The transgression of Spain's Gender Equality to the European convention: My complaint at the European Court of Human Rights!

7/24/2019 The transgression of Spain's Gender Equality to the European convention: My complaint at the European Court of …

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^d` trmgsor`ssfcg ci Upmfg's O`gn`r @qumafty tctd` @urcp`mg ecgv`gtfcg;

By ecbpamfgt mt td`@urcp`mg Ecurt ci Dubmg

Zfodts

(Y`rsfõg crfofgma `g Emstàamgc `g à `game`;dttp;//www.safn`sdmr`.g`t/ie`rcgo/bf-sòugnm-n`gugefm-

mgt`-à-trfjugma-ùrcp`c-n`-kustfefm-pcr-am-vfcamefcg-n`-acs-

n`rèdcs-dubmgcs-pcr-am-fgecbugfemefg-ecg-bf-dfkc-y-bf-`fafc-icr!csc"

http://www.slideshare.net/fcerong/mi-segunda-denuncia-ante-el-tribunal-europeo-de-justicia-por-la-violacion-de-los-derechos-humanos-por-la-incomunicacin-con-mi-hijo-y-mi-exilio-forzoso









#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb '/''

Zì`r`ge` gubj`r

Fi ycu mar`mny dmv` m rì`r`ge` gubj`r ircb td`

Ecurt fg ràmtfcg tc td`s` ecbpamfgts, pa`ms` fgnfemt` ft

)*+*/',

M. ^d` mppafemgt (Fgnfvfnuma). ^dfs sètfcg rì`rs tc

mppafemgts wdc mr` fgnfvfnuma p`rscgs cgay.

rmgefsec &gtcgfc E`rõg mrem

Mnnr`ss & `bmfa (fi mgy)

8.8** =matm

&ro`gtfgm

ie`rcgo:obmfa.ecb

mailto:[email protected]




#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb ,/''

!. "tmt`(s) m#mfgst wdfed td` mppafemtfcg fs

nfrèt`n

#=5 > 0fgoncb ci =pmfg

#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb 8/''

"uj$èt bmtt`r ci td` mppafemtfcg

Maa td` fgicrbmtfcg ecge`rgfg# td` imets,

ecbpamfgts mgn ecbpafmge` wftd td` r`%ufr`b`gts ci

`dmustfcg ci ncb`stfe r`b`nf`s mgn td` sf'bcgtd

tfb`'afbft amfn ncwg fg Mrtfea` * + ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg

bust j` s`t cut fg tdfs pmrt ci td` mppafemtfcg icrb

(sètfcgs ., -. mgn .) (Zua` /8 * = (m)). ^d` mppafemgt

bmy suppa`b`gt tdfs fgicrbmtfcg jy mpp`gnfg# iurtd`r n`tmfas tc td` mppafemtfcg icrb. "ued mnnftfcgma

`pamgmtfcgs bust gct è``n =: pm#`s (Zua` /8 * =

(j))5 tdfs pm#` afbft nc`s gct fgeaun` ecpf`s ci

meecbpmgyfg# nceub`gts mgn nèfsfcgs.



. "tmt`b`gt ci td` imets

9d`g ? put by ifrst ecbpamfgt cg ''.4*.', mt td`

#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts fg =trmsjcuro (#E$%"6

(&ttmedb`gt c. 44 cg ''.4*.',"6 ? eamfb cgay icr rìusfgo tc

b` td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg td` aòma mfn6 mgn ? g``n ft tc

eamfb mt td` Ecurt icr td` ame< ci ecbbugfemtfcg wftd byscg. 1ut ? nfn gct <gcw td` r`suat ci td` kunob`gt ci nfvcre`

(wd`r` ? acst aòma eustcny ci by scg"6 jèmus` td`

eà`jrmtfcg ci tdmt kunob`gt wms gct ecbbugfemt`n tc b`6

af<` td` ecgeausfcg ci td` trfma6 td`g ? ecuan gct eamfb jìcr`

mt td` #E$%6 jèmus` ? dmv` j``g acst td` oumrnfmgsdfp ci

by scg6 wdfed fs wdmt ? mb gcw n`bmgnfgo.

2urfgo by ifrst ecbpamfgt wftd td` #E$%6 td` aòma mfn

turg`n tc b` mrjftrmrfay ormgt`n jy td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg6 jy

a`tt`r tc ?E&73% ircb td` 5r`sfn`gt ci td` Hustfe`

Ecbbfssfcg ci td` =`gmt` ci =pmfg (&ttmedb`gt c '

*M.'+.',"6 matdcuod td` aòma mfn dms j``g n`gf`n jìcr` jy

?E&73% (mttmedb`gt c. ') cg ''.*).',6 td` mgguab`gt ci

ciife` mgn ifa`6 jy td` Jòma iife`r ci td` 1mr &sscefmtfcg ci

7urefm6 ci td` r`Nu`st ci aòma mfn6 ugn`r &rtfea` '8 ci Jmw

'/+M mgn &rtfea` '* ci %cyma 2èr`` gubj`r ++M/4**,6 cg

Huay 4@"6 mgn ft wms td`g tdmt momfgst by wfaa6 ? dmv` `gn`n

up vfcamtfgo td` &rtfea` c. ,@ ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg td`

#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts (#Et$%" (2ceub`gt c.

48 ci *).*,.'@".



cw6 ? dmv` ms Ig`w imetsI fg mnnftfcg tc <gcwa`no` ci

td` acss ci eustcny ci by scg 2mgfà E`rõg #seun`rc tdmt ?

kust b`t cg '4.,*.', (mttmedb`gt c. 4, cg *'.4@.'4"6 tdr``

g`w kunfefma ruafgos6 td` micr`b`gtfcg`n nfvcre`

(mttmedb`gt c. 4, cg *'.4@.'4 tdmt ? kust b`t cg ,*.'4.',"6

td` ifrst mpp`ma (mttmedb`gt c. 4@ cg *@.''.'@"6 mgn td`

sècgn mpp`ma mt td` 5rcvfgefma Ecurt (mttmedb`gt c. 4M

cg *4.'*.'@". &asc ? kust ecuan <gcw mabcst ifv` y`mrs amt`r6

tdmt ? acst eustcny jèmus` ? wms gct gctfif`n ci td` trfma ci

nfvcre`6 mgn ? wms gct gctfif`n jy td` jamtmgt p`rkury ci by

`-wfi`6 mgn ame< ci rfocr fg td` prce`nur` ci td` ecurt ci td`

ifrst fgstmge` tc crn`r tc td` pcafe` tc ifgn cut by

wd`r`mjcuts (usfgo td` pr`subptfcg ci oufat ci &rtfea` c. '

ci td` Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca ge` > J?Y -"6 ft wms gct

ug<gcwg jy td` kuno`6 jèmus` ft wms <gcwg icr by edè<

mt td` 7fgfstry ci cr`fog &iimfrs ci =pmfg tdmt ? sfog`n

jìcr` tc trmvà tc &ro`gtfgm wftd 7ODs ?2 (mttmedb`gt

c. M cg '4.'*.*+"6 ecgtrmry tc imasày nèamr`n icr by `-

wfi`6 mgn by `-wfi` masc sfog`n td` 2$JDs wmyjfaa sdfppfgo

ci by jcc<s tc &ro`gtfgm (mttmedb`gt c. @ ci '4.*+.*+". ?

dmv` mttmed`n td` ecpy ci sued nceub`gts.



Od` Huno` ci td` sècgn Ecurt ci td` ifrst mpp`ma wms

td` smb` ci td` ifrst Ecurt ci 2fvcre`F

&gn d` mgguaa`n td` pr`s`gtmtfcg ci `vfn`ge` mgn

wftg`ss`s (icr td` fgNufsftcrfma gmtur` ci td` prce`nur` mgn

td` r`v`rsma ci td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` ci td` ifrst

mrtfea` ci td` J?Y" aft`rmaay smyfgo tdfs Huno` fg td`

kunob`gt; I1èmus` ? wms mjs`gt ircb td` ecurtFI &atdcuod

? wms r`pr`s`gt`n fg td` trfma jy by mttcrg`y mgn pujafenì`gn`r.

&it`r by mpp`ma tc td` Ecurt6 td` Huno`s updàn6

mjcugnfgo fg td` pr`subptfcg ci oufat6 tr`mtfgo b` ms m

ecgvfet`n iàcg6 mgn ecgifrbfgo by `-wfi`Ds p`rkury6 mgn

pr`vmrfemtfcg ci Hustfe` ci td` pr`vfcus fgstmge`s.

&aa tdfs ecuan dmpp`g jèmus` ft wms mgguab`gt td`

pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` mt td` trfma ci nfvcre`6 jy td` ifrst

mrtfea` ci td` amw cg o`gn`r vfca`ge`6 mgn ft masc dmpp`g`n

jy td` fgNufsftcrfma t`st prce`nur`6 wdfed ofv`s mjscaut`

pcw`r cgay tc td` kuno` ci td` ifrst fgstmge`6 tc mee`pt cr r`kèt td` `vfn`ge` ci td` nì`ge`6 mgn tdmt wms wdmt

pr`v`gt`n tc td` &unf`ge`Ks Ecurt wfaa r`vf`w td` `vfn`ge`

jèmus`6 ms dms masc fgstruet`n b` fg wrftfgo by pujafe

nì`gn`r6 td` pcw`r fs td` trfma ecurt tdmt d`mrn td` nfvcre`6

ugn`r td` fgNufsftcrfma prce`nur` mgn td` ifrst mrtfea` ci td`

amw cg o`gn`r vfca`ge`.



cw ? emggct mpp`ma tc td` dfod`r ecurts6 wftd mg

mpp`ma mt td` =upr`b` Ecurt6 gcr wftd mgctd`r prctètfcg mt

td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt ci =pmfg6 wftdcut td` mor``b`gt ci

ecugsà (&ttmedb`gt c. 4 ci '*.'@.'@"6 wdfed tàas b`

tdmt sd` wfaa gct mee`pt by nì`ge`6 jèmus` ft nc`s gct

Numafiy icr sued r`scure`s6 sfge` gcjcny emggct r`vf`w td`

`vfn`ge` ci by fggce`ge` wdcs` mjscaut` mutdcrfty fs ci

td` ifrst kuno` fg td` ifrst trfma ci nfvcre`6 mgn ms ? mb m

pmup`r bmg6 ? emggct miicrn m prfvmt` mttcrg`y tc bm<` sued

n`bmgns6 mgn ? dmv` tdus `dmust`n maa kunfefma b`mgs fg

by pcw`r tc mpp`ma momfgst td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg6 icr td`

vfcamtfcg ci gub`rcus mrtfea`s ci td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg

ci $ubmg %fodts6 mgn td` smb` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg6

fgeaunfgo &rtfea` gubj`r 48 ci td` pr`subptfcg ci

fggce`ge`.

Mrtfea` :> ci td` Upmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg

=. @v`ry p`rscg dms td` rfodt tc cjtmfg td`

`ètfv` prctètfcg ci td` Kuno`s mgn td` Ecurts fg

td` `x`refs` ci dfs cr d`r aòftfmt` rfodts mgn

fgt`r`sts! mgn fg gc ems` my d` oc ugnì`gn`n.

http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/Lists/constPDF/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf

http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/Lists/constPDF/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf



:. "f#`$fs`! maa p`rscgs dmv` td` rfodt ci mee`ss

tc td` crnfgmry %uno` pr`n`t`rfg`n jy am$& tc td`

nì`ge` mgn mssfstmge` ci m am$y`r& tc j` fgicr`n

ci td` edmro`s jrcuodt momfgst td`& tc m pujafe

trfma $ftdcut ugnu` nàmys mgn $ftd iuaa oumrmgt``s&

tc td` us` ci `vfn`ge` mpprcprfmt` tc td`fr nì`ge`&

tc gct m#` sài'fgerffgmtfgo stmt``gts& tc gct

nèamr` td`sàv`s oufaty& mgn tc j` pr`su`n

fggce`gt.

7cr`cv`r masc ? mb r`Nu`stfgo6 jèmus` td` fgkustfe`s

tdmt o`g`rmt`n td` J?Y mgn fgNufsftcrfma prce`nur` mr`

sued tdmt td`r` mr` fg =pmfg6 bcr` tdmg cg` bfaafcg crpdmgs

ci afvfgo pmr`gts6 mgn td`r` mr` mar`mny fg =pmfg masc cv`r

cg` dugnr`n tdcusmgn pmr`gts wdc dmv` ecbbftt`n sufefn`

jèmus` ci td` p`rsèutfcg ci td` J?Y mgn td` Hustfe` ci

td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg6 j`fgo fggce`gt maa ci td`b ci mgy

wrcgoncfgo mgn tfta`6 dmvfgo ncg` sc td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg

aòmaay6 jut vfcamtfgo maa dubmg rfodts6 td` jfoo`st o`gcefn`

fg #urcp` sfge` td` =ècgn 9cran 9mr.

=c6 wdmt ? n`bmgn momfgst =pmfg6 fs td` fgNufsftcrfma

prce`nur`6 wdfed maacw`n td` kuno` tc mggua td` `vfn`ge` ci

by fggce`ge`6 mgn ? mb masc sufgo td` ecbpr`d`gsfv` amw

ci td` o`gr` (J?Y" fg maa fts mrtfea`s6 mgn fg pmrtfeuamr fg fts

ifrst &rtfea`6 tdmt pr`v`gt`n by pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`6

mgn j`fgo oufaty b` fg mnvmge` jìcr` maa trfmas.



7y `-wfi` bmn` b` put fg kmfa icr IpsyedcacofemaI

vfca`ge` (cr IfgsuatsI"6 metfcgs wdfed dmv` gct j``g

imefaftmt`n tc b` ugtfa gcw6 mgn ? emggct ecgtrfjut` wftd td`b

fg by ems` mt td` #E$%.

&it`r ? wms a`mvfgo td` kmfa fg Jfj`rty6 by `-wfi` trf`n tc

<faa b` fg ircgt ci by sf-y`mr-can scg wftd m amro` <fted`g

<gfi`6 ci wdfed ? nc gct dmv` td` `vfn`ge` tc prcvfn` ft6 ms ft

wms fg td` prfvmey ci dcb`6 ms td`y dmn gct ofv`g b` mr`strmfgfgo crn`r (ms ? dmv` g`v`r mttme<`n by `-wfi`"6

td`g ? sfog`n m prcpcsma icr Iirf`gnayI nfvcre` cr jy butuma

mor``b`gt (2ceub`gt c. 8 ci ''.'.*+"6 masc mttmed`n

nceub`gt6 mgn ? icrefjay `fa`n fg &ro`gtfgm icr td`

p`rsèutfcg ci by `-wfi`6 td` ?gtòrma Jmw ci `gn`r

Yfca`ge` (J?Y"6 td` Hustfe` ci =pmfg6 mgn td` 0fgoncb ci

=pmfg.

? emggct prcv` d`r mtt`bpt tc <faa b`6 jut td`r` fs gc

`vfn`ge`6 gc wftg`ss`s6 tdmt ? dmn bfstr`mt`n d`r `v`r. ?

g`ftd`r gcr mttme<`n by wfi`6 pdysfemaay cr psyedcacofemaay6

ms sd` r`pcrt`n imasày tc pr`ssur` b` tc sfog m nfvcre` mgn

mutcbmtfemaay <``p maa by pcss`ssfcgs6 mgn `v`g wcrsàcsfgo bysài td` oumrnfmgsdfp ci by sf-y`mr-can scg.



?g by ifrst amwsuft ? r`Nu`st6 mgn gcw ? strcgoay

r`ft`rmt` ft;

? r`Nu`st tc r`stcr` by mutdcrfty ci td` imtd`r mgn td`

oumrnfmgsdfp cg by scg6 2mgf a E`rõg #seun`rc6 tm<`g

mwmy jy m kunfefma `rrcr wftd td` Huno`Ds pr`vmrfemtfcg mgn

by `-wfi`Ds p`rkury6 fg crn`r tc r`-ecbbugfemt` wftd by

bfgcr edfan6 iugnmb`gtma dubmg rfodt vfcamt`n jy td` kustfe`

ci =pmfg mgn td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg.

? r`Nu`st tc r`vc<`6 tc r`p`ma6 mgn tc mgguas icr`v`r td`

ugecgstftutfcgma amw6 td` Jmw ci Yfca`ge` ci `gn`r (J?Y"6

icr td` vfcamtfcg ci by dubmg rfodts6 jèmus` tdfs amw

vfcamt`n mgn emgeàa`n by ecgstftutfcgma rfodt tc

pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`6 tc m imfr trfma6 mgn m nfogfif`n mgnir`` afi`6 wdy ? `gn`n up afvfgo af<` m r`ma jòomr6 fg icre`n

`fa`6 icr tc gct ecgtfgu` fg prfscg icr by `-wfi`Ds p`rkury

mgn td` pr`vmrfemtfcg ci Hustfe` ci td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfgL

amw tdmt masc vfcamt`n td` dubmg rfodts ci by scg6 m bfgcr6

2mgfà E`rõg #seun`rc6 mbcgo ctd`rs ugecgstftutfcgma amw6

vfcamt`n td`fr rfodt tc dmv` m imtd`rL amw tdmt masc vfcamt`n

td`fr dubmg rfodt tc s`` dfs twc can`r jrctd`rs6 =`rofc2mvfn mgn %uj`g 2mrfc E`rõg =crfm (mgn td` dubmg rfodts

ci td`fr can`r jrctd`rs tc s`` dfs ycugo`r jrctd`r"6 dmvfgo

j``g masc s`pmrmt`n 2mgfà E`rõg #seun`rc wftd tdfs

t`rrfja` fgkustfe`6 tc s`` mgn sp`m< wftd dfs twc can`r

jrctd`rs.



