCb: I~c~lnlIler; 1!l35 .. IOJ,8!)8 :!6,002 11)30 .. . 105,557 :P2,:!t34

Proiii the i)oint of vicw

~\di i i in i~t~nt i \~c . tochiiicnl. nntl 'I'nt II I

rlerinil A I I I I C ~ I~'el1llIlcn :!4.714 15,406 IY1,OSO 29,24!) 12,172 177,382

ol' tlic ~ r o s s outpiit i n 1937 t ~ i c order oiiiiiprtnncc i n t.~ic c~ i~~c ic i i t~ trntlis is ~ i i i ~ t ~ i i i g ( I ) , lhginccring (2), Con1 Jliiies (3), ;\lotor niitl Cycle (.I), Cotton (5), \\'oollcii ( G ) , Iron iiiitl Stecl (Mast fiirnnccs nnil Steel \\'orks) (7), I3rcwing nntl Alrilting (8), Tniloring, 'lhssiiinking, ctc. (O), 15lectricit.y Undertnkings (lo), IClcctricnl lhgincering ( 1 1 ), nntl Cheinicrils, Dycstiilfs, rintl 'Ilrugs (la) ; :ilt,oprt,lier prirtiwlnrs rirc giwn 01' 34 trriclcs.

Tung Oil It. Iiris been nnii~iinced tlirtt q)eciiiI rtttc!iitiori in being

given l ) j tlic Soviet liiissinn Govcrniiicnt to t,lic tmltivii- t ion of tiing oil t.rccs. 'I'liesc hn\*c liccn grown i n liussiri for iilioiit sis yeiira iind iiiorc thrin 2O,(x)O ticres rirr snit1 to Iinve I)ct!n plnntctl, especinlly in C:t!nrgiii.

Mr. Charles C. Forward \\'c regret, t:o iinnoiincc tho tlcath on J)ccemlit!r 1 1

of Nr. Cliarlcs Cririiinn Ihr\viirtl, iissist,iint chief nnrilyst; of the I>oniininn 1)c~irirtnicnt of I.Zenlth, Ottiiwn, nntl one of t lit! hcst-kiio\vn iiicnibers of the Civil Service. 1 I e (lied in his fifty-fifth ycnr riftcr n short illncss. lie ivns n gmclunte of 'Foronto Univcr~ity froin t.hu Scliool of 1'rnct.icnl Science i n 1906 nntl entcretl the Serviec~ iti 1908, I-lv in niirvi\~etl Iiy his wiilinv, Ibrnierly Olive

Ihown, of Ogtlcnslirlrg, N. Y., oiic tliuighter and ttvo SOIIS. The fiinerd took plrtcc on .Dcco~uber 14 froiii his Intt! lioiiic and the interment IWY lit Iroquois, Ontnrio. Trada in Chemicals between the United King-

dom and the United States Stritistics p~iblislictl by Intliistrid iiiid JSnginccriiig

Chctiiistry sIio\v iiiiiny cli:iiigcs in tlic British iniports into the Uiiit,ccl Ktiit,cs rind ..\iiicricnii ux1)ort.s t o Orcat. i3ritriin, of wliicli ii few instiitices tire givcn b c l o ~ :

l!l!!!l I UJti Ihitisli I iiiliurts iirto US.--- s s

'l'otiil clieiiiiciils .... .... .... 8,~15?,000 3,105,000 I'iyiiicntx, pniiitx ntitl rnrtiialieti .... 7U0,OOo :180,000 b'crt,iIizcrs .... .... .... _... 1)04.000 617,000

l<iiI)lwr, c*riitlc .... .... .... I ,'JS8.000 HL((i,000 I'alni kernel oil, cilil)lc .... .... .',.',3Ii,OOO :W,OUO