? r`Nu`st td` r`vcemtfcg6 r`p`ma6 cr emgeàamtfcg6 ci td`

?gtòrma Jmw ci Yfca`ge` ci `gn`r (J?Y" jèmus` fts

bmgfi`st fgkustfe` dms b`mgt tdmt fg =pmfg td`r` mr` mar`mny

m bfaafcg pmr`gts wdc emggct s`` td`fr edfanr`g6 cr

ecbbugfemt` wftd td`b6 mgn td`r` mr` m bfaafcg edfanr`g6

bfgcr edfanr`g6 wdc emggct ecbbugfemt` wftd td`fr pmr`gts6

jèmus` td`fr rfodts tc dmv` m imtd`r6 dmv` j``g vfcamt`n jy

td` wfn`spr`mn trmgsor`ssfcg ci td` =pmgfsd kustfe` mgn m

bfaafcg bctd`rs6 mgn dfs bmt`rgma ràmtfv`s6 wdc ecbbftt`n

p`rkury jy bm<fgo imas` maaòmtfcgs wfnày6 usfgo td`

mjs`ge` ci td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` tdmt `stmjafsd`s

tdfs amw6 fg m iamormgt vfcamtfcg ci dubmg rfodts mgn td`

ecgstftutfcg ci td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg.

&gn tdfs o`gcefn` wms bmn` jy bctd`rs (fg mnnftfcg tc

<``pfgo td` mss ts ci td` pmr`gts a`mvfgo td`b fg mgmjscaut` bfs`ry"6 jy td` amwy`rs mgn i`bfgfsts amw6 jy td`

imjuacus Ijusfg`ssI #urcp`mg sujsfnf s tc =pmfg6 bcr`

tdmg ifity jfaafcg ùrcs p`r y`mrF



? <gcw tdmt `v`g fi ? dmn m imvcrmja` kunob`gt6 td` jmn

mgn td` v`ry s`rfcus nmbmo` tc by bfgcr edfan6 ftDs ncg`

icr`v`r6 wftdcut r`b`ny mt maa. Odmt by edfan dms acst td`

pr`s`ge` ci dfs imtd`r tdrcuodcut dfs edfandccn6 mgn gcw fs

masc acsfgo ft cg dfs mnca`se`ge`6 dms mar`mny bmr<`n dfs

afi` sc imr6 mgn td` bmr< cg dfs iutur` fs icr`v`r...

1ut fi ft w`r` tc mee`pt by r`Nu`st6 ? eamfb td`g icr by

scg (mgn masc icr `med ci dfs twc jrctd`rs mgn b`"6 mgmbcugt `Nufvma`gt tc cg` tdcusmgntd ci td` tctma vmau` ci

ormgts mwmrn`n tc =pmfg icr td` o`gr` icr bcr` tdmg m

nèmn`6 wdfed mr` bcr` tdmg ifity tdcusmgn bfaafcg ùrcs

p`r y`mr6 wdfed icr t`g y`mrs ci ImfnI tc vfcamt` maa dubmg

rfodtsD edfanr`g (mgn maa dubmg rfodtsD pmr`gtma"6 fs m tctma

mbcugt ci bcr` ifv` dugnr`n jfaafcg ùrcs...



Odfs kust smtfsimetfcg tdmt ? eamfb6 g`v`r o`t tc

ecbp`gsmt` by scg (mgn dfs jrctd`rs mgn bysài" icr td`fr

or`mt acss6 mgn icr td` ormv` bcrma6 `nuemtfcgma6 `bctfcgma6

mgn p`rscgma fgkury6 mgn ci maa <fgns fg dubmg rfodts

suii`r`n jy by scg6 bfgcr edfan6 n`prfv`n ci td`fr sfjafgos6

crpdmg`n ci afvfgo imtd`r6 mgn masc suii r`n jy dfs twc

jrctd`rs6 mgn ifgmaay masc j``g suii`r`n jy bysài6 fg td`

prfvmtfcg ci by pmr`gtfgo mgn by scg6 mgn icre`n bysài tc

`fa`6 tdmt ? wms icre`n tc ugn`rtm<` ft jy by `-wfi`Ds

p`rkury mgn td` jamtmgt trmgsor`ssfcg ci Hustfe` ci td`

0fgoncb ci =pmfg.

&gn ? r`Nu`st icr tc j` ecbpa`tày imfr6 mt a`mst6 td`r`

wfaa j` g`v`r mgy cg` ems` bcr`6 fg wdfed edfanr`g mr`

n`prfv`n ci td` pr`s`ge` mgn ecbbugfemtfcg wftd dfs

imtd`r6 icr mg ugecgstftutfcgma amw6 wdfed vfcamt`s maa dubmgrfodts ci dubmgs j``g6 jy mg ugimfr amw ms td` ?gtòrma Jmw

cg `gn`r Yfca`ge` (J?Y".

(Y`rsfõg crfofgma `g Emstàamgc `g à `game`;

dttp;//www.safn`sdmr`.g`t/ie`rcgo/bf-sòugnm-n`gugefm-mgt`-à-trfjugma-ùrcp`c-n`-kustfefm-pcr-am-vfcamefcg-n`-acs-n`rèdcs-dubmgcs-pcr-am-fgecbugfemefg-ecg-bf-dfkc-y-bf-

`fafc-icr!csc"










r`` cgafg` r`mnfgo6 cg td` mttmed`n afg< jàcw6 tc td`t`trmacoy ci icur jcc<s tdmt ? wrct`6 wftd bcr` tdmg tdr``

tdcusmgn mgn ifv` dugnr`n pmo`s6 mgn cv`r tdr`` dugnr`n

mgn ifity tdcusmgn wcrns6 wftd maa by wdca` stcry ci by

`bformtfcg6 mgn by icre`n `fa`6 mgn td` stcry ci by

j acv`n scg 2mgfà6 wdc wms crpdmg`n ci imtd`r mafv`

momfgst by wfaa mgn by n`sfr`...F

O trmacoy ci IOd` 5rcbfsÌ (2`puty masc ecpf`s ci

td`s` jcc<s cg td` 2Y2";

dttp;//fssuu.ecb/irmgefsecmgtcgfce`rcgomrefm/stme<s/em

,enM)m'`n88M4*+``jnnj*eMi'4mMm

fgmaay6 ? dmv` mnn`n tc tdfs nceub`gt mg mgg`6 wftd

scb` aòma ecgsfn`rmtfcgs mgn ems` amw6 ci td` vfcamtfcgs ci

Jmw ci Yfca`ge` ci `gn`r6 tc td` amws mgn td` Ecgstftutfcg

ci td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg6 tc td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg ci

$ubmg %fodts sfog`n jy =pmfg6 mgn td` ecgv`gtfcgs mgn

prctcecas ci dubmg rfodts sfog`n masc jy =pmfg wftd td` 3.

http://issuu.com/franciscoantoniocerongarcia/stacks/ca3cd68a1ed446209eebddb0c6f12a6a






#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb /''

-. "tmt`b`gt ci maa`#`n vfcamtfcg(s) ci td`

Ecgv`gtfcg mgn>cr 0rctcecas mgn rà`vmgt mr#ub`gts

Mrtfea` fgvc9`n (& pamgmtfcg)

Ecgv`gtfcg icr td` 5rctètfcg ci $ubmg %fodts mgn

ugnmb`gtma r``ncbs

%cb`6 8.A?.'+@*

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ,

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` @

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` M

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` )

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` +



Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '*

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ',

Yfcamefõg nà mrteuac gBb`rc '8

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ,8

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` 8'

5rctceca c. tc td` Ecgv`gtfcg icr td` 5rctètfcg ci

$ubmg %fodts mgn ugnmb`gtma r``ncbs

=trmsjcuro6 44.A?.'+)8

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ,6 5rctceca c.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` @6 5rctceca c.



5rctceca c. '4 tc td` Ecgv`gtfcg icr td` 5rctètfcg ci $ubmg %fodts mgn ugnmb`gtma r``ncbs

%cb`6 8.A?.4***

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '6 5rctceca c. '4

pamgmtfcg

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '; jafomtfcg tc r`spèt dubmg rfodts.

Od` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg dms vfcamt`n td` dubmg rfodts

mgn iugnmb`gtma ir``ncbs ci by scg6 dfs jrctd`rs6 mgn b`.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ,; 5rcdfjftfcg ci tcrtur`.

? dmv` j``g ugn`rocg` tc tcrtur` cr tc fgdubmg cr

nòrmnfgo tr`mtb`gt cr pugfsdb`gt nurfgo by n`t`gtfcg.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` @; %fodt tc afj`rty mgn sèurfty.

? wms mrr`st`n6 mgn ? dmv` gct j``g jrcuodt prcbptay

jìcr` m kuno` cr ctd`r ciife`r mutdcrfs`n jy amw tc ``refs`

kunfefma pcw`r6 mgn ? dmv` gct j``g `gtfta`n tc trfma wftdfg m

r`mscgmja` tfb` cr tc rà`ms` p`gnfgo trfma.



? wms n`prfv`n ci by afj`rty jy mrr`st cr n`t`gtfcg mgn ?

dmv` gct j``g `gtfta`n tc tm<` prce``nfgos jy wdfed td`

amwiuag`ss ci by n`t`gtfcg wfaa j` nèfn`n sp``nfay jy m

ecurt mgn by rà`ms` wfaa j` crn`r`n fi by n`t`gtfcg fs gct

amwiua.

? wms mrr`st`n mgn ? dmv` j``g gct fgicrb`n prcbptay

ci td` r`mscgs icr by mrr`st mgn ci mgy edmro` momfgst b`.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` M; %fodt tc m imfr trfma.

?g td` n`t`rbfgmtfcg ci by efvfa rfodts mgn cjafomtfcgs

cr ci mgy erfbfgma edmro` momfgst b`6 ? dmv` gct j``g

`gtfta`n tc m imfr mgn pujafe d`mrfgo wftdfg m r`mscgmja` tfb`

jy mg fgn`p`gn`gt mgn fbpmrtfma trfjugma `stmjafsd`n jy amw.

? wms edmro`n wftd m erfbfgma cii`ge` jut ? gct dmv`

j``g pr`sub`n fggce`gt ugtfa prcv`n oufaty meecrnfgo tc

amw.

? wms edmro`n wftd m erfbfgma cii`ge` mgn ? dmv` gct

td` icaacwfgo bfgfbub rfodts;

Oc j` fgicrb`n prcbptay ci td` gmtur` mgn emus` ci td`

meeusmtfcg momfgst b`L tc dmv` mn`Numt` tfb` mgn imefaftf`s

icr td` pr`pmrmtfcg ci by nì`ge`L tc nì`gn bys ai fg

p`rscg cr tdrcuod aòma mssfstmge`L tc `mbfg` cr dmv`

`mbfg`n wftg`ss`s momfgst b` mgn tc cjtmfg td`

mtt`gnmge` mgn `mbfgmtfcg ci wftg`ss`s cg by j`dmai

ugn`r td` smb` ecgnftfcgs ms wftg`ss`s momfgst b`.



Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '*; Od`y vfcamt`n by rfodt tc

ir``ncb ci `pr`ssfcg mgn cpfgfcg6 ms ? wms fg ecgifg`b`gt

nurfgo td` prce`nur`6 mgn ace<`n fg kmfa macgo wftd erfbfgmas

mgn ecgvfets.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ',; %fodt tc mg ìiètfv` r`b`ny.

7y rfodts mgn ir``ncbs ms s`t icrtd fg tdfs Ecgv`gtfcgdmv` j``g vfcamt`n mgn ? dmv` gct mg ìiètfv` r`b`ny

jìcr` m gmtfcgma mutdcrfty gctwftdstmgnfgo tdmt td` vfcamtfcg

dms j``g ecbbftt`n jy p`rscgs metfgo fg mg ciifefma

empmefty.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '8; 5rcdfjftfcg ci nfserfbfgmtfcg

Od` `gkcyb`gt ci by rfodts mgn ir``ncbs w`r`

vfcamt`n mjscaut ay6 jy by msscefmtfcg wftd m gmtfcgma

bfgcrfty6 j`fgo m imtd`r6 mgn by bmgdccn.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '; 5rcdfjftfcg ci mjus` ci rfodts.

Od` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg dms j``g ecgsfst`gtay

n`nfemt`n tc pursufgo td` metfvfty ci maa pmr`gts af<` b`

ncfgo mgy met mfb`n mt td` n`struetfcg ci maa by rfodts

rècogfs`n fg td` pr`s`gt Ecgv`gtfcg ir``ncbs. ?g

pmrtfeuamr6 td` mgguab`gt ci td` pr`subptfcg ci by

fggce`ge`6 tc aòfsamt` <gcwfgoay mgn pr`vmrfemtfgo td`

J?Y mgn ctd`r amws tdmt vfcamt`n tdfs ecgv`gtfcg.



Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ,8; ?gnfvfnuma mppafemtfcgs.

?t fs syst`bmtfemaay n`gf`n tc b` mgn m bfaafcg bcr` ci

=pmgfsd pmr`gts6 by rfodt tc td` #E$% emg b``t by

n`bmgns ròmrnfgo td` buatfpa` vfcamtfcgs ci td` 0fgoncb

ci =pmfg tc by rfodts ugn`r td` Ecgv`gtfcg cr fts 5rctcecas.

&gn ft ecgtfgu`s tc put maa pcssfja` cjstmea`s tc td` ìiètfv`

``refs` ci tdfs rfodt6 pr`v`gtfgo sued mpp`ma tc td`

=upr`b` mgn EcgstftutfcgmaL mgn fi td`y ecuan6 td` smb`Hustfe` ci =pmfg masc imfa momfgst b`6 ms ft dms ncg` sc imr6

tc ecv`r up td`fr cwg trmgsor`ssfcgs.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` 8'; Hust smtfsimetfcg.

? eamfb icr b` mgn by tdr`` scgKs kust smtfsimetfcg.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` ,6 5rctceca c. ; Ecbp`gsmtfcg icr

wrcgoiua ecgvfetfcg.

? n`bmgn by rfodt tc ecbp`gsmtfcg icr bfsemrrfmo` ci

kustfe` ecbbftt`n momfgst b` mgn wftd by tdr`` edfanr`g.

Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` @6 5rctceca c. ; #Numafty j`tw``g

spcus`s.

? dmv` gct `gkcy`n `ftd`r ms m spcus` ci `Numa rfodts

mgn efvfa cjafomtfcgs tc by icrb`r wfi` gcr fg by ràmtfcgsdfp

wftd by scg fg td` nfsscautfcg ci bmrrfmo`L ?Dv` cgay suii`r`n

bfsemrrfmo`s.



Yfcamtfcg ci &rtfea` '6 5rctceca c. '4; `g`rma

prcdfjftfcg ci nfserfbfgmtfcg.

1y by msscefmtfcg wftd m gmtfcgma bfgcrfty6 td` s`t ci

maa td` b`g wdc dmv` td` stmtus ci pmr`gts6 ? wms

nfserfbfgmt`n momfgst jy td` pujafe6 kunfefma6 `èutfv` mgn

aòfsamtfv` mutdcrftf`s.



#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb )/''

. -cr `med ecbpamfgt, pa`ms` ecgifrb tdmt ycu

dmv` us`n td` mvmfamja` ìiètfv` r`b`nf`s fg td`

ecugtry ecge`rg`n, fgeaunfg# mpp`mas, mgn masc

fgnfemt` td` nmt` wd`g td` ifgma nèfsfcg mt ncb`stfe

a`và wms nàfv`r`n mgn rè`fv`n, tc sdcw tdmt ycu

dmv` ecbpaf`n wftd td` sf'bcgtd tfb`'afbft.

Ecbpamfgt (Fgicrbmtfcg mjcut r`b`nf`s us`n mgn

td` nmt` ci td` ifgma nèfsfcg)

%ìusma jy td` bjunsbmg ci =pmfg ci kustfe`.

%ìusma jy td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg ci aòma mfn.

2`gfma ci by rfodt tc mpp`ma tc td` #urcp`mg Ecurts tc

gct o`t m imfr trfma.

frst %ìusma jy td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg ci td`

pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` mgn td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma.

=ècgn rìusma jy td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg ci td`




Odfrn rìusma jy td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg ci td`


%ìusma jy td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg ci by rfodt tc mpp`ma

tc td` =upr`b` mgn Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurts tc gct o`t m imfr

trfma.

Fgicrbmtfcg mjcut r`b`nf`s us`n mgn td` nmt` ci

td` ifgma nèfsfcg

Zìusma jy td` Cbjunsbmg ci Upmfg ci kustfe`.

frst crn`r ci kustfe` tc td` bjunsbmg ci =pmfg6 cg

''.4M.'4. (2ceub`gt ',".

J`tt`r n`bmgnfgo kustfe` tc td` bjunsbmg ci =pmfg6

cg '4.,*.'4. (2ceub`gt '8".

J`tt`r tc td` bjunsbmg maaòfgo momfgst td` ifa`6 cg

''/'4/4*',. (2ceub`gt 4*".



Zìusma jy td` Lfgoncb ci Upmfg ci aòma mfn.

J`tt`r r`Nu`stfgo aòma mfn tc td` 1mr (?E&73%"6 cg

*M.'*.',. (2ceub`gt '@".

?E&73%Ds a`tt`r6 ms<fgo tc b` td` nfvcre` nèr`` tdmt ?

dmn gct6 cg ,*.'*.',. (2ceub`gt '".

2my cv`bj`r )6 4*',6 emgeàamtfcg jy td` Jòma

iife`r ci td` 1mr &sscefmtfcg ci 7urefm (?E&73%"6 ci byr`Nu`st icr aòma mfn ugn`r &rtfea` '8 ci Jmw '/+M mgn &rtfea`

gubj`r '* %cyma 2èr`` ++M/4**, cg 4@ Huay. (2ceub`gt

')".

J`tt`r ifa` tc ?E&73% eamfbfgo momfgst td` emgeàamtfcg

ci kustfe`6 cg ''.''.',. (2ceub`gt '+".

J`tt`r tc td` 5r`sfn`gt ci td` =`gmt HunfefmryEcbbftt``6 cg '+.*M.',. (2ceub`gt 'M".

?E&73%Ds a`tt`r6 ormgtfgo aòma mfn6 cg 4*.''.',.

(2ceub`gt 4'".

`gfma ci by rfodt tc mpp`ma tc td` !urcp`mg Ecurts tc

gct o`t m imfr trfma.

&etfcg momfgst =pmfg icr td` ifa` by crn`r ci kustfe`6 cg

''.4*.',. (2ceub`gt 44".

Od` #E$% a tt r r kètfgo by eamfb tdmt ? b`t cg

*,.*).'@. (2ceub`gt 48".



"frst Zìusma jy td` Lfgoncb ci Upmfg ci td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` mgn td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma.

Od` nfvcre` nèr`` cg *'.48.'46 wdfed b`t cg

,*.'4.',. (2ceub`gt 4,".

Uècgn rìusma jy td` Lfgoncb ci Upmfg ci td`


Hunob`gt ci ifrst mpp`ma6 mgn nceub`gts sujbftt`n tc

td` kunob`gt cg ''.*@.'@. (2ceub`gt 4@"

#dfrn rìusma jy td` Lfgoncb ci Upmfg ci td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` mgn td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma.

Hunob`gt ci td` sècgn mpp`ma tc td` Ecurt cg

'*.*4.4*'@. (2ceub`gt 4M".

Zìusma jy td` Lfgoncb ci Upmfg ci by rfodt tc mpp`ma

tc td` Uupr`b` mgn Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurts tc gct o`t m imfr

trfma.

?E&73%Ds a`tt`r kustfiyfgo gct mpp`ma tc td` =upr`b`

mgn Ecgstftutfcgma6 cg '@.'*.'@. (2ceub`gt 4".



#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb +/''

Fs cr wms td`r` mg mpp`ma cr r`b`ny mvmfamja` tc

ycu wdcb ycu dmv` gct us`n?

G s6 ft wms.

Fi ycu mgsw`r`n 4`s mjcv`, pa`ms` stmt` wdfed

mpp`ma cr r`b`ny ycu dmv` gct us`n mgn `pamfg wdy

gct.

cw ? emggct mpp`ma tc td` dfod`r ecurts6 wftd mg

mpp`ma mt td` =upr`b` Ecurt6 gcr wftd mgctd`r prctètfcg mt

td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt ci =pmfg6 wftdcut td` mor``b`gt ci

ecugsà (&ttmedb`gt c. 4 ci '*.'@.'@"6 wdfed tàas b`

tdmt sd` wfaa gct mee`pt by nì`ge`6 jèmus` ft nc`s gct

Numafiy icr sued r`scure`s6 sfge` gcjcny emggct r`vf`w td`

`vfn`ge` ci by fggce`ge` wdcs` mjscaut` mutdcrfty fs ci

td` ifrst kuno` fg td` ifrst trfma ci nfvcre`6 mgn ms ? mb m

pmup`r bmg6 ? emggct miicrn m prfvmt` mttcrg`y tc bm<` sued

n`bmgns6 mgn ? dmv` tdus `dmust`n maa kunfefma b`mgs fg

by pcw`r tc mpp`ma momfgst td` 0fgoncb ci =pmfg6 icr td`vfcamtfcg ci gub`rcus mrtfea`s ci td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg

ci $ubmg %fodts6 mgn td` smb` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg6

fgeaunfgo &rtfea` gubj`r 48 ci td` pr`subptfcg ci

fggce`ge`.



6. Fgicrbmtfcg ecge`rgfg# ctd`r fgt`rgmtfcgma prce``nfg#s (fi mgy).

6mv` ycu rmfs`n mgy ci td`s` ecbpamfgts fg

mgctd`r prce`nur` ci fgt`rgmtfcgma fgv`stf#mtfcg cr

s`tta`b`gt?

c6 ? dmv`gKt.

!c ycu (td` mppafemgt) eurr`gtay dmv`, cr dmv` ycu

pr`vfcusay dmn, mgy ctd`r mppafemtfcgs jìcr` td`

Ecurt?

G`s6 ? nc.

Fi ycu mgsw`r`n y`s mjcv , pa`ms` wrft` td`

rà`vmgt mppafemtfcg gubj`r(s) fg td` jc jàcw.

)*+*/',



#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb '*/''

F. ;fst ci meecbpmgyfg# nceub`gts

4cu sdcuan `geacs` iuaa mgn a`#fja` ecpf`s ci maa

nceub`gts.

<c nceub`gts wfaa j` r`turg`n tc ycu. Ft fs tdus fg

ycur fgt`r`sts tc sujbft ecpf`s, gct crf#fgmas.

4cu 12"^

' mrrmg#` td` nceub`gts fg crn`r jy nmt` mgn jy

prce`nur`5

' gubj`r td` pm#`s ecgsèutfvày5

' <7^ stmpa`, jfgn cr tmp` td` nceub`gts.

Fg td` jc jàcw, pa`ms` afst td` nceub`gts fg

edrcgcac#fema crn`r wftd m ecgefs` n`serfptfcg.

'" 7y ?2 ci =pmfg6 mgn twc pfetur`s fg jame< mgn wdft`6

wftd by scg mgn dfs jrctd`rs. , sd``ts.

4" 7y kcj mppafemtfcg rè fpt sfog`n fg =pmfg cg

*M.''.*+.

," 7y prcci ci `bpacyb`gt n`bmgn fg =pmfg sfog`n cg

'*.4,.*+.



8" %`Nu`st Iirf`gnayI nfvcre` sfog`n jy b` mgn jy by

`-wfi` cg ''.'.*+. 8 sd``ts.

@" =dfppfgo 2$J 9myjfaa sfog`n jy by `-wfi` tc

&ro`gtfgm cg '4.*+.*+. 4 sd``ts.

M" %òfstrmtfcg ircb mgn tc ci 7&#E6 wftd #aètrcgfe

?26 cg '4.'*.*+. 4 sd``ts.

" 1cmrnfgo emrn mgn pmssmo` ci ?j`rfm tc &ro`gtfgm6

jme< mgn icrtd6 cg '*/'4/4**+. 4 sd``ts.

)" 7y pmsspcrt wftd by t`bpcrmry `gtry ci ItcurfstI fg

&ro`gtfgm cg '4.'*.*+. 4 sd``ts.

+" 5cafe` %`sfn`ge` E`rtfifemt` cg '4.,*.*+6 wftd td`

smb` mnnr`ss ms 2$J.

'*" 7y prcci ci `bpacyb`gt n`bmgn fg =pmfg cg

*.4M.'* sfog`n ircb &ro`gtfgm.

''" 7y ?2 ci &ro`gtfgm fssu`n cg *,.'M.''. 4 sd``ts.

'4" E`rtfifemt` ci 7mrrfmo` fg &ro`gtfgm cg *.''.'4. 4

sd``ts.

'," frst crn`r ci kustfe` tc td` bjunsbmg ci =pmfg

cg ''.4M.'4. 8 sd``ts.

'8" J`tt`r icr kustfe` tc td` bjunsbmg ci =pmfg cg

'4.,*.'4. ,* sd``ts.

'@" J`tt`r r`Nu`stfgo aòma mfn icr by pcv`rty tc td`

1mr cg '*.M.',. , sd``ts.



'M" J`tt`r tc td` 5r`sfn`gt ci td` Hustfe` Ecbbfssfcg

ci td` =`gmt` ci =pmfg cg '+.*M.',. , sd``ts.

'" ?E&73%Ds a`tt`r ms<fgo td` nfvcre` nèr`` tdmt ?

nfn gct pcss`ss cg ,*.'*.',. '* sd``ts.

')" ?E&73%Ds a`tt`r fgicrbfgo b` tdmt td`r` w`r` gc

kunfefma ifa`s ci by nfvcre` prce``nfgo6 r`kètfgo by r`Nu`st

icr aòma mfn mgn ifafgo ft cg ''.*).',.

'+" J`tt`r tc ?E&73% mroufgo momfgst td` ifa` ci by

crn`r ci kustfe` cg ''.''.',. 4 sd``ts.

4*" J`tt`r tc td` bjunsbmg maaòfgo ifa` momfgst by

crn`r cg ''.',.',. 4 sd``ts.

4'" ?E&73%Ds a`tt`r ormgtfgo aòma mfn6 wdfed r`med`n

b` mit`r cg 4*.''.',.

44" Od` amwsuft momfgst =pmfg icr td` ifa` by crn`r ci

kustfe` tc #E$% cg ''.4*.',. ) sd``ts.

4," Od` nfvcre` nèr`` cg 4@/*'/4*'46 wdfed rè`gtay

oct tc <gcw cg '4.',.',. '* sd``ts.

48" Od` #E$% a`tt`r r`kètfgo by r`Nu`st ? ecuan kust

mggcuge` cg *).*,.'@. , sd``ts.

4@" Od` kunob`gt ci td` ifrst mpp`ma mgn nceub`gtssujbftt`n tc td` kunob`gt cg *@.''.'@. ,@ sd``ts.

4M" Od` kunob`gt ci td` sècgn mpp`ma tc td` Ecurt cg

'*.*4.'@. ) sd``ts.

4" J`tt`r kustfiyfgo ?E&73% gct mpp`ma tc td`

=upr`b` mgn Ecgstftutfcgma cg '@.'8.'@. @ sd``ts.



4)" & E2 wftd maa td` nceub`gts afst`n àètrcgfemaay

sfog`n wftd 7O e`rtfifemt`.



#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts - &ppafemtfcg icrb ''/''

Mgy ctd`r ecbb`gts

!c ycu dmv` mgy ctd`r ecbb`gts mjcut ycur

mppafemtfcg?

2`puty 2Y26 wftd m ecpy ci tdfs smb` eamfb mgn maa

nceub`gts6 àètrcgfemaay sfog`n wftd td` 7O 2foftma ?2.

rcb by pr`vfcus n`bmgn6 ? g`v`r dmn ecbbugfemtfcg.

Od`g ms ? dmn eamfb`n s`v`rma tfb`s6 ? wms gctfif`n jy

àètrcgfe bmfa6 gct jy pcstma bmfa6 kust cgay twc y`mrs amt`r. ?

prmy td`g fi by eurr`gt ecbpamfgt wfaa j` gct mee`pt`n jy td`

#E$%6 tdmt ? wfaa j` gctfif`n jy bmfa tc; ie`rcgo:obmfa.ecb6

cr wftd m ròfst`r`n a`tt`r tc by pcstma mnnr`ss.

^d` ecbpa`t`n mppafemtfcg icrb sdcuan j` sf#g`n

mgn s`gt jy pcst tc

^d` Z`#fstrmr

urcp`mg Ecurt ci 6ubmg Zf#dts

Ecugefa ci urcp`

38:8 "^ZM"H72Z E!

-ZM<E







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http://youtu.be/rqUIMakhxE8?a

http://www.slideshare.net/fcerong/spain-gender-equality-and-violence-laws-and-their-compliance-with-european-convention-on-human-rights



http://www.slideshare.net/fcerong/the-promise-4

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http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ccpr.pdf




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mjusfv` mppafemtfcg ci imbfay amw6 ft fs ugea`mr ms tc wd`td`r6 ugn`r td` #E$%6

tdfs ecgstftut`s m prcpcrtfcgmt` b`msur` cr m jr`med ci td` stmt`Ks gòmtfv` nuty

tc prctèt td` rfodts mgn ir``ncb ci b`g. Od` cjvfcus fgi`r`ge` fs tdmt td`r`

`fst omps fg td` amw wdfed prcnue` mjusfv` r`suats fg ràmtfcg tc b`gKs rfodts

mgn ir``ncb. ?g ctd`r wcrns6 td`r` mr` à`b`gts ci nfserfbfgmtfcg momfgst b`g

wdfed dmv` j``g amfn jmr` fg td` prce`nurma mppafemtfcg ci td` amws. Ecgv`rsày6

td` ame< ci eamrfty fg td` n ifgftfcg ci wdmt ecgstftut s fg`Numafty mgn td`

afbftmtfcgs ci miifrbmtfv` metfcg iurtd`r suoo`st tdmt stmt`-mpprcv`n b`msur`s tc

prctèt wcb`g ircb Umaa <fgns ci vfca`ge`^ wdfed6 meecrnfgo tc td` =pmgfsd

Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt6 Unc gct a`mn tc nfsprcpcrtfcgmt` ecgs`Nu`ge`s^6'@ mr` fg

ecbpafmge` wftd #E$% prcvfsfcgs.

Odfs stuny wfaa6 td rìcr 6 iceus cg ugecv`rfgo tdcs` omps fg td` prmetfema

fbpa`b`gtmtfcg ci td`s` amws6 wdfed sdcw gcgecgicrbfty wftd #E$% prcvfsfcgs.=>

fjfn6 gc. ',6 &rtfea` ' ci Jmw '/4**8; UOd` purpcs` ci tdfs &et fs tc ecbjmt td`

vfca`ge` ``refs`n momfgst wcb`g jy td`fr pr`s`gt cr icrb`r spcus`s cr jy b`g wftd

wdcb td`y bmfgtmfg cr dmv` bmfgtmfg`n mgmacocus miiètfv` ràmtfcgs6 wftd cr wftdcut

ecdmjftmtfcg6 ms mg `pr`ssfcg ci nfserfbfgmtfcg6 td` sftumtfcg ci fg`Numafty mgn td`

pcw`r ràmtfcgs pr`vmfafgo j`tw``g td` s``s^.

=0

5a`gmry Hunob`gt @+/4**)6 ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt ci '8 7my4**)6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. ',@ ci Hug` 86 4**)6 pmrm '4 ci td`

Hunob`gt.



'('( M&)s m!$ Ue#p" ^ds&s Utmt)!t

Odfs r`s`mred `mbfg`s td` ecbpafmge` ci =pmfgKs ecgtrcv`rsfma Jmw cg `gn`r

Yfca`ge` mgn fts #Numafty Jmw wftd td` prfgefpa`s ci dubmg rfodts prctètfcgs icr

maa ugn`r td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg cg $ubmg %fodts. &atdcuod tdfs td`sfs fs

ecge`rg`n wftd td` ecbpmrmtfv` mgn mgmaytfema `mbfgmtfcg ci =pmgfsd

ncb`stfe amws macgo wftd td` ròfcgma dubmg rfodts ròfb`6 ft fg`vftmjay

mnnr`ss`s td` fssu` ci miifrbmtfv` metfcg mgn b`gKs rfodts fg =pmfg mgn #urcp`.

?t fs mg memn`bfe stuny ci fgt`rgmtfcgma dubmg rfodts amw wd`r`fg td` prfgefpa` ci

`Numafty mgn gcg-nfserfbfgmtfcg ugn`r td` #E$% mgn td` afbftmtfcgs ci

miifrbmtfv` metfcg fg mnnr`ssfgo td` prcja`b ci fg`Numafty wfaa masc ecgstftut` mg

fgtòrma pmrt. fv`g `vfn`ge` ci scefma bmamfs` mbcgo b`g ms m r`suat ci td`s`

amws fg =pmfg6 td` mjs`ge` ci mgy edmaa`go` ci td`fr aòmafty j icr` td`

#urcp`mg Ecurt ci $ubmg %fodts (#Et$%" ofv`s rà`vmge` tc tdfs stuny.

'(*( Zsmred Cj+et&,s

Od` cjkètfv`s ci tdfs r`s`mred fgeaun` fn`gtfiyfgo omps fg td` prce`nurma mgn

sujstmgtfv` gmtur` ci =pmfgKs o`gn`r vfca`ge` amws tdmt ecgiafet wftd td` #E$%6

n`t`rbfgfgo td` aòma ecgstrmfgts cr ecgs`Nu`ge`s fg mncptfgo miifrbmtfv` metfcg

kutmpcs`n wftd td` prfgefpa` ci `Numafty6 mgn `mbfgfgo td` nfsprcpcrtfcgmt`

ìièt ci td`s` amws cg td` rfodts ci =pmgfsd b`g mgn td`fr fbpmet cg icst`rfgo

a`tdmroy rmtd`r tdmg nygmbfsb fg =pmgfsd scef`ty.

3atfbmtày6 td` stuny dcans cut td` dcp` tdmt pursufgo td`s` cjkètfv`s wfaa sd`n

afodt cg td` ecbpafmge` ci =pmfgKs Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca`ge` mgn #Numafty Jmw

wftd td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg cg $ubmg %fodts6 cr6 mat`rgmtfvày6 a`mn tc mg



ugn`rstmgnfgo ci td` r`mscg(s" icr td` `fst`ge` ci ecgsfn`rmja` nfsecgt`gt

mbcgo =pmgfsd b`g fg ràmtfcg tc td`s` amws.