Totill coill-tilt. ~lrutlllc1s .. . .... 2,7'!J,00U :l!)2,000 Ileiizeim .... .... .,_. .... 2,607,000 .11,000 Sitrucclluluse niitl cclli~losc iiccttttc 2Jij.000 386,000 Cnrlioii blnek .... . . . .... 2.08'3,OOO 2,IUJ.WO \\'ootl tiirlicntiiic .. . .... .... :~.:19(i.000 2,519,000 Siilpliiir, crutla .... _... .... !)JB,000 1,:171),000

U.S. Esliurtu iritu Great lbitniii-

,, critslicd _._. _.__ ..., 43,000 0-1,000

Oversea Trade in November 'J'lic iiiiliorts of clic~iiicr~ls, drilgs, tlycs, i i i i d colours

for Xovcnibcr, 1!137, wcrc of the vril~ic of X1,333,000 ;IS iigninst f 1 ,@I 1,000 in No\wiber, 1936. Tlic csports of' chcmiails, drugs, tlycs, rind coloors producctl i n tlio IJiiitctl Kingtlom for No\wiil)cr, 1937, wcrc of the vitliic of f2,08J,O00 11s IrgitiIlst XI ,528,UOO i n SovcIiihr, 1936. Tlicre \vcrc elso rc-exports viiliictl i i t f45,500 in Novciiibcr, 1935, iis :igiiirist 525,000 i n Novciiiber, 1936.

Key Industry Duty: Exemptions for the Year I938

t,lic ' lhincit Act, 1 W, cctntinuing thc c!sciiijitiiiii froiii Key Intliistry duty untd I)cccnil)er 31, I!UX, of tnuiiy wticlcs iiiclutliiig the following :

I iitcgriitors (planinictcr type). ~Bcriiieiitogriiplis for rccortliiig CO, cvolvcd during

Viiciiiini tubcs for S - r i y work, Iiaving four windows. 16rbiiiiii oxitlc i in t l scveriil ot,ltcr riiri!-ciirt,li osidcs. Syiitlictic orgririic cliciniciils, ctc.-

Tlic l'lcitsilry JIW issiictl it11 ortlcr I I I I C ~ C ~ LU (n)

fjciciit,ific iiistriiiiicnts-

tloiigli l'criiicntatioii.

:\citl propionic, ricitl isopropyl I)iirbituric, t~lcoliol aiiiitlo ctJiyl, itiiiitlopyriii, burbit,onc, broiiiunil, blltyl iiictliyl ittlifntc, . coctiiiic, criidc, d id , tliphcnyl, ctliylciic lirtiiiiitlc, fiirfiirol, glycol

giitinitlirw, Iiil)t!riiziinc, siifrol, niilol, s~il~ilioiiril, \-mi trine.

t:t#llcrs, ICIltl tl!t.r;tct~llyl, Illct.llltlollytlc, pllellyl

Offlcial Trade Intelligence The Dcpiirtiiient. of OI*C~MC~S 'I'ritdc (Ihwliqinic~it i i d

Int.clligcnce), 35, Old QIICCII Street, Lo~idoii, S.W.1, Iiiis rccci\wtl tlic Ibllowing cnquirics for I3ritisli goods. t3ritSit+li firiiis niiiy ol)titin furthcr infonunt.ion by apply- iug to tho 1)epnrt~iiiciit nntl stiithg the specific iiunil)cr. . . j r p i / i / w ; Stccl ('l',Y, 3166 I /37). Crec/ios/onrki(i : L'lnetiCs, clicniii!cils, tlycst.ulb (Wi). Spnirr ( C t i i w i y

/ d r , i r / s ) : C!linniiriil itiuiiiircs (407).

Jnn. 1, 1U3S CREhlISTltY AND INDUSTRY

~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ l i o s p l i i t c ~ . - ~ ~ i l ~ i i i i i i , 2s. 4cl. pcr ,1b. Potassiiiiii, Soilinin, 2s. Gd. per Ib., €or cwt. 2s. 1011. per Ib.

lots. lodiiic, I~csi i l~ . , JW.-.%, -Id. pi-, Ib. for 1-cwL. lots. lodoforin, I W . , Cryst., Precip. or I’o~rdcr.-Bs. per Ib.