'(-( Btd#$#.#/8

cr td` purpcs` ci medf`vfgo mg cjk etfv` stuny cutecb`6 m ecbpmrmtfv`

mgmaysfs r`s`mred b`tdcn wfaa j` us`n fg td` fgt rpr`tmtfcg ci aòfsamtfcgs6

#Et$% ems` amws6 =pmgfsd kurfsprun`ge` mgn ctd`r fgt`rgmtfcgma dubmg rfodts

amw ncetrfg`s. & rmgo` ci prfbmry scure` bmt`rfmas sued ms fgt`rgmtfcgma

ecgv`gtfcgs mgn dubmg rfodts prctètfcg ròfb`s6 td` =pmgfsd o`gn`r vfca`ge`

mgn `Numafty amws > fgeaunfgo erfbfgma6 efvfa mgn imbfay amw > wfaa j` us`n tc

`mbfg` td` td`sfs Nu`stfcg. & ecbpmrmtfv` b`tdcn fs gè`ssmry fg tdfs stuny

jèmus` ft fs Um jrmged ci aòma sef`ge` wdcs` cjkèt ft fs tc jrfgo mjcut

syst`bmtfemaay td` `stmjafsdb`gt ci eacs`r r amtfcgs j tw``g td` aòma

fgstftutfcgs ci td` nfii`r`gt ecugtrf`s^.'M ?g tdfs ems`6 td` ecbpmrmtfv`' mgmaysfs

fs j tw``g =pmfgKs ncb`stfe aòfsamtfcg mgn mg fgt rgmtfcgma ròfb` icr td`

prctètfcg ci dubmg rfodts6 ir``ncb mgn `Numafty. $`ge 6 tdfs ecbpmrmtfv`

b`tdcncacoy wfaa dàp tc Ustfbuamt mwmr`g`ss ci td` euaturma mgn scefma

edmrmet`rs ci td` P=pmgfsd mgn #E$% amw .') =cb` `bpfrfema `vfn`ge`

=9

$mrcan Ecc<` utt`rfno`6 Ecbpmrmtfv` Jmw; mg fgtrcnuetfcg tc td` ecbpmrmtfv`

b`tdcn ci aòma stuny mgn r`s`mred6 4*'46 Embjrfno` 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. *,.

=?

=`` U#t`rgma ecbpmrmtfv` amw ? (dcbco`g`cus"^ `pamfg`n jy =`jmstfmg

7e#vcy6 2`serfptfv` mgn 5urpcsfv` Emtòcrf`s ci Ecbpmrmtfv` Jmw6 pujafsd`n fg

7`tdcns ci Ecbpmrmtfv` Jmw6 5.. 7cgmt`rf (`n."6 4*'46 #nwmrn #aomr 5ujafsdfgo6 p.

'8M.

=4

2mvfn 7mwàa 9ma<`r6 Od` =ecttfsd Jòma =yst`b; &g ?gtrcnuetfcg tc td` =tuny

ci =ects Jmw (@td `ng"6 %`vfs`n '+)'6 9 r``g mgn =cg Jtn6 p.4,.



cjtmfg`n ircb td` =pmgfsd Hunfefma Ecbbfssfcg wfaa j` us`n tc `pamfg td`

ecbpa`fty ci oumrmgt``fgo `Numafty ugn`r miifrbmtfv` metfcg. & afbft`n gubj`r ci

sècgnmry bmt`rfmas sued ms memn`bfe jcc<s mgn kcurgmas wfaa j` us`n tc

prcnue` `vfn`ge` ci suppcrt icr mgn/cr cppcsftfcg tc td`s` amws. ?t fs fgt`gn`n

tdmt tdfs b`tdcncacoy wfaa prcnue` m pfè` ci Uaòma r`s`mred Ptdmt fs n`serfptfv`

mgn `pacrmtcry^6'+ wftd mgmaysfs mgn ecgt`gt tdmt mr` ecgsfst`gt wftd td` mfbs

mgn cjkètfv`s ci tdfs stuny.

'(=( ^ds&s Utr%et%r

caacwfgo td` fgtrcnuetcry edmpt`r6 td` nfss`rtmtfcg wfaa j` struetur`n ms icaacws;

Edmpt`r twc pr`s`gts mg cv`rvf`w ci #E$% mgn #Et$% aòma ncetrfg` mgn

kurfsprun`ge` ròmrnfgo dubmg rfodts mgn miifrbmtfv` metfcg6 fgeaunfgo fts

afbftmtfcgs ugn`r stmt`sK cjafomtfcg tc prctèt. Odfs edmpt`r wfaa masc `mbfg` td`

#Et$% mss`ssb`gt bèdmgfsbs mgn fgt rpr`tmtfv` b`tdcns cg ems`s ci

maaò`n stmt vfcamtfcg ci #E$% prcvfsfcgs. Edmpt`r tdr`` pr`s`gts mg

`dmustfv` `mbfgmtfcg ci td` =pmfg o`gn`r vfca`ge` amws6 fn`gtfiyfgo td` omps

j`tw``g td` sujstmgtfv` mgn prce`nurma gmtur` ci td` amw ms ecbpmr`n tc

#E$% ncetrfg`s fg sujs`Nu`gt mr`ms ci prctètfcg. Edmpt`r icur `mbfg`s td`

mnmptmtfcg ci efvfa mgn imbfay amw tc td` b`msur`s ci prctètfcg momfgst ncb`stfe

vfca`ge` mgn fts aòmafty ugn`r #E$% prcvfsfcg icr td` prctètfcg ci rfodts mgn

ir``ncbs. =ujs`Nu`gtay6 edmpt`r ifv` pr`s`gts mg `vmaumtfcg ci td` o`gn`r

`Numafty amw6 td` utfaftmrfmg ìièt ms `pr`ss`n jy amwbm<`rs mgn td` ràmtfcg

wftd td` #E$%. $`r`fg td` utfafty mgn ecgs`Nu`ge`s ci miifrbmtfv` b`msur`s mr`

=6

7f<` 7eEcgvfaa` mgn $cgo Eduf 9fgo (`ns"6 %`s`mred 7`tdcns icr Jmw6 4**6

#nfgjurod 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. '+.



mgmays`n fg afg` wftd td` td`cr`tfema mpprcmed ci Hcdg =tumrt 7faaKs utfaftmrfmgfsb.

fgmaay6 edmpt`r sf prcvfn`s mg cv`rmaa ecgeausfcg ci td` r`s`mred ifgnfgos.

Edmptr ^:#" @%r#pm! E#!,!t&#! #! D%)m! Z&/dts m!$ td @%r#pm!E#%rt N#etr&!s #! M55&r)mt&, Met&#!

*('( F!tr#$%et&#!

Od` #E$% pame`s r`spcgsfjfafty cg stmt`s tc prctèt td` rfodts mgn ir``ncbs

b`gtfcg`n td`r fg mgn ecge`n`s tc td`b td` gè`ssmry Ubmrofg ci

mpprèfmtfcg^4* fg crn`r tc ròuamt` td` syst`b ci dubmg rfodts prctètfcg mgn

ir``ncbs fg #urcp`mg scef`ty. cg`tdà`ss6 tdfs cjafomtfcg mgn ecge`ssfcg nc

gct n`gct` m pr`rcomtfv` icr td` prcbuaomtfcg ci b`msur`s ecgtrmry tc td`

Ecgv`gtfcg. =edcamrs stmt` tdmt6 Udubmg rfodts dmv` m acofe ci td`fr cwg Pwdfed

st`bs ircb td` imet tdmt td`y dmv` crfofgmt n fg ncb`stfe ecgstftutfcgma

nceub`gts jìcr` jècbfgo pmrt ci td` ecrpus ci fgt`rgmtfcgma amw^64' d`ge`

stmt`sK fgstftutfcgma r`spcgsfjfafty tc prctèt dubmg rfodts mgn updcan td` tr`mty.

cr tdfs r`mscg6 td` #E$% ormgts Usup`rvfscry^44 pcw`rs tc td` #Et$%6 tc

`gsur` td` ecbpafmge` ci stmt` amws wftd td` stmgnmrn ci prctètfcg ci rfodts mgn

ir``ncbs ugn`r td` Ecgv`gtfcg. Odus6 td` #Et$%6 ugn`r td` Ecugefa ci #urcp`6

rè`fv`s pr`-`bfg`ge` ugn`r td` tr`mty ms td` amst fgstmge` icr ìiètfv` kunfefma

r`b`ny tc fgnfvfnuma eamfbs momfgst stmt`s icr dubmg rfodts vfcamtfcg. 4, ?g td`

:8

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` ' ci 5rctceca c '@.

:=

afv`r n` =edutt`r6 ?gt`rgmtfcgma $ubmg %fodtsL Ems`s6 7mt`rfmas6

Ecbb`gtmry6 4*'*6 Embjrfno` 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. ''

::

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` ' ci 5rctceca c. '@L =`` masc &rtfea` '+(4".

:5



``refs` ci tdfs nuty6 td` #Et$% dms6 tdrcuod td` `vmaumtfcg ci fgnfvfnuma eamfbs

ci vfcamtfcg mgn kunob`gts td`r`tc6 miièt`n edmgo`s fg stmt` aòfsamtfcg wdfed

mr` nfv ro`gt tc td` b`mgfgo ci td` #E$%.48 ?g ìi et6 td` Ecurt dms

`stmjafsd`n vmrfcus bèdmgfsbs icr td` mss`ssb`gt mgn fgt rpr`tmtfcg ci

fgnfvfnuma eamfbs ci stmt` vfcamtfcgs. Od`s` vfcamtfcgs mr` `ss`gtfmaay n`rfv`n

ircb m stmt`Ks imfaur` fg oumrmgt``fgo fts Upcsftfv` mgn gòmtfv` cjafomtfcg^ 4@

ugn`r td` #E$% tc fts eftf!`gs.

5ut ecgefsày6 m stmt`Ks pcsftfv` mgn gòmtfv` nuty tc oumrmgt`` fgnfvfnuma

prctètfcg wftdfg td` rfodt tc gcg-nfserfbfgmtfcg6 ms efreubserfj`n jy td`

r`s`mred cjkètfv`s6 fgvcav`s m eacs` `mbfgmtfcg ci td` #E$% mgn #Et$%

pcsftfcg cg miifrbmtfv` metfcg. &rtfea` '8 ci td` #E$% oumrmgt``s `Numafty mgn

td` #Et$% dms bmgfi`stay `gsur`n td` prctètfcg ci tdfs rfodt. ?g mnnftfcg6

5rctceca c. '4 ci td` #E$% iurtd`r `pmgns td` b`mgfgo ci &rtfea` '8 tc

`t`gn td` prfgefpa` ci gcg-nfserfbfgmtfcg tc Umgy rfodt s`t icrtd jy amw Pugafbft`n

tc td Ecgv`gtfcg rfodts^.4M #ss`gtfmaay6 tdfs dms m j`mrfgo cg td` stmt`Ks

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea`s '+ mgn ,@ ci td` #E$%

:>

=`` #yr`r $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb6 &pp gc. @)@M/46 (#Et$%6 &prfa 4@6 '+)"6

pmrmormpd ,' ci td` kunob`gt; Utd` Ecgv`gtfcg fs m afvfgo fgstrub`gt wdfed6 ms td`

Ecbbfssfcg rfodtay str`ss`n6 bust j` fgt`rpr`t`n fg td` afodt ci pr`s`gt-nmy ecgnftfcgs^L=`` masc6 uno`cg $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb6 &pp gc. @4@/M6 (#Et$%6 etcj`r 446

'+)'"6 pmrmormpd M*6 s`` masc &mbmt'uac$ mgn s'mrc$ $. #ur'`y 6 &pp gc. 8M)4/++6

(#Et$%6 `jrumry *86 4**@"6 pmrmormpd '4'.

:0

?jfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` ' mgn &rtfea` ' ci 5rctceca c. '4L s`` masc pmrmormpd 48 ci

&rtfea` '6 5rctceca c. '4 ci td` #E$% #pamgmtcry %`pcrt; UOd` prfb` cjkètfv` ci

&rtfea` ' fs tc `bjcny m gòmtfv` cjafomtfcg icr td` pmrtf`s6 td` cjafomtfcg gct tc

nfserfbfgmt` momfgst fgnfvfnumas^.

:9

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` ' ci 5rctceca c. '4.



gòmtfv` cjafomtfcg tc prctèt momfgst nfserfbfgmtfcg6 `v`g ugn`r miifrbmtfv`

metfcg. Od` nfser`tfcg tc mppay miifrbmtfv` metfcg icr td` purpcs` ci prcbctfgo

`Numafty j`tw``g b`g mgn wcb`g fs meecbbcnmt`n fg `g`rma Ecbb`gt c.

') ci td` ?gt`rgmtfcgma Ecv`gmgt cg Efvfa mgn 5caftfema %fodts (?EE5%". 5rctceca

c. '4 ci td` #E$%6 td`rìcr`6 maacws td` #Et$% tc s`mred j`ycgn td`

Ecgv`gtfcg fg `pr`ssfgo fts ncetrfgma pcsftfcg cg prcor`ssfv` kunob`gts.

$`ge`6 td` #Et$% stmt`s fg fts ems` amw tdmt Utd` Ecgv`gtfcg fs m afvfgo

fgstrub`gt wdfed6 ms td` Ecbbfssfcg rfodtay str`ss`n6 bust j` fgt`rpr`t`n fg

td` afodt ci pr`s`gt-nmy ecgnftfcgs^.4 &s m ecgs`Nu`ge`6 td` Ecurt fs nfspcs`n

tc afst`g tc mroub`gts fg imvcur ci miifrbmtfv` metfcg wftdcut n`vfmtfgo ircb fts

ecr` nuty tc prctèt `v`ry rfodt mgn ir``ncb b`gtfcg`n fg td` Ecgv`gtfcg. ?g

vf`w ci tdfs6 td` #Et$% bmgfi`sts fg gub`rcus nèfsfcgs tdmt ft s``<s tc nàfv`r

rfodts tdmt mr` Uprmetfema mgn ìiètfv`6 gct td`cr`tfema mgn faauscry^6 4) d`ge` td`

prfgefpa` ci sujsfnfmrfty tdmt ecbpàs td` Ecurt tc strf<` m Uimfr jmamge` Pj`tw``g

ecbp`tfgo fgt`r`sts mgn stmt` bmrofg ci mpprèfmtfcg^4+ fg `mbfgfgo fgnfvfnuma

mppafemtfcgs icr eamfbs momfgst stmt vfcamtfcg ci rfodts mgn ir``ncbs.

Ecgs`Nu`gtay6 fts,* fgt`rpr`tmtfv` mgn mss`ssb`gt bèdmgfsbs dmv` j``g us`n

:?

?jfn6 gc. 486 pmrmormpd ,' ci td` kunob`gtL ft dms masc j``g r`p`mt`n cg

ecugta`ss ceemsfcgs6 ircb uno`cg $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb ('+)'"6 pmrmormpd M*6 tc

&mbmt'uac$ mgn s'mrc$ $. #ur'`y (4**@"6 pmrmormpd '4'.

:4

=`` Utmiicrn $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb6 &pp gc. 8M4+@'++6 (#Et$%6 7my 4)6

4**4"6 pmrmormpd M)L s`` masc6 Uftmrcpcuacs ) *fm'cubcpcuacs $. *r`è`+ &pp gc.

844*4/*6 (#Et$%6 7mred '@6 4*'4"6 pmrmormpd M@L Lcgstmgtfg &mr'fg $. Zussfm6 &pp

gc. ,**)/*M6 (#Et$%6 7mred 446 4*'4"6 pmrmormpd '4M.

:6

=`` !$mgs $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb6 &pp gc. M,,+/*@6 (#Et$%6 &prfa '*6 4**"6

pmrmormpd '4 ci td` nfss`gtfgo cpfgfcg.

58



tc `gsur` tdmt b`msur`s mncpt`n jy stmt`s icr td` purpcs` ci oumrmgt``fgo6 icr

fgstmge`6 `Numafty mr` gct nfsprcpcrtfcgmt` mgn nc gct ugn`rbfg` td` prfgefpa` ci

gcg-nfserfbfgmtfcg.

Ecgv`rsày6 erftfes stmt` tdmt td` #Et$% fs ecgvfge`n ci cr smtfsif`n jy m eamfb ci

stmt nfserfbfgmtfcg cgay jy td` `vfn`gtfmry `fst`ge` ci Uv`ry w fodty

r`mscgs^.,' Od` EcurtKs nèfsfcgs cg miifrbmtfv` metfcg vmry6 td`rìcr`6 cg td`

jmsfs ci fgnfvfnuma sftumtfcgs mgn imetuma `vfn`ge`. $cw`v`r6 td` EcurtKs

kurfsprun`ge` r`v`mas ecgsfst`gey fg td` cjs`rvmtfcg ci fts fgt`rpr`tmtfv` mgn

mss`ssb`gt bèdmgfsbs. ?g .,. mgn Ctd`rs $. td` E-èd Z`pujafe+ wd`r` mg

miifrbmtfv` metfcg icr td` Upame`b`gt ci %cbm oypsy edfanr`g fg spèfma sedccas

Pwms ecgsfn`r`n m vfcamtfcg^ ci td`fr &rtfea` '8 rfodts6 td` Ecurt gct`n tdmt Utd`

rà`vmgt aòfsamtfcg ms mppaf`n mt td` bmt`rfma tfb` dmn dmn m nfsprcpcrtfcgmtày

pr`kunfefma ìièt cg td` %cbm ecbbugfty^.,4 ?g afodt ci tdfs EcurtKs r`mscgfgo6

cg` ecuan surbfs` tdmt td` prcpcrtfcgmt` ìièt ci mg miifrbmtfv` metfcg nc`s gct

mutcbmtfemaay ecgstftut` m jr`med ci #E$% prcvfsfcg momfgst nfserfbfgmtfcg.

=`v`rma ci td`s` b`msur`s wfaa6 td`rìcr`6 j` `mbfg`n fg td` ecurs` ci tdfs

wcr< fg crn`r tc omfg mg cv`rvf w ci td` EcurtKs pct`gtfma fgt`rpr`tmtfcg

ròmrnfgo td` ecgicrbfty ci td` =pmfg o`gn`r amws wftd td` #E$%.

*(*( Xr&!e&p. #5 @>%m.&t8" Mrt&e.s '= m!$ Mrt&e. ' #5 Xr#t#e#. G#( '* #5

td E#!,!t&#!

Od` #urcp`mg Ecurt cg $ubmg %fodts (#Et$%".

5=

&rgmrncttfr6 #Numafty mgn cg-2fserfbfgmtfcg ugn`r td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg

cg $ubmg %fodts (Od` $mou`; 0auw`r6 4**4"6 pp. '8'-'@8.

5:

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cv`bj`r ',6 4**" PE6 pmrmormpd 4*+ ci td` kunob`gt.



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ctd`rs^.

http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Speech_20140131_Vosskuhle_ENG.pdf




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ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` mgn tme<a` fg`Numafty fg scef`ty.M'

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mgn td` pcw`r ràmtfcgs pr`vmfafgo j`tw``g td` s``s.



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scef`ty. Odfs fs `vfn`gt fg td` gubj`r ci imas` r`pcrts rècrn`n mgn ecge`ma`n

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http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/equality/03themes/violence-against-women/CDEG(2007)3_en.pdf


http://www.poderjudicial.es/cgpj/es/Temas/Violencia_domestica_y_de_genero/Actividad_del_Observatorio/Datos_estadisticos/La_violencia_sobre_la_mujer_en_la_estadistica_judicial__Datos_anuales_de_2013










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94

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https://www.msssi.gob.es/ssi/violenciaGenero/portalEstadistico/docs/VMortales_2014_18_08.pdf


http://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=TFichaIOE_C&cid=1259931150856&p=1254735038414&pagename=IOEhist%2FIOEhistLayout



http://www.poderjudicial.es/cgpj/es/Poder_Judicial/Sala_de_Prensa/Archivo_de_notas_de_prensa/Informe_sobre_victimas_mortales_de_la_violencia_de_genero_y_de_la_violencia_domestica_en_el_ambito_de_la_pareja_o_ex_pareja_en_2011













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http://www.ine.es/prensa/np800.pdf

http://www.elra.eu/wp-ontent/uploads/file/Spanish_Civil_Code_(C%C3%B3digo_Civil)%5B1%5D.pdf








ir``ncb tc p`rsèut` cr prcsèut` b`g mgn w`m<`gs td` fgn`p`gn`ge` ci

wcb`g fg td` wcr<pame`.

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fts ecgiafet wftd td` #E$%6 mgn td` ìièt cg b`g fg =pmfg.

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icugn`n efreubstmgtfma vfn`ge` ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`^.

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td` Ecgv`gtfcg.^



bfsmppafemtfcg ci td` amw fg cjtmfgfgo mnvmgtmo`cus omfg fg td` kustfe` syst`b6

ms icaacws.

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sujs`Nu`gt mrrmfogb`gt jìcr` td` EcurtM ecuan j` fgecgsfst`gt wftd =pmfgKs

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r`putmtfcg mgn d`rftmo`^.

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iifefma m!`tt` c. ,''6 4+ 2è`bj`r '+).

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prce``nfgo ròuamt`n ugn`r tdfs Ofta` sdmaa tc td` fgv`stfomtfcg mgn prcsèutfcg ci

cii`gs`s pugfsdmja jy fbprfscgb`gt gct è``nfgo ifv` y`mrs6 mgn wftd mgy ctd`r

p`gmatf`s6 wd`td`r sfgoa`6 kcfgt cr mat`rgmtfv`s6 wdfed nurmtfcg nc`s gct è``n t`g

y`mrs6 ròmrna`ss ci td` mbcugt6 prcvfn`n tdmt td` erfbfgma prce``nfgo fs jrcuodt ugn`r

m pcafe` r`pcrt mgn tdmt td` kunfefma pcafe` dms mrr`st`n m p`rscg mgn bmn` mvmfamja` tctd` subbmry ecurt cr `v`g wftdcut j`fgo n`tmfg`n6 dms j``g subbcg`n tc mpp`mr

jìcr` td` subbmry ecurt ms mg meeus`n fg td` pcafe` r`pcrt mgn6 masc6 b``t mgy ci td`



syst`b ci prcci6 td` w`fodt ci td` maaò`n vfetfbKs stmt`b`gt mgn td` spèfma

ecurtKs fgv`stfomtfv` pcw`rs6 rmfs` Nu`stfcgs ròmrnfgo td` pr`s`rvmtfcg ci td`

meeus`nKs rfodt tc ìi etfv` nì ge` ugn`r td` #E$%6 ms wàa ms =pmfgKs

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pr`v`gtfcg ci td` mjusfv` us` ci td`s` amws jy wcb`g6 wd`td`r vfetfbs cr gct ci

ncb`stfe vfca`ge 6 mgn td` pugfsdb`gt icr imas` meeusmtfcg ugn`r =pmgfsd

erfbfgma amw6 r`v`mas fgecgoruftf`s fg td` prce`nurma mgn sujstmgtfv` à`b`gts ci

td` amw momfgst o`gn`r vfca`ge`.

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'24'; #5 td Upm!&sd E#!st&t%t&#!; m!$ P!>%m. ^rmt)!t &! td

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n`t`rbfgfgo td` stmgnmrn ci tr`mtb`gt mgn prctètfcg miicrn`n tc td` meeus`n >

td` bmg > fg td` efreubstmge` ugn`r ecgsfn`rmtfcg. ?g prmetfe`6 wd`g m wcbmg

meeus`s m bmg ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`6 td` bmg fs mrr`st`n6 n`tmfg`n6 mrrmfog`n

jìcr` m kuno` icr 8) dcurs6 rà`ms`n cg jmfa wftd strfgo`gt prctètfv` b`msur`s6

cr r`bmgn`n fg prfscg eustcny.)4 ?g ìièt6 td` bmg fs fbb`nfmtày ecgsfn`r`n

oufaty ugtfa d` prcv`s dfs fggce`ge`6 wdfed fs momfgst mrtfea` 48(4" ci td` =pmgfsd

Ecgstftutfcg. ?gt`r`stfgoay6 mrtfea` ', ci =pmfgKs Erfbfgma 5rce`nur` amw (J#Erfb"

icaacwfgo efreubstmge`s^.

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td`bsàv`s6 nc gct pa`mn oufaty mgn td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`^.

4:

fjfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea` M8('-M" ci Jmw '/4**8



masc `gncrs`s tdfs prce`nur` fg o`gn`r-vfca`ge`-ràmt`n ems`s.), Odfs prcvfsfcg6

edmrmet`rfs`n jy uro`gey mgn td` gè`ssfty tc oumrmgt`` ìiètfv` aòma

prctètfcg icr vfetfbs ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`6 dms prcnue`n nmbmofgo prce`nurma

metfcgs fg vfcamtfcg ci buatfpa` rfodts ci td` meeus`n. g` ci td` mr`ms ci

ecgt gtfcg fs td` rfodt tc dmj`ms ecrpus6 `gsdrfg`n fg mrtfea` '('")8 ci td`

=pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg mgn romgfe Jmw M/'+)8 prcvfsfcgs.)@ ?g afodt ci tdfs

ecgstftutfcgma prcvfsfcg6 wdfed cst`gsfjay oumrmgt``s td` afj`rty ci maa momfgst

ugamwiua n`t`gtfcg6 tdfs rmfs`s Nu`stfcgs ròmrnfgo td` g``n tc mrr`st mgn n`tmfg

mg fgnfvfnuma wftdcut `vfn`ge` ci m erfb`6 è`pt icr td` v`rjma meeusmtfcg ci td`

maaò`n vfetfb.

ctmjay6 ugn`r mrtfea` ' ci Jmw '/4**86 m wcbmg nc`s gct g``n tc prcvfn`

prcci cr `vfn`ge`L cgay d`r wcrn fs suiifef`gt tc trfoo`r m aòma crn`ma icr td`

bma` meeus`n. & ems` fg pcfgt fs gtcgf`tm $. Efprfmgc fg 5rcvfgefma Ecurt

kunob`gt gc. ****4@/4*'8-*46 wd`r` td` meeus`n (Efprfmgc" wms meNuftt`n

mit`r j`fgo icugn oufaty ci m bfsn`b`mgcur > mgn ocfgo tdrcuod mg crn`ma > icr

45

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea` ',; Uft fs ecgsfn`r`n ms td` pràfbfgmry fgv`stfomtfcg icr

rècrnfgo td` `vfn`ge` ci td` erfb` wdfed bmy nfsmpp`mr6 td` mrr`st mgn n`t`gtfcg >

wftd ròmrns tc v`rfifemtfcg mgn fn`gtfifemtfcg > ci td` cii`gn`r6 tc n`tmfg6 fi mppafemja`6

td` maaò`n p`rp`trmtcrs ci td` erfb` mgn tc prctèt td` cii`gn`n cr pr`kunfe`n jy ft6 tc

ràmtfv`s cr ctd`r p`rscgs bmy j` fssu`n tc tdmt ìièt td` prèmutfcgmry b`msur`s

rì`rr`n tc fg mrt. @88 jfs ci tdfs &et^.

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fjfn6 gc. 6 &rtfea` '('" prcvfn`s tdmt; IP`v`rycg` dms td` rfodt tc afj`rty mgn

sèurfty. c cg` emg j` n`prfv`n ci dfs afj`rty6 jut ecbpafmge` wftd td` prcvfsfcgs ci

tdfs mrtfea` mgn fg td` ems`s mgn fg td` bmgg`r prcvfn`n jy amw^.

40

=pmgfsd romgfe Jmw M/'+)8 ci 48 7my6 ròuamtfgo td` 5rce`nur` ci dmj`ms ecrpus6pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. '4M6 4M ci 7my '+)8L masc6 &rtfea` '.8 ci td`

=pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg prcvfn`s tdmt IPtd` amw sdmaa ròuamt` dmj`ms ecrpus prce``nfgos icr td`fbb`nfmt` dmgnfgo cv`r tc kunfefma mutdcrftf`s ci mgy p`rscg faaòmaay mrr`st`nI.



maaò`nay smyfgo tc &gtcgf`tm6 fg td` mjs`ge` ci mgy wftg`ss6 tdmt Usd` fs m

wdcr`^.)M Efprfmgc wms mrr`st`n6 n`tmfg`n mgn mrrmfog`n jìcr` mg fgv`stfomtfv`

kuno` jìcr` j`fgo ormgt`n jmfa wftd td` dmjftuma prctètfv` b`msur`s fg pame`.

Od` Nu`stfcg fs wd`td`r6 fg td` mjs`ge` ci `vfn`ge` ci m erfb`6 m p`rscg cuodt

tc j` mrr`st`n jy td` pcafe`.

&rtfea` 'M ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn` p`gmafs`s td` mrjftrmry mrr`st cr faaòma

n`t`gtfcg ci mg fgnfvfnuma jy td` stmt` cr fts mo`gts.) Od` fbbfg`gt mrr`st mgn

n`t`gtfcg ci m bmg jms`n cg m wcbmgKs ecbpamfgt6 wftdcut er`nfja` cr `v`g gc

`vfn`ge`6 mbcugts tc mg fgirfgo`b`gt ci tdfs prcvfsfcg mgn td` ecgstftutfcgma

ròfb`L mgn `v`g6 masc6 &rtfea` ', ci td` #E$%. ?g afodt ci tdfs6 td` sujstmgtfv`

mgn prce`nurma gmtur` ci td` mppafemtfcg ci td` Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca`ge` vfcamt`s

td`s` aòma prfgefpa`s jèmus` ft ormgts è`ssfv` w`fodt tc td` wcrn ci td`

vfetfb. Od` fgtrfgsfe gmtur` ci mrtfea` 'M ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn` prcvfsfcg

fs tdmt ft fs mg cii`ge` ci imas` fbprfscgb`gt cr <fngmppfgo ms ecbbftt`n jy m

pujafe ciifefma cr mutdcrfty. Odus6 td` p`rp`trmtcr emg cgay j` m p`rscg fg

mutdcrfty6 m pujafe ciifefma fg td` ``refs` ci dfs/d`r nuty fg n`tmfgfgo m p`rscg fg

49

=`` U8 $. >095 /4*'86 5rcvfgefma Ecurt ci Yma`gefm6 &pp`ma Hunob`gt c.

4@/4*'86 %`scautfcg c. '88/4*'86 &vmfamja` mt; E#2H ?n; 8M4@*,**'4*'8'***)4;

p. *' ci td` kunob`gt.

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&rtfea` 'M ci td` td` romgfe Jmw '*/'++@ ci 4, cv`bj`r '++@6 =pmgfsd

Erfbfgma Ecn`6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. 4)'6 48 cv`bj`r '++@

($`r`fgmit`r rì`rr`n tc ms Erfbfgma Ecn`" stmt`s; UOd` mutdcrfty cr pujafe ciifefma6

è`pt fg ems`s p`rbftt`n jy amw6 mgn wftdcut emus` cii`gs`6 ecbbfts mgy ci td` mets

n`serfj`n fg td` prè`nfgo mrtfea`s sdmaa j` pugfsd`n wftd r`spètfvày pugfsdb`gtsprcvfn`n jy td`b6 fg td` upp`r dmai mgn masc wftd td` tfb` ci nfsNumafifemtfcg icr `fodt tc

twàv` y`mrs^.



ecgicrbfty wftd td` aòma r`Nufsft`s cr faaòma prmetfe`s ms typfif`n fg mrtfea`s 'M,6

'M86 'M@ mgn 'MM ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`.))

5mr`gtd`tfemaay6 td` Jmw '/4**8 prce`nur` wdfed `gmja`s td` Numsf-mrjftrmry

mrr`st ci td` meeus`n ugn`r td` =pmgfsd Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca`ge` p`rbfts

mnnftfcgma iamormgt mjus`s ci td` rfodt ci b`g tc prctètfcg mgn tr`mtb`gt

`Nufvma`gt tc tdmt ci wcb`g fg m sfbfamr fgefn`gt cr erfb`. Od` mrr`st mgn

n`t`gtfcg ci suspèts fg ncb`stfe vfca`ge` ems`s > wftdcut `vfn`ge` ci mg

cii`ge` > vfcamt`s td` fgnfvfnumaKs rfodt tc ir``ncb. Od` rfodt tc dmj`ms ecrpus

ugn`r mrtfea` '('" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg ms ròuamt`n mgn pr`s`rv`n fg

mrtfea`s 'M, tc 'M ci td` erfbfgma prcvfsfcg dms j``g syst`bmtfemaay vfcamt`n fg

td` prmetfema ``refs` ci Jmw '/4**8. &ppmr`gtay6 ft fs `gcuod `vfn`ge` > ci

erfb` ugn`r o`gn`r vfca`ge` amw > icr td` t`stfbcgy ci m vfetfb (m wcbmg" tc

trfoo`r td` mrr`st6 n`t`gtfcg mgn mrrmfogb`gt ci td` suspèt (m bmg".)+

?g td` `v`gt tdmt m ecbpamfgt fs bmn` jy m bmg6 ft wcuan j` tr`mt`n ms m

bfsn`b`mgcur ugn`r mrtfea` M' ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn`6 wdfed nc`s gct

r`Nufr` td` mrr`st ci td` meeus`n. ?t fs ecbbcg <gcwa`no` tdmt td` mrr`st mgn

n`t`gtfcg ci m suspèt fs gct mg fscamt`n fgefn`gt wftd bfgcr ecgs`Nu`ge`s6 jut

o`g`rmt`s sujstmgtfma imr-r`medfgo ìièts cg td` nmfay scefma mgn prci`ssfcgma

afi` ci td` fgnfvfnuma ecge`rg`n. & Ecugefa ci =pmgfsd Jmwy`rs r`pcrt w`fods td`

fbpafemtfcg ci tdfs icrb ci n`prfvmtfcg ci afj`rty mgn stmt`s tdmt td`

ecgs`Nu`ge`s bmy fgeaun` Utd` acss ci dfs/d r kcj6 meecbbcnmtfcg Pmasc

44

fjfn6 &rtfea`s 'M,6 'M86 'M@ mgn 'MM.

46




bm<fgo ft nfiifeuat icr td` meeus`n tc pr`pmr` dfs/d`r nì`ge` mgn ugn`rbfgfgo

td` ecurts fbpmrtfmafty wd`g td` meeus`n fs jrcuodt jìcr` ft ircb prfscg^.+* Odfs

pugftfv` b`msur` fs ecbbcgay `gnur`n jy b`g ugn`r Jmw '/4**8.

?g td` `v`gt ci td` ceeurr`ge` ci mg fn`gtfema sftumtfcg ci td` vfcamtfcg ci td` rfodt

tc gcg-moor`ssfcg j tw``g m bmg mgn m wcbmg6 jctd ems`s mr` tr`mt`n

nfii`r`gtay ugn`r =pmgfsd amw. frst ci maa6 m wcbmgKs ecbpamfgt fs cit`g mssfog`n

tc spèfmafs`n ecurt cg o`gn`r vfca ge` mgn `v`ry prctètfv` r`b`ny fs

metfvmt`n6 fgeaunfgo td` mutcbmtfe n`prfvmtfcg ci td` meeus`n (td` bmg" ci dfs

ir``ncb6 fg meecrnmge` wftd mrtfea` '@, ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`.

Ecgv`rsày6 fi td` ecbpamfgmgt fs m bmg6 td` ems` fs tr`mt`n ugn`r gcrbma

erfbfgma prce`nur`s ms prcvfn`n fg mrtfea` M' ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`6 wdfed

o`g`rmaay euabfgmt`s fg bfsn`b`mgcur edmro`s momfgst td` wcbmg wftd gc

mrr`st mgn n`t`gtfcg mppafemja`. Od` nfstfgetfcg j`tw``g td`s` erfbfgma amw

prce`nur`s mgn Jmw '/4**8 cg ncb`stfe vfca`ge` fs td` mppafemja` syst`b ci

prcci mgn td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`6 wdfed pr`s`rv`s mgn masc oumrmgt``s

gc vfcamtfcg ci td` rfodt tc afj`rty ugn`r mrtfea` '('" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg.