Iroii ;\niiiioii. Oitr:itc.-U.P.-Is. 10d. per Ib. for 2S-lb.

Iroii Qiiiiiiiie Citr:itc, 11.L’.-lO$tl. per oz: Litliiiiiii Ciiiboiin.tc, M.P., 1914.-8s. por Ib. .Lithiiini Cliloriilc, Cryst.-%. Gd. per Ib. litliiiiiii C i t r n t c . 4 s . 10tl. pcr 111.

for 28-111. lots.

lots. Grccn, Is. ll~l.--2s. G d . per Ib. (list price).

~ L e l l t l l o l , - . ~ , ~ ~ . ~ ~ . , recryst., ll.l’,, 13s. ‘ihd. I’C” Ib. nui. Syiitlictic, 1.0s. ~ i c r Ib. Syiitlictic i1et:iclicil crystals, 3s. [kl.-lOs. per Ib., :iccoriliiig to qiiniitity; Liqiiid, (is. (id. per Ib.

Jltwiiri:ils, n.P.-ltccl ositle crystals, 7s.-7s. 51. per lb.; h v i g , (is. fid.--(is. I Id. por 11):; c!orrosive sub- limitc, lriiiiip, 5s. 2cl.--6s. 5d. per 111. I?o~vclei-, .Is. 10tI.-is. :id. ~ i c r 111:; White prceip., L i i i i i p , 5s. lld.-Us. .Id. per 111. ; I’oircler, tis. lcl .-Gn. Ftl. per 111. ; C!:iloiiiel, 5s. llcl.-Gs. 4~1 . per 111. ; Yellow Osirlc, 0s. ;Id.-&. 9tl. pcr Ib. ; Pcrsiilph., D.P.C., cis. Itl.-(is. 611. jiur 111. ; Siilpli. iiig., tis.-tis. %I. pcr Ib.

J’iire, I W . , 13s. @I. per Ib.

Special Ilrices for Iiirgcr qiiiiiit-it.ics. 3Ict.liyl S:tlic~liitc.-ls. I~il.-ls. &I. per Ib. I~nrnlileliyile.-ls. @Jd.-ls 5cl. per lb. T?lio1i:icctiii.-2s. .Dd.-3s. pcr Ib. Ylierio1plitli:i Iciii.--2s. 5tl.--3s. 3d. per 11). Pot n ss. I l i t:i r t ra te.-99 / lOOy!, (Cre:iiii o f ‘J’s rtn I-) , 94s.

Yot:iss. Citi*ntc.-I).l’.. IS. G d . per 111. For 2 8 4 . l o k . Pot:iss. Iutlidc, l5.ID.-ls. Gtl. per lh. for I - c ~ t . lots. ‘Potnss. 311~tnl~isiilplIite.-j2s. Gtl. per cwt. d/il I~ontlnii ;

Qiiiiiiiiv S~iIpIi:itc*, ILl’., 25. 211. per oz., for 100-ox. tiiis;

S:iccIi:iriii.--:~is. &I. per Ill., niiil lorrcr in qiiniitity. S:iliciii,-l2s. per lb. Snritoiiin, TLP.-28s. per ox. Seitllitz p0w”dor (pulv.).-G4s. 3cl.--66s. pcr cwt. Silvar Sitrntc.-1s. 3111. 1 ) ~ oz. Sor qiinntity.

Sod. I~nrbitoiic.-lIs.-lls. 9d. per lb. .%cl. Ihixoiitc, 1l.P.-Is. iil.-2s. 111. per Ib., nccorcliiig

Sod. Citrntc, Il.P.C., 1092 nnd U.S.P.-1s. 7cl. per 111.