?g td` `v`gt ci m ecbpamfgt ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` momfgst m wcbmg6 td` meeus`r

bust prcnue` `gcuod `vfn`ge` tc prcv` td` erfb`L ctd`rwfs`6 td` ems` wfaa j`

tdrcwg cut. ?i mnbftt`n icr trfma6 m a`ss`r p`gmaty ugn`r mrtfea` M' ci td` =pmgfsd

Erfbfgma Ecn` mppaf`s tc td` cii`gn`r. Odus6 mrtfea` M' ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma

Ecn` fs td` aòma ròfb` tdmt mppaf`s wd`g m bmg ecbpamfgs ci ncb`stfe

68

=`` td` `g`rma Ecugefa ci =pmgfsd Jmwy`rs6 %`spcgs` ircb td` `g`rma

Ecugefa ci =pmgfsd Jmwy`rs tc td` r``g 5mp`r cg 2`t`gtfcg6 4*''6 #urcp`mg

Ecbbfssfcg; &vmfamja` mt;dttp;//è.ùrcpm.ù/kustfe`/g`wsrccb/erfbfgma/cpfgfcg/ifa`s/''*@'*/`s_o`g`rma_ecugefa_

ci_spmgfsd_jmr_`g.pni 6 mee`ss`n cg ''/*)/4*'8.

http://ec.europa.eu/justice/newsroom/criminal/opinion/files/110510/es_general_council_of_spanish_bar_en.pdf






vfca`ge` momfgst m wcbmg. ?g afodt ci tdfs6 td` mppafemja` p`gmaty icr m sfbfamr

cii`ge` ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` wd`g m bmg ifa`s m ecbpamfgt fs stfpuamt`n fg mrtfea`

M'('" mgn M'(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn`. Odfs prcvfsfcg > mrtfea` M'('"

> stfpuamt`s m p`gmaty ci sf tc twàv` nmys ci ecgifg`b`gt tc m p`rbmg`gt

acemtfcg cr mg cptfcg ci m ifg` gct è``nfgo twc bcgtds wd`g jcnfay dmrb fs

emus`n tc td` vfetfb. =ujs`Nu`gtay6 mrtfea M'(4" prcvfn`s m p`gmaty ci

ecgifg`b`gt tc m p`rbmg`gt acemtfcg j`tw``g twc mgn sf nmys cr m ifg` gct

è``nfgo tdfrty nmys. Od` cptfcgs icr ifg`s mr` ròuamt`n fg mrtfea` M4*(4" ci td`

Erfbfgma Ecn` mgn ràmt` tc bfan ècgcbfe smgetfcg. Ecgv`rsày6 wd`g td`

erfbfgma ecbpamfgt fs ifa`n jy m wcbmg6 ugn`r td` o`gn`r vfca ge` amws6

p`gmatf`s ugn`r mrtfea '@,('" ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn` mppay. Od`s` p`gmatf`s

fgeaun` m bfgfbub prfscg ecgifg`b`gt ci sf bcgtds cr m bmfbub ci tdr``

y`mrs. Od`y masc fgeaun` m sustmfg`n r`strmfgfgo crn`r6 rmgofgo ircb cg` tc ifv`

y`mrs6 mgn mutcbmtfe fgempmeftmtfcg ircb `gkcyfgo td` pmt`rgma rfodts ci edfan

eustcny.

Od`r` dmv` j``g fgecgoruftf`s fg td` =pmgfsd mppàamt` ecurtsK kurfsprun`ge` cg

tdfs Nu`stfcg. ?g kunob`gt gc. '*4@/*) ci td` =pmgfsd 5rcvfgefma Ecurt ci

1mreàcgm wd`r` td` Utwc spcus`s fg `Numa ecgnftfcg fgnfemt` Ptd` `fst`ge` ci

butuma moor`ssfcg^6+' td` ecurt dàn tdmt mrtfea` '@,('" ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`

nc`s gct mppay fg td` efreubstmge` wd`r` td` ecupa`s w r`6 mnbftt`nay6

butumaay jàafo`r`gt mgn td` mppafemtfcg ci td` micr`b`gtfcg`n prcvfsfcg wcuan

suppcs` m dfod`r s`gt`ge` icr td` bmg. =ujs`Nu`gtay6 td` 5rcvfgefma Ecurt ci

6=

Hunob`gt c. '*4@/*) ci td` 5rcvfgefma Ecurt ci 1mreàcgm6 =ètfcg AA6 &pp`ma c. +M/4**) > &55%&6 %`scautfcg c. '*4@/4**)6 &vmfamja` mt E#2H ?2;

*)*'+,*4*4**)'**,M,6 pmrmormpd *,6 p. *, ci td` Hunob`gt.



7mnrfn+4 fgt`rpr`t`n m sfbfamr ems` usfgo m ecgtrmstfgo nàfj`rmtfcg. ?t dàn tdmt

mrtfea` '@, ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn` mppaf`s sfge` td` meeus`n > td` dusjmgn > Udft

Pdfs wfi`^+, mgn tdmt fs maa tdmt bmtt`rs. 9dfa` td` 1mreàcgm ecurt mppaf`n mg

fgt`rpr`tmtfv` erft`rfcg tdmt wms fg afg` wftd td` cjkètfv` pursu`n jy td` amw6 mgn

jy utfaftmrfmgfsb6 td` 7mnrfn ecurt sfbpay mppaf`n m sujstmgtfv` fgt`rpr`tmtfcg ci

td` amw usfgo m ecbpa tày cjkètfv` erft rfcg. Od` strcgo`r pdysfNu` ci td`

bmg fs6 td`rìcr`6 td` wcrnfgo wdfed fgeafg`s kunfefma jmamge` fg td` Jmw cg

`gn`r Yfca`ge`.+8

%òr`ttmjay6 mrtfea` ' ci Jmw '/4**8 `stmjafsd`s m pugftfv` nfii`r`ge` j`tw``g

td` prctètfcg ci b`g mgn td` prctètfcg ci wcb`g ircb o`gn`r-ràmt`n vfca`ge`

cr mjus`. ?g td` ifrst fgstmge`6 ft stmt`s tdmt td` purpcs` ci td` amw Ufs tc ecbjmt

td` vfca ge` ``refs`n momfgst wcb`g jy b`g P... ms mg `pr`ssfcg ci

nfserfbfgmtfcg6 td` sftumtfcg ci fg`Numafty mgn td` pcw r ràmtfcgs pr`vmfafgo

j`tw``g td` s``s^.+@ $`r` af`s td` iugnmb`gtma kustfifemtfcg icr miifrbmtfv`

metfcg ugn`r =pmgfsd amw '/4**8; td` pcw`r ci b`g cv`r wcb`g. Od` pcw`r

pr`vma`ge` nc`s gct spèfiy wd`td`r ft fs ecge`rg`n wftd pdysfema cr ècgcbfe

prfvfaò`s. ?t fs6 td`rìcr`6 jmsfemaay m nfsecrnmgt rì`rrma pcfgt fg afg` wftd td`

6:

Hunob`gt c. +)4/'* ci td` 5rcvfgefma Ecurt ci 7mnrfn6 =ètfcg AA6 &pp`ma c.

'*4/4*'*6 %`scautfcg c. +)4/4*'*6 &vmfamja` mt E#2H ?2;

*@4M,+4*,)**)8M4'4.

65

fjfn6 p. *@ ci td` Hunob`gt

6>


60

fjfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea` '('" ci Jmw '/4**8



i`bfgfst ecge`ptuma ``rtfcg tdmt `ss`gtfmaay fgiau`ge`n td` prcbuaomtfcg ci tdfs

aòfsamtfcg.

#E$% prcvfsfcg

+M

prcvfn`s m irmb`wcr< icr td` prctètfcg ci fgnfvfnumas ircb m

stmt` jr`med ci gòmtfv` nuty ràmt`n tc td` rfodts ci fts eftf!`gs. Od` #Et$%6 fg

fts ems` amws6+ nfsmaacws sued b`msur`s ci fg`Numafty6 ms `pr`ss`n fg

gub`rcus nèfsfcgs. cg`tdà`ss6 td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg6 ms wàa ms

=pmgfsd ecgstftutfcgma ncetrfg 6 nfsmaacws sued b`msur s tdmt vfcamt td`

prfgefpa` ci afj`rty mgn `Numafty ms nìfg`n fg jctd &rtfea`s @ mgn '8 ci td` #E$%

mgn mrtfea s '('" mgn '8 ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg6 y`t td`s` vfcamtfcgs

p`rsfst. 7cst fbpcrtmgtay6 td r` fs scb` r`spft icr bcst =pmgfsd b`g6 ms

=pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Hunob`gt c. *,4/4*'8+) dms r`stcr`n smgfty tc td`

dmjftuma fbb`nfmt` pcafe` n`t`gtfcg ci b`g meeus`n ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`. Odfs

ems` ecge`rgs gct kust dmj`ms ecrpus+ jut masc prce`nurma nì ets fg td`

mppafemtfcg ci Jmw '/4**86 ms w aa ms imas` meeusmtfcg jy m wcbmg. Od`

gmrrmtfv` ci td` ems` fs tdmt td` mppafemgt wms mrr`st`n jms`n cg m ecbpamfgt fg

wdfed Utd` pcafe` stmt`b`gt tmoo`n td` ems` ms ncb`stfe mjus` r`mscgs wftdcut

`pamfgfgo imets mjcut td` mrr`st .++ Od` mppafemgt wms mrrmfog`n jìcr` m

69

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` ' ci 5rctceca c. '4

6?

fjfn6 gc. ,4

64

=`` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt Hunob`gt c. *,4/4*'86 ci `jrumry 4*'8L

pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. ,6 ci 4@ ci 7mred6 4*'8; &ppafemtfcg icr

Ecgstftutfcgma 5rctètfcg U&bpmrc^ gc. ,8)@-4*', jy &jà n` E`sp`n`s mb`rc.

66

fjfn6 pmrmormpd '; Od` mets.



spèfmafs`n ecurt td` g`t nmy mgn td` kuno` edmgo`n td` eamssfifemtfcg tc

Ufaaòma n`t`gtfcg Pmgn icrwmrn`n td` ems` ifa` tc td` prcsèutcrKs ciife`^. '**

3pcg dfs mrrmfogb`gt6 td` fgv`stfomtfv` kuno`6 tdrcuod td` ruafgo6 Uròfst`r`n td`

mppafemtfcg ms faaòma n`t`gtfcg prce``nfgo Pmgn icrwmrn`n td` ems` ifa` tc td`

prcsèutcrKs ciife` tc r`pcrt cg td` crfofg tc fgftfmt` td` ecrr`spcgnfgo

prce``nfgo^.'*' 3pcg ecgsuatmtfcg wftd td` ciife` ci td` =tmt` 5rcsèutcr mgn td`

nì`ge` amwy`r6 td` ecurt fssu`n m nèr`` Unfsbfssfgo td` prce``nfgos ci faaòma

mrr`st^.'*4 Od` kuno`s ci td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt gct`n tdmt td` spèfmafs`n ecurt

icr ncb`stfe vfca`ge` iàt sc `bjcan`g`n jy fts kurfsnfetfcgma pcw`rs tdmt ft dmn

usurp`n td` ecbp`t`ge` ci td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt6 ruafgo tdmt dmj`ms ecrpus

nfn gct mppay fg td` meeus`nKs ems`.'*, 3atfbmtày6 td` ecurt nfn gct kust rua` cg

td` vfcamtfcg ci td` mppafemgtKs rfodt tc ir``ncb6 jut masc mgguaa`n td` `gtfr`

prce``nfgo cg ncb`stfe vfca`ge` jèmus` td` vfcamtfcg dmn irmetur`n td`

`stmjafsdb`gt ci Uimetuma efreubstmge`s maaò`n jy td` mppàamgt fg suppcrt ci

td`s` ctd`r pr`kunfe`s nurfgo td` `mbfgmtfcg ci `vfn`ge`^.'*8 g tdfs gct 6

=88

fjfn6 gc. +)6 pmrmormpd 4(m"; Od` mets.

=8=

?jfn6 gc. +)6 pmrmormpd 4(j"; Od` mets.

=8:

?jfn6 gc. +)6 pmrmormpd 4(j"; Od` mets.

=85

fjfn6 gc6 +)6 pmrmormpd ,(e" ci td` Hunob`gt; UOd` Ecurt nèfsfcg wms gct tc

mnbft icr prce`ssfgo td` prce``nfgos ci $mj`ms Ecrpus6 r`kètfgo tdmt td` sftumtfcg jy

wdfed td` mppafemgt jms`n dfs faaòma n`t`gtfcg `fst`n mgn6 td`rìcr`6 put icrwmrn fg

n`ptd r`mscgfgo6 wdfed fs ecgtrmry6 fg t`rbs s`t icrtd fg &rtfea` '(8" ci td`

Ecgstftutfcg^.

=8>

fjfn6 gc. +)6 pmrmormpd *@ ci td` Hunob`gt.



suiife` ft tc smy tdmt td` prmetfema mppafemtfcg ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`/mjus` amw fg

=pmfg r`suats fg td` meeubuamtfcg ci m suee`ssfcg ci fgecgoruftf`s ircb

Nu`stfcgmja` bctfv`s icr mrr`st6 ugamwiua n`prfvmtfcg ci afj`rty mgn m imst trme<

trfma wdfed pct`gtfmaay fbp`n`s td` rfodt tc m imfr d`mrfgo cr ìiètfv` r`b`ny

ugn`r td` #E$%.

-(=( Imst ^rme3 #r U%))mr8 ^r&m.s 4Met *2?*HH- #5 %.8;

mst trme< cr subbmry trfmas mr` mnnftfcgma tc td` bmgy mr`ms ci pcssfja` ecgiafet

ci Jmw '/4**8 wftd #E$% prcvfsfcgs. Od` #E$% prcvfn`s icr td` g``n icr m imfr

trfma fg &rtfea` M ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg. Od` utfaftmrfmg ugn`rstmgnfgo ci tdfs amw

fgeaun`s m r`mscgmja` nurmtfcg icr td` r`scautfcg ci m ecbpamfgt ugn`r kunfefma

prce`ss.'*@ ?g afodt ci tdfs6 mg `mbfgmtfcg ci td` sujstmgtfv` mgn prce`nurma

nfiifeuatf`s fg mppayfgo swfit trfmas tc ncb`stfe vfca`ge`/mjus` ems`s àuefnmt`s

dcw Jmw '/4**8 ecgiafets wftd td` prcvfsfcgs ci #E$% fg tdfs r`spèt. Od`

ecgt`gtfcus mgn nfseursfv` à`b`gts ci tdfs <fgn ci kunfefma prmetfe` mr` Nuft`

sueefget mgn ecgifg`n tc td` oumrmgt`` ci mg ìiètfv` nì`ge` icr td` meeus`n

fg ncb`stfe vfca`ge`.

&eecrnfgo tc =pmgfsd erfbfgma prce``nfgo amws6 fg crn`r tc mppay sp``ny trfma

prce``nfgos icr cii`ge`s ecbbftt`n ugn`r Jmw '/4**86 twc r`Nufsft`s cuodt tc

`fst. frst6 td` prce`ss icr n`mafgo wftd td` vfetfbKs ecbpamfgt cuodt tc dmv`

=80

umam 7ca` mgn Emtdmrfgm $mrjy6 Od` rfodt tc m imfr trfma6 & oufn` tc td`

fbpa`b`gtmtfcg ci &rtfea` M ci td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg cg $ubmg %fodts6 4**M6

Ecugefa ci #urcp` $ubmg %fodts $mgnjcc<s6 c. ,6 p. 4L s`` masc; :.&. $. "rmge`6

&pp c. +'@4/*+6 (#Et$%6 `jrumry *46 4*'4"6 pmrmormpd '@8 ci td` kunob`gt; td`

Ecurt gct`n; Utd` mutcbmtfe eamssfifemtfcg ci td`fr ems`s ms Timst trme' K6 td` nfiifeuatay tcomtd`r `vfn`ge`6 mgn td` sdcrt`r nàmys tc eamfb msyaub (@ nmys"^L s`` masc Y`rgfaac $.

"rmge`6 &pp c. ''))+/)@6 (#Et$%6 `jrumry 4*6 '++'"6 pmrmormpd ,) ci td` kunob`gt.



j``g fgftfmt`n vfm m pcafe` r`pcrt.'*M =pèfifemaay6 ft fs gè`ssmry tdmt td` vfetfbKs

ecbpamfgt fs fgftfmt`n vfm m pcafe` r`pcrt6 ctd`rwfs` m imst trme< trfma emg gct j`

crn`r`n. ?g mnnftfcg6 imst trme< trfmas mr` s`t msfn` icr tdcs` erfb`s ci wdfed td`

fgv`stfomtfcg fs gct pmrtfeuamray ecbpa jèmus` td`y mr` a`ss orf vcus cr

pugfsdmja` jy a`ss tdmg ifv` y`mrsK fbprfscgb`gt6'* mbcgo wdfed mr` fgeaun`n

cii`ge`s r amt`n tc ncb`stfe vfca`ge` cr mjus`. Od`rìcr`6 td` `gtfr`

prce``nfgos icr imst trme< trfmas r`vcav`s mrcugn m pcafe` r`pcrt mgn td`

prcvfsfcgs ci erfbfgma prce``nfgos amws.'*) Od` =pmgfsd Hunfefma Ecugefa stmt`s

fg fts Jmw *,/4**, tdmt td` iugnmb`gtma r`mscg icr td` mppafemtfcg ci rmpfn trfmas

fg ncb`stfe vfca`ge` ems`s fs tdmt Utd` vfetfb emggct j` `pcs`n tc ecgstmgt

kcurg`y tdrcuod td` ecurts^6 fgsfstfgo tdmt Ufi td` vfetfb dms ifa`n m ecbpamfgt fg

td` pcafe` stmtfcg cr efvfa oumrn stmtfcg6 mgn td` metfcg fs m erfb`^ '*+ td` ecurt

cuodt tc prcgcuge` > fg m kunfefma nèr`` > td` g``n icr m sp``ny trfma.