Soil. Hgposiilpliitc.-l’Iiotogrii.pliic, $214 As.--C16 p w tori

Sotliiiiii I’odidc, 13.1’.-6s. 911. pci’ 111. for 28-lb. lots. Soil. Nitropriisside.-l3s. per Ib. Sd. 1’0t:iss. ‘J’nrtrnto ( l t o ~ h l l ~ s:tit,j.-n. (it]. p c ~ t!\\.t.

Urystnls, 2s. Gd. per cwt. 0st .m. Sod. Siilic?llntc.--Po\rdef, Is. 5d.--Zs. &Id. p w 1,.

Soil Siilpliito :iii1iydroiis.-.C?~l 101;. per ton, ncccirtliiig

‘hrt i ir Kiiiotic., lW.-:k. 9d.--.ls. Oil. pw Ib. l.’erpiiic Iiylrntc.-ls. Pcl.-Is. &I. por Ib. ‘l’liy.iiii~l, I’uviss.4s. 9 ~ 1 . 4 ~ . Grl. per lb., nccorcliiig to

Ziiic Stciiriite.-9!2s. poi* cwt.

~\t:oto~~liriiotio.-~ls. Bd. pcr Ib. AiiiyI ;\c*at:ilc, Piire.--3s. pcr 111. Aiiigl lliit,yrntc!.-3s.

licr 111, Aii\yl S:iIicyliite.--3s. Rd. per 111. Aiiethol,

;\iil)cpiiia (m rl~1ictliole).--l2s. Od. pcr Ib, IJciixiiltli~liytlu frcc froiii Clilor~iio,-Zs, 3d. per 1,.

per (wt., less 24:h.e

kegs rrm.

tiiis free.

Sticlis, 2d. pcr 0%. extrn.

to qiinntity.

for. 288-Ib. lots.

i l / d c~iiisigiieds stntioii, i i i I-cwt. Itcgr.

net iii 1-ton lots.

Cry.+il, Is. Ad.-2s. 4il. per Ib.

to qii:iiitity, d/cl 11.E.

qiiiiiitity. Nntiirnl.--l2s. poi. Ib.

PERFUMERY CHEMICALS

21/29’ C., 7s. Gtl. por 111. . . ’

1JJ3i. (1937). 1; G. Furbeniiiil. See V. JII. 11,042 (1937). Elcctria Siiiclting tk .\luiiiiniuiii co. See s.

14,518 (1937). Kuiistdungcr-P~tcii~-V~r\\'ei-tuiigs- 2L-G: Producing dicnlciiiiii pliospliiitc arid cnlciiiiii nitrntc solution.

16,349 (193i). I. G. Fnrbeiiintl. J1nnrif:icturo of Iliioro-sulplioiiic iicid.

15,557 (1!)3i). Soc..d'Etutlcs pour Ini h b r . c t l'1l:iiipIoi dcs Engrnis. Cliini. Preparation of potessiuni riitriite.

15,9!)1 (l!YX). . Philips' Gloci1:~iiipciiI:ibr. Yrocliictioii of :ill;:ilirio e:irtli.

lci,.154-5 (1937). Stn:itsrIiijircii in Jiiiibiiig, niicl Otto &. co. s c c 11. VIII. 15,615 (2937). Norton Criiitliiig ~VIIIXI Co. Uoron u:irbictc :illoy. ,

18,5L(i (lV3i.). Norton Grinding \VIiccl Co. Niilriirg boroii airbidcs.

1 8 , i Z (1997j. Stciitit.Jliigllcsi:i A\ . - ( : . Ccr:iiiiic iiititcrial.

l6,OSTj (1937). JTnrconi's \Virclcss Il'elcgrcipl~ Co. 3l:iiiuf:diire of ccr:iiiiic iiiiitcriiils. IX. 13,O.IO (1937). Electric Snwltiiig ~k . \ l i i i i i i i i i i i in Co. Jlniiuf:icturc of Iigdraulic ccrncii~. X. S778 (1937). Kol~lo- 1 ~ . Eisdorscl inl ig C:CS. LCSWII- iiig tlic corrosion of skcl iiiid iron.

11,032 (193i). Electric Snicllirig S; A l i i i i i i n i i i n i Co. 'I'rcntinciit of :iluriiiiious silicious iiiiitcri,:il.

lVliZj (LWi), Nct:dIgcs. AA. Coiitiiiiioiis ' prodiic- tioii of riiic in vorticiil rcdiict.ion CII:IIIIIJC~S.

13,364 (1937). BIctallgcs. A . 4 . SEE I. 13,6ici (1937). I\lcliillgcs. A,-(:, Coiiccntrntiiig low-

14,994 (I!)X). Iiolilc- 11. ICiscnforicliiirig G'es. Steel

14,4~15 (1937). Lldwiri. Obtaining nictiils froiii their

18,910-2 (1937). 3fnier. . Vn110riaing iiiet~rls id

16,933 (193ij. lfloctro 3lctrillurgic:d Co. Cllruniiiiiii-

15,934 (1937). Elcctro l\Ietiilliirgic:il Cih, Chi*oiniiiiii-

16,930-7 (IVJ7,). 16lcctro J1el:ilIiirgiciil Co. Ctrrru-

1GI37L (1937). Awry. 0iicr:iLiiig Iiliist f i i r i i n c w . IG,466 .(Z937). llrit. l'lioiirsoii-lloiistoii Co. Ncrro-

riiclicl nllogs. XI. 10,503 (1937). I. G. P:irbciiiiicl. I'oliiriziiig Iiigc~rs. XII. 15,285 (1937). 1Eastin:iii Kucl:ilc Co. Obtiiiniiig Iiydrocniboiis holn 1113~iIlo iiniiiiwl oils.

XIII. ?Of% (1937). Kniiipfcr. S e e . \'.

of filiiis or the like froni polyiicriilcs. . . XIV. L3,60S (1937). Ilcl~rc, \'oSs, I ~ r o ~ i ~ i ~ i , i i i i t l Jliiii. Il'nliuf:ichru of rubbor proc1tii;ts.

15,WZJ (1037). Unitccl Stcites Jtiil~bCr .J'~o~IiioLs, Iiic. It.ubbcr c i~ i i i~~oi ind. '

XVII. 16,761'~ (1937). ' I i : i l i l l J i l l o i i . 3liiniifnbLuru I J ~

~~rgst:illizcd siigiir. XVIII. 15,i2.5 (19X). .Usilicss tlcr Afcllo, i I i i ( I lloiiiot,. C:i rry i rig oil L i rid ristriii 1 nlcoliol io- I'cvuiL~iItii t ioiis. XX. LGl0O4-5 (1937). Sclicriiig-lC:iIilliiiiiiii A.-CI.

liltu Iteriitiii tlcgrii+itioii piotliicts ~ ~ i i ~ ~ t i i i i ~ i n g siiliili- ligdril grtiii~i~.

16,'137 (1937). .T. C:. I ~ i i ~ l i c ~ n i ~ ~ d . ;\l:inufnaluro of

grciclo iton ores.

rlllogs.

orcs.

otlror siibstiinccs tlifliciilt to viiporim.

lllnng:lllcw stlwl.

iii:iiiy:iiicsc-iiickcl s t c d .

sion-rosistnrit stccls.'

15,764 (1937). Colgn lc-J.'iil inol i v c - l ' c v t Co. S e e I,

1 6 , m (1997). ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ . c ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ I - I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ . ~ r ~ l t l ~ l ~ : l c t l l r c

. \ l l l l l l l f l l D ~ I I I ' U Of COlll1)lCS glJ)Cl ~!Oli \~l~l l l l l , l !S Of i l ~ b l l l l i l l S ~ ~ -