=89

&rtfea` +@('" ci td` Erfbfgma 5rce``nfgos Jmw ,)/4**4 (Jmw ,)/4**46 ci 48

etcj`r6 td` pmrtfma rìcrb ci td` Jmw ci Erfbfgma 5rce`nur`6 cg prce`nur` icr

prce`ssfgo rmpfn trfma mgn fbb`nfmt` prcsèutfcg ci e`rtmfg cii`gs`s mgn

bfsn`b`mgcurs6 mgn td` mb`gnb`gt ci td` subbmry prce`nur`"6 pujafsd`n fg 1#

P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. 4@) ci 4) etcj`r6 4**46 stmt`s; I9ftdcut pr`kunfe` tc ctd`r

spèfma prce`ss`s6 td` prce``nfgo ròuamt`n ugn`r tdfs Ofta` sdmaa tc td` fgv`stfomtfcg

mgn prcsèutfcg ci cii`gs`s pugfsdmja` jy fbprfscgb`gt gct è``nfgo ifv` y`mrs6 mgn

wftd mgy ctd`r p`gmatf`s6 wd`td`r sfgoa`6 kcfgt cr mat`rgmtfv`s6 wdfed nurmtfcg nc`s gct

è``n t`g y`mrs6 ròmrna`ss ci td` mbcugt6 prcvfn`n tdmt td` erfbfgma prce``nfgo fs

jrcuodt ugn`r m pcafe` r`pcrt mgn tdmt td` kunfefma pcafe` dms mrr`st`n m p`rscg mgn

bmn` mvmfamja` tc td` subbmry ecurt cr `v`g wftdcut j`fgo n`tmfg`n6 dms j``gsubbcg`n tc mpp`mr jìcr` td` subbmry ecurt ms mg meeus`n fg td` pcafe` r`pcrt mgn6

masc6 b``t mgy ci td` icaacwfgo efreubstmge`s^.

=8?

fjfn

=84

fjfn6 gc. '*M6 &rtfea`s @6 +@6 +M46 +M8 mgn/cr +M@=86

=`` &rtfea` ,('" ci Jmw ,/4**,6 td` Jòma 5rce``nfgo ,/4**, ci + &prfa6 ci td`

E5H (Ecgs`kc `g`rma nà 5cn`r Hunfefma > `g`rma Ecugefa ci Hunfefma 5cw`r"6 cg

=tmgnmrns ci 2fstrfjutfcg ci Erfbfgma mgn Ecbput`r %ècrn cg 2cb`stfe Yfca`ge .



&rtfea` @''* ci =pmgfsd romgfe Jmw ,)/4**4 ròuamt`s td` gmtur` ci ems`s

wd`r` subbmry trfmas mppay6 wdfa` mrtfea` +@(4"(m" ''' fgecrpcrmt`s imst trme<

trfmas fgtc ncb`stfe mjus`/vfca`ge`-ràmt`n ems`s tdrcuod mrtfea` , ci td` Jmw

cg `gn`r Yfca ge` mb`gnb`gt ci mrtfea` '@, ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn . &s

dfodafodt`n `mraf`r6 td` fgtrfgsfe à`b`gt ròmrnfgo imst trme< trfmas fs td` &rtfea` M

prcvfsfcg ci td` #E$%6 wdfed prctèts td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma. Od` #Et$% dms

updàn td` fgvfcamjfafty mgn rà`vmge` ci tdfs prcvfsfcg fg erfbfgma prce``nfgos. &

ems` fg pcfgt fs Lmrma`$feufs $. ?ftdumgfm+ wd`r`fg td` #Et$% gct`n tdmt U&rtfea`

M Pci td` #E$% fs `ss`gtfmaay ecge`rg`n wftd wd`td`r mg mppafemgt wms

miicrn`n mbpa` cppcrtugftf`s tc stmt` dfs ems` mgn ecgt`st td` `vfn`ge` tdmt d`

ecgsfn`r`n imas`6 mgn gct wftd wd`td`r td` ncb`stfe ecurts r`med`n m rfodt cr

wrcgo nèfsfcg^.''4 Od`rìcr`6 td` `ss`ge` ci m sp``ny trfma fg m ems` wdfed dms

imr-r`medfgo stfobmtfe ecgs`Nu`ge`s icr td` meeus`n fg scef`ty mgn6 fg bcst

ems`s6 fg td` mjs`ge` ci `vfn`ge` ci m erfb`6 fs tdmt ft n`gct`s kunfefma

bfsmpprcprfmtfcg.

-(9( J%r$! #5 Xr##5 4Xrs%)pt&#! #5 O%&.t?Mrt&e. '- #5 td Cr/m!&e

Am: #! @>%m.&t8;

==8

fjfn6 gc. '*M6 &rtfea` @

===

fjfn6 gc. '*M6 &rtfea` +@(4"(m"6 stmt`s; U9d`td r ft j` mgy ci td` icaacwfgo

cii`gs`s; m" Erfb`s ci &!+%r86 e#re&#!6 tdrmts6 m!$ pd8s&em. #r )!tm. ,&#.!e

dmj&t%m. e#))&tt$ m/m&!st prs#!s r5rr$ t# &! Mrt&e. '9- #5 td X!m. E#$^.

==:

=`` Lmrma`$feufs $. ?ftdumgfm6 &pp. c. @,4@8/++6 (#Et$%6 &prfa 6 4**@"6

pmrmormpd ,) ci td` kuno`b`gt.



&rtfea` 48 ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg oumrmgt``s td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`.

$cw`v`r6 td` vfcamtfcg ci tdfs prfgefpa` fs p`rbftt`n wftd td` `gmetb`gt ci mrtfea`

' ci td` Jmw '/4**86 wdfed typfif s td` v ry `ss`ge` ci td` amw6 td`

mb`gnb`gts ci mrtfea` '@, ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn`6 mgn mrtfea`s 4++ mgn

ci td` erfbfgma kustfe` prce`nur` (JÈrfb" p`rbfts td` vfcamtfcg ci tdfs

prfgefpa . =fge` td` wcrn/ecbpamfgt ci m wcbmg fs smercsmget mgn w fodty

ugn`r Jmw '/4**86 td` rfodt ci td` meeus`n tc td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`

jmsfemaay trmgsamt`s fgtc m pr`subptfcg ci oufat. ?g mnnftfcg6 mrtfea` ', ci td`

#Numafty Jmw6 wdfed fs n``b`n Umppafemja` fg ctd`r mr`ms ci amw^6 '', dms iurtd`r

ecrrupt`n tdfs syst`b ci prcci.

&s b`gtfcg`n `mraf`r6 mrtfea` 48(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg prcvfn`s tdmt td`

pamfgtfii j`mrs td` jurn`g ci prcci jctd fg prcvfnfgo er`nfja` `vfn`ge` cr

r`mscgmja` orcugns icr fgv`stfomtfcg ci td` ecbpamfgt. ?g tdfs wmy6 td`

pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` fs jaugt`n ugn`r td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg. Oc

r`ft`rmt`6 tdfs b`msur` fs cit`g mppaf`n wd`g m bmg fs td` pamfgtfii mgn ugn`r

mrtfea` M' ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`. st`gsfjay6 td` Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca`ge` > ms

`pamfg`n `mraf`r fg tdfs wcr< > n`vfmt`s ircb tdfs ecgstftutfcgma ncetrfg` mgn

p`rbfts td` jurn`g ci prcci tc sdfit tc td` meeus`n wd`g td` pamfgtfii fs m wcbmg

mgn td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` fs r`v`rs`n tc m pr`subptfcg ci oufat. =pmgfsd

=upr`b` Ecurt kunob`gts masc er`mt` omps icr ugn`rstmgnfgo td` spèfmafs`n

ecurtsK stmtus 4uc cg td` pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge` ugn`r td` g`w prctètfcg

ròfb` icr i`bma` vfetfbs ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`. & kunfefma nèr`` wd`r`fg td`

=upr`b` Ecurt r`scav`n m p tftfcg icr emssmtfcg ircb m ecgvfet cg td`

==5

?jfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea` ', ci Jmw *,/4**



pr`subptfcg ci fggce`ge`''8 r`v`mas td` cp`rmtfcgma b`tdcn ci td` =pmgfsd

ecurtsK prcci syst`b6 wdfed nfsròmrns td` rfodt ci td` meeus`n tc m imfr trfma fg

ncb`stfe vfca`ge`/mjus` ems`s. Od r`fg6 td` =upr b` Ecurt nfsbfss`n td`

ecgvfetKs mppafemtfcg wd`r` ft wms `vfn`gt tdmt Utd` p`tftfcg`r wms ecgn`bg`n

jy pcafe` mgn icr`gsfe o`g`r mt`n prcci ci `vfn`ge`^6''@ mgn gct jy td` maaò`n

vfetfbKs `vfn`ge` jut jy td` vfetfbKs bctd`rKs ecbpamfgt mgn sujs`Nu`gt pcafe`

fgv`stfomtfcg6 `v`g tdcuod td` vfetfbKs `vfn`ge` nfn gct ecrrcjcrmt` td`

bctd`rKs eamfb. ?g ctd`r wcrns6 Jmw '/4**8 maacws m tdfrn-p`rscg ecbpamfgt tc

s`rv` ms suiifef`gt `vfn`ge` tc ecgvfet mg meeus`n. Odus6 m jrfì `mbfgmtfcg ci

td` =pmgfsd erfbfgma amw syst`b ci prcci ugv fas td` `t`gt tc wdfed td`

mppafemtfcg ci td` Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca`ge` fgirfgo`s upcg td` rfodts ci td`

meeus`n; b`g.

Ecbbcgay6 =pmgfsd erfbfgma fgv`stfomtfv` prce`nur` mncpts mg fgNufsftcrfma

syst`b ci prcci wdfed fs td` jme<jcg` ci erfbfgma prce`nur` amw.''M Odfs

prce`nur` puts td` kuno` mt td` e`gtr` ci td` `gtfr` prce`ss. &atdcuod td`r` mr`

prcvfsfcgs tdmt maacw td` rèusma'' ci jmn kuno`s6 m jmn kuno` dms m prceafvfty tc

moormvmt` td` meeus`nKs nì`ge` jy nfsemrnfgo e`rtmfg `vfn`ge` wdfed ecuan

==>

=`` =pmgfsd =upr`b` Ecurt Hunfefma 2èr`` c. @4@/4*'86 =upr`b` Ecurt

=ètfcg ' - Erfbfgma 2fvfsfcg6 =ètfcg; '6 &pp`ma c.; '*'44/4*'86 %`scautfcg c.;

'*4*/4*'86 E#2H ?n; 4)*+'4**'4*'84*'8,4.

==0

fjfn6 pmrmormpd E6 pmrt ?? ci td` Hunfefma 2èr``.

==9

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea`s 4++ tc ,*@==?

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea`s @46 @,6 @86 @@6 mgn @M



imvcur td` nì`ge`. g` amw `p`r t `pafemt`s td` Usujsfnfmry rca`^ '')ci nì`ge`

mgn prcsèutfcg amwy`rs fg mg fgNufsftcrfma syst`b ci prcci wdfed a`mv`s td`

kuno` fg td` Ue`gtrma rca`^''+ fg `mbfgfgo `vfn`ge` mgn wftg`ss`s mgn bm<fgo

edcfe`s cg td` mnbfssfjfafty cr ctd`rwfs` ci e`rtmfg `vfn`ge`. Odfs pcw`r

ròmrnfgo td` fgftfmtfcg ci kunfefma prce``nfgos fs `gempsuamt`n fg td` nfspcsftfcg

ci td` kuno` tc bm<` mg mnvmgtmo`cus cr nfsmnvmgtmo`cus nèfsfcg icr td`

meeus`n. &rtfea` 4++ ci J#Erfb nìfg`s td` erfbfgma pràfbfgmry fgv`stfomtfv`

prce`nur` ms Utd` metfcgs tdmt mr` nfrèt`n tc pr`pmr` icr trfma mgn prmetfe`s icr

mse rtmfgfgo mgn `stmjafsdfgo td` p rp`trmtfcg ci td` erfb`s wftd td`

efreubstmge`s tdmt ecuan fgiau`ge` fg td` eamssfifemtfcg6 mgn td` euapmjfafty ci td`

cii`gn`rs6 jy `gsurfgo td`fr fgnfvfnuma mgn pèugfmry r`spcgsfjfaftf`s td`r`ci^. '4*

&omfgst tdfs jme<orcugn fs td` prce`nurma rfodts ci td` meeus`n6 wdfed mr` cit`g

ecbprcbfs`n. =ujstmgtfmaay6 ugn`r td` Jmw cg `gn`r Yfca`ge`6 td` spèfmafs`n

ecurts t`gn tc mncpt m bcr` fgNufsftcrfma tdmg meeusmtcrfma syst`b ci prcci6

wdfed ofv`s `gcrbcus w`fodt tc td` maaò`n vfetfbKs stmt`b`gt. Odfs syst`b ci

prcci ofv`s rfs` tc td` prcja`b ci nfserfbfgmtfcg mgn ugimfr trfmas6 `spèfmaay fg

sued pr`-trfma fgv`stfomtfv` prce`nur`s tdmt fgeafg` spèfmafs`n kuno`s tc Uofv`

tcc bued w`fodt tc Ptd` `vfn`ge`^'4' ci td` meeus`r.

==4

%co`r $cp<fgs 1ur<`6 Erfbfgma Hustfe` Od`cry; &g ?gtrcnuetfcg6 4*',6

%cuta`no`6 p. '4*;

==6

fjfn

=:8

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea` 4++ =:=

&gnr`w =mgn`rs6 %fedmrn Gcugo6 mgn 7mgny 1urtcg6 Erfbfgma Hustfe` (, rn

#nftfcg"6 4*'*6 icrn 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. '8.



Jmw '/4**8 dms `gecurmo`n td` fgNufsftcrfma syst`b ci prcci fg ncb`stfe

vfca`ge` prce``nfgos tdrcuod td` `pr`ss`n eamssfifemtfcg ci b`g ms td` sujkèt

ci td` amw. $cw`v`r6 #Et$% ems` amw dms `stmjafsd`n tdmt Ufg m erfbfgma ems` fg

pmrtfeuamr6 r`spèt icr td` rfodts ci td` nì`ge` r`Nufr`s tdmt fg prfgefpa` maa

`vfn`ge` bust j` prcnue`n fg td` pr`s`ge` ci td` meeus`n mt m pujafe d`mrfgo

wd`r` ft emg j` edmaa`go`n jy wmy ci mnv`rsmrfma prce`nur`^. '44 9ftdma6 td`

mnv`rsmrfma syst`b fs ecbbcgay mppaf`n nurfgo m pujafe d`mrfgo jut ugn`r td`

strfet ecgtrca ci td` pr`sfnfgo kuno`6 wdc cit`g pame`s r`strfetfcgs cg td` nì`ge`

amwy`rKs ercss-`mbfgmtfcg ci td` vfetfb ms m icrb ci prctètfcg. ?g mnnftfcg6

r`pcrts ircb fgv`stfomtfv` kuno`s fg td` spèfmafs`n ecurts mr` w`fodty fg

nèfnfgo td` cutecb` ci m pujafe d`mrfgo sfge` td` `mbfgmtfcg ci `vfn`ge` fs

td` sca` ecbp`t`ge` ci tdfs ecurt.'4,

cr tdfs r`mscg6 td`r` `fsts td` prcspèt ci m jr`med ci td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma

wd`g td` meeus`n fs edmro`n wftd td` r`spcgsfjfafty ci prcnuefgo `vfn`ge` ci

dfs fggce`ge`. Odfs ecge`rg fs sdmr`n mbcgo td` kuno`s mgn bmofstrmt`s fg td`

spèfmafs`n ecurts cg ncb`stfe vfca ge . & ems` fg pcfgt fs =pmgfsd

Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt kunob`gt 8@/4*'*6 wdfed prce``ns ircb m Ukunfefma nèr``

=::

=`` Gcg<c rc!`v (`n"6 2cvynms Yft<mus<ms mgn =Rmg J`wfs-&gtdcgy6

?O#%?$O= 7mguma icr Jmwy`rs > %fodt tc & mfr Orfma ugn`r td` #E$% (&rtfea` M"6

4**+6 td` p`g =cef`ty ?gstftut`6 p. ,8L s`` masc mrj`rm+ &`ssòu` mgn 6mjmrnc $

Upmfg6 &pp. c. '*@+*/),6 (#Et$%6 2è`bj`r M6 '+))"6 pmrmormpd ) ci td`

kuno`b`gt.

=:5

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea` ,*,; UOd` icrbmtfcg ci subbmry6 ecbb`ge` ` cifefc6 mt td`

r`Nu`st ci td` pmrt6 ecrr`spcgns tc td` kuno`s ci td` pràfbfgmry fgv`stfomtfcg icr td`

erfb`s ecbbftt`n wftdfg td`fr r`spètfv` orcup cr n`bmremtfcg6 mgn fg fts prce`nurma

nìèt tc ctd`rs ci td` smb` efty cr pcpuamtfcg cr jy nàòmtfcg6 tc td` bugfefpma

kuno`s^L s`` masc =pmgfsd =upr`b` Ecurt Hunfefma 2èr`` c. @4@/4*'86 =upr`bÈcurt =ètfcg ' - Erfbfgma 2fvfsfcg6 =ètfcg; '6 &pp`ma c.; '*'44/4*'86 %`scautfcg

c.; '*4*/4*'86 E#2H ?n; 4)*+'4**'4*'84*'8,46 pmrmormpd *+ ci td` Hunob`gt.



ci mpprcmed^'48 ircb td` bmofstrmt` ci m spèfmafs`n erfbfgma ecurt icr ncb`stfe

vfca`ge`6 ecurt gc. 4 ci &ajme`t`6 =pmfg. Od`r`fg6 td` bmofstrmt` fbpuogs td`

Uecgstftutfcgmafty ci &rtfea`s '8)(8" mgn '@,('" ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn`6

ircb mg fgt`rpr`tmtfcg ci td` smb`6 fg wdfed td` sujkèt fs gè`ssmrfay bma` mgn

td` cjkèt emg cgay j` m wcbmg^.'4@ Od` bmofstrmt fssu`n tdfs nèr`` ci

mpprcmed tc td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt6 r`Nu`stfgo tdmt td` ecurt n`t`rbfg` td`

ecgstftutfcgmafty ci m amw td` ecogftfcg ci wdfed6 ms `stmjafsd`n fg mrtfea` '('" ci

Jmw '/4**86 U`bmgmt`s ircb td` fgtrcnuetfcg ci m Tpr`subptfcg kurfs `t n`

fur` ><1 fg td` ``refs` ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` jy b`g tcwmrns td fr pmrtg`rs

jms`n cg b`r` stmtfstfema erft`rfm^.'4 ?g mnnftfcg6 tdfs bmofstrmt` ecgsfn`r`n tdmt

td` amw er`mt`n m Uncuja nfa`bbm tc dubmg nfogfty; ci td` bmg6 wdc fs

pr`s`gt`n ms m dmjftuma mjus`r6 mgn ci td` wcbmg6 wdc fs `st``b`n ms mg

`spèfmaay vuag rmja` ems ^.'4) ?g tdfs s`gs`6 td` kuno`s ecgsfn`r`n td`

prcvfsfcgs ci td` amw mg fgsuat tc td` nfogfty ci jctd b`g mgn wcb`g6 wdc cuodt

tc j` ecgsfn r`n `Numas jut mr nfstfgoufsd`n jy td` jfms`n wcrnfgos ci

=:>

=pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt Hunob`gt (=OE" =`gt`ge` 8@/4*'*6 ci Huay 4)6

4*'*6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. '+@ ci &uoust '46 4*'*6

&vmfamja mt;

dttp;//www.trfjugmaecgstftuefcgma.`s/`s/kurfsprun`gefm/5mofgms/=`gt`gefm.msp]

ecn['M',,6 mee`ss`n cg '4/*)/4*'86 pmrmormpd ' ci td` kunob`gt.

=:0

fjfn6 pmrmormpd , ci td` kunob`gt.

=:9

=`` 6urfs `t n` kur`; Hcgmtdmg Jmw mgn #af!mj`td &. 7mrtfg6 & 2fetfcgmry ci Jmw

(`n."6 4*'86 icrn 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. '*8.

=:?

fjfn6 gc. '486 pmrmormpd ,(m" ci td` kuno`b`gt.

=:4

fjfn6 gc. '486 pmrmormpd ,(m" ci td` kunob`gt.

http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/es/jurisprudencia/Paginas/Sentencia.aspx?cod=16133





ncb`stfe vfca`ge` amw. Od`fr maaòmtfcgs suppcrt m ea`mr r`kètfcg ci td` syst`b

ci prcci mgn m nèamrmtfcg ci m jr`med ci td` ecgstftutfcgma mgn #E$% rfodts ci

b`g fg =pmfg. ?g td`fr kunob`gt6 dcw`v`r6 td` kuno`s ci td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt

nfsbfss`n Utd` Nu`stfcg ci ugecgstftutfcgmafty^ rmfs`n jy td` bmofstrmt` ci td`

spèfmafs`n ecurt jy mroufgo td` g``n icr miifrbmtfv` metfcg tc `gsur` td`

prctètfcg ci wcb`g.'4+ &ppmr`gtay6 td`y nfn gct ecgsfn`r td` maaòmtfcgs mgn

ecge`rgs ci td` acw`r ecurt cg td` nfserfbfgmtcry mspèt ci td` amw mgn td`

ìièts cg td` rfodts ci b`g tc `NumaftyL rmtd`r6 td`y r`ft`rmt`n td`fr stmge` fg

pr`vfcus edmaa`go`s ci6 mgn td` nèfsfcgs ci td` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt cg6 ',* td`

fgecgoruftf`s fg tdfs amw wftd mg àuefnmtfcg tdmt fs mgmacocus tc fts purpcs`.

#roc6 td` #Et$% mss`ssb`gt mgn fgt`rpr`tmtfv` bèdmgfsb > ms nfseuss`n

`mraf`r fg tdfs wcr< > nàv`s fgtc td` utfaftmrfmg mspèt ci td` b`msur`s mncpt`n

jy td` =tmt` tcwmrns scef`ty. Jòma `p`rts dmv` `pamfg`n td` Utà`cacofema

fgt`rpr`tmtfcg^',' ci &rtfea`s M('" mgn M(4" ci td` #E$% rfodt tc m imfr trfma wdfed

prctèts td` rfodt ci td` meeus`n/suspèt fg m erfbfgma prce``nfgo mgn tdmt td`

=:6

?jfn6 gc. '486 pmrmormpd 8(j" ci td` kunob`gt; Uft fs gct ugr`mscgmja` tc

ugn`rstmgn6 fg sdcrt6 tdmt fg bma` moor`ssfcg tcwmrns m wcbmg wdc fs cr wms dfs

pmrtg`r fs pèuafmray nmbmofgo tc td` ir``ncb ci td` smb`6 ftKs `vfn`gt d`r fgt`gsfif`n

sujkètfcg tc td` wfaa ci td` moor`sscr mgn fts pèuafmray nmbmo`n d`r nfogfty6 ms mg

mssmuat`n p`rscg ugn`r mg fgòmaftmrfmg struetur` wdfed ecgsfn`rs d`r ms fgi`rfcr6 ms m

j`fgo wftd acw`r s<faas6 mjfaftf`s mgn rfodts tc wdfed `v`ry p`rscg fs wcrtdy^.=58

=`` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt Hunob`gt (=OE" c. '4/4**+ ci 4M ci 7my

4**+6 pujafsd`n fg 1#; iifefma m!`tt` c. '8+ ci 4* ci Hug`6 4**+L s`` masc6 =OE

c. 8@/4**+ ci '+ ci `jrumry6 4**+6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. '+@6

ci '4 ci &uoust 4*'*L s`` masc6 =OE c. @+/4**)6 ci '8 ci 7my 4**)6 pujafsd`n fg 1#

P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` '** ci 4M Hug` 4**).

=5=

2cvynms Yft<mus<ms mgn rfocrfy 2f<cv6 5rctètfgo td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma ugn`rtd` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg cg $ubmg %fodts6 4*'46 Ecugefa ci #urcp` $ubmg %fodts

$mgnjcc<6 p. *.



Uctd`r pmrtfefpmgts fg td` trfma (vfetfbs mgn wftg`ss`s6 `te." dmv` gc stmgnfgo tc

ecbpamfg ugn`r ft^.',4 urtd`rbcr`6 td` #Et$%6 fg Um'dgcys'fy $. Zussfm6

r`mscg`n cg mg &rtfea` M ci td` #E$% ecbpamfgt jy mncptfgo m utfaftmrfmg

fgt`rpr`tmtfv` mpprcmed wdfed scuodt tc medf v` td` `gns tdfs prcvfsfcg

s`rv`s.',, ?g afodt ci tdfs6 td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma fs mg fgtòrma pmrt ci td` #E$%

sup`rvfscry fgstrub`gt cg erfbfgma prce``nfgos mbcgo b`bj`r stmt`s.

?g ecgs`Nu`ge`6 td` #Et$% mttmed`s or`mt`r fbpcrtmge` tc stmt`sK ncb`stfe

ecurt prce``nfgos6 `spèfmaay nurfgo td` fgv`stfomtfv` pdms` ci mg maa o`n

erfbfgma cii`ge` mgn td` b`tdcns ci Nu`stfcgfgo m suspèt fg erfbfgma

prce``nfgos.',8 &atdcuod ugn`r &rtfea` M ci td` #E$% stmt`s `gkcy m bmrofg ci

nfser`tfcg fg td` prcbuaomtfcg ci ncb`stfe amw6 ft fs ecgifg`n tc td` sujstmgtfv`

mgn prce`nurma prcvfsfcgs mgn gct tc sujta` mr`ms ci nfserfbfgmtfcg6 ms

`pr`ss`n fg &rtfea` '8 ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg. cr fgstmge`6 fg Ldmg $. td` %gft`n

Lfgoncb6 td` #Et$% dàn tdmt m prce`nurma nìèt fg m stmt` ncb`stfe amw wfaa

gct mutcbmtfemaay Numafiy ms m jr`med ci td` prcvfsfcg ci td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma. ',@

Ecgv`rs ay6 fg Zced` $. td` %gft n Lfgoncb6 td` Ecurt ecgnuet`n mg

mppafemjfafty t`st cg ncb`stfe amw fg crn`r tc `gsur` tdmt td`r` wms gc jr`med fg

=5:

fjfn6 p. *

=55

Um'dgc$s'fy $. Zussfm6 &pp. gc. 4'44/*,6 (#Et$% PE6 cv`bj`r 46 4*'*"6

pmrmormpd ++-'*

=5>

:bjrfcsefm $. U2ft-`ramgn 6 &pp gc. ',+4/))6 (#Et$%6 cv`bj`r 486 '++,"6

pmrmormpds ,+-88L Umanu- $. #ur'`y &pp gc. ,M,+'/*46 (#Et$% PE6 cv`bj`r 4)6

4**)"6 pmrmormpds @M -M4L 8mgc$fts $. Eyprus6 &pp gc. 84M)/*86 (#Et$%6 2è`bj`r

''6 4**)"6 pmrmormpds MM-.

=50

Ldmg $. #d` %L 6 &pp gc. ,@,+8/+6 (#Et$%6 7my '46 4***"6 pmrmormpds ,8-8*



fts mppafemtfcg cr Uvmou`g`ss^',M fg fts prcvfsfcgs wd`r`fg td` Ecurt ecuan ifgn

r`mscg tc nèamr` m jr`med ci &rtfea` M prcvfsfcgs ci td` #E$%. ?gefn`gtmaay6 cg`

ci td` Nu`stfcgs icrbuamt`n jy td` bmofstrmt` ci td` spèfmafs`n erfbfgma ecurt fg

&ajme`t`6 =pmfg wms cg td` Uvmou`g`ss fg &rtfea` '@,('" ci td` Erfbfgma

Ecn`^6', wdfed d` ecgsfn`r s fg vfcamtfcg ci mrtfea 4@('" ci td` =pmgfsd

Ecgstftutfcg mgn smgetfcgs vfcamtfcgs fg =pmgfsd imbfay amw cg s`pmrmtfcg6

nfvcre` mgn edfan eustcny.

Odfs eurr gt wcr< dms cjs`rv`n `vfn`ge` ci `gcrbcus pr`ssur` cg kuno`s tc

mppay =pmgfsd amw fg m sujstmgtfv` bmgg`r. &aa td` pr`ssur` s``bs tc j` acmn`n

cg td` kuno`sK sdcuan`rs6 wdc6 j`fgo mppr`d`gsfv` ci scefma mamrb fi mg maaò`n

vfetfb fs n`gf`n prctètfcg6 mppay td` amw6 fg bcst ems`s6 fgstfgetfvày. 9d`g m

wcbmg ms<s icr m prct etfcg cr r`strmfgfgo crn r6 td`y mr` ecge`n`n

mutcbmtfemaay6 mabcst wftdcut tm<fgo fgtc meecugt td` `fstfgo `vfn`ge`6 mgn tdfs

dms emus`n s`rfcus dmrb jèmus` td` pcafe` dmv` prce``n`n tc mrr`st

tdcusmgns ci b`g upcg v`ry tdfg `vfn`ge` mgn kuno`s dmv` rà`ms`n td` b`g

momfg6 jut wftd td`s` prctètfv` b`msur s fg pame`.',) g tdfs gct 6 ft fs

=59

%mnfc Owfst .U. $. Uac$m'fm+ &pp gc. M44*4/**6 (#Et$%6 2è`bj`r '+6 4**M"6

pmrmormpds M4 -4L s`` masc 2$ mgn td`rs v. td` E!èd %`pujafe6 &pp gc. @,4@/**6

(#Et$% PE6 cv`bj`r ',6 4**".

=5?

?jfn6 gc. '486 pmrmormpd ,(e" ci td` kunob`gt; U?g mnnftfcg6 ft fs nfiifeuat tc

ugn`rstmgn fts ecgicrbfty wftd &rtfea` 4@('" ci td` Ecgstftutfcg td` vmou`g`ss fg &rtfea`

'@,('" ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn` fg td` crn`r ci n`t`rbfgmtfcg ci td` bfgfbub ci p`gmaty icr

fgempmeftmtfcg tc ``refs` td` pmr`gtma rfodt6 eustcny6 oumrnfmg cr icst`rfgo^.

=54

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea` @88 jfsL =`` masc Hunfefma =tmtfstfema 2mtm fg &ppafemtfcg J

'/4**8 =ubbmry ci y`mrs (nmtm ircb Huay 4**@ tc Hug` 4*'4 (4' cv`bj`r 4*'4".

&vmfamja mt;dttp;//www.pcn`rkunfefma.`s/eopk/`s/O`bms/Yfca`gefm_ncb`stfem_y_n`_o`g`rc/&etfvfnm

n_nà_js`rvmtcrfc/2mtcs_`stmnfstfecs/1mamge`_n`_sf t`_mgcs_n`_am_er`mefcg_n`_a



fbpcrtmgt tc rèmaa tdmt td` `ss`ge` ci &rtfea` M ci td` #E$%6 ms stmt`n jy td`

#Et$% fg Lmrma`$feufs $. ?ftdumgfm6 fs ecge`rg cv`r Uwd`td`r mg mppafemgt wms

miicrn`n mbpa` cppcrtugfty tc stmt` dfs ems` mgn ecgt`st td` `vfn`ge` tdmt d`

ecgsfn`r`n imas ^.',+ #vfn`gtay6 td` #Et$% dms m strcgo ecbbftb`gt tc

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prfgefpa` ci sujsfnfmrfty ms meecbbcnmt`n fg td` #E$% stfaa ecgstrmfgs kuno`s.

?g mnnftfcg6 td`r` mr` b`msur`s mncpt`n wftdfg td` Ecugefa ci #urcp` tr`mty

wdfed prcvfn` ecv`rmo` icr stmt`sK amws cg miifrbmtfv` metfcg. Od`s` nfrètfv`s

prcvfn` stmt`s wftd mnvfe` cg dcw tc kustfiy td` nfserfbfgmtfcg ci Um sujstmgtfmaay

dfod`r prcpcrtfcg ci td` b`bj`rs ci cg` s`^'8* ugn`r #urcp`mg amws. ?g

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#Et$% mss`ssb`gt ncetrfg 6 fg wdfed m tà`cacofema fgt rpr`tmtfcg ecuan

suppcs` m ecgsfn`rmtfcg cg wd`td`r mg metfcg fs Ugè`ssmry fg m n`bcermtfe

scef`ty^.'8'

-(7( Im.s Mee%smt&#!s m!$ Utmt Bms%rs M/m&!st Ft

cs_Hu!omncs_n`_Yfca`gefm_scjr`_am_7uk`r__4**@_4*'4_6 mee`ss`n cg '+/*)/4*'86

p. *4; UOd` Ecurts ci Yfca`ge` momfgst 9cb`g mncpt`n sfge` 4**@ M*@.+MM erfbfgma prctètfv` b`msur`s. i td`s`6 4,M6M)M w`r` fssu`n r`strmfgfgo crn`rsL '++68', jmgs

ecbbugfemtfcg wftd td` vfetfb PwcbmgL 88.,,* prcdfjftfcgs tc r`turg tc td` se`g` ci

td` erfb`L 846,'@ susp`gsfcgs ci pcss`ssfcg cr us` ci w`mpcgsL ,+6))@ crn`rs '+6*MM

cut ci td` dcb` mgn eustcnfma b`msur`s^.

=56

fjfn6 gc. ''46 pmrmormpd 8@ ci td` kuno`b`gt

=>8

=`` &rtfea` 4(4" ci td` Ecugefa 2frètfv` +/)*/#E ci '@ 2è`bj`r '++ cg td`

1urn`g ci 5rcci fg Ems`s ci 2fserfbfgmtfcg 1ms`n cg =`6 HJ '86 4*/*'/'++)6 pp. M-).

=>=

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` )(4"



Od`r` dmv` j``g gub`rcus cuterf`s'84 cv`r td` gctcrf`ty ci mjus` tdrcuod imas`

meeusmtfcgs ci tdfs prctètfcg ròfb` icr i`bma` vfetfbs ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge`.

g` kurfst stmt`s tdmt td` ecurts Udmv` ecgs`gt`n tc td` n`t`gtfcg ci tdcusmgns

ci b`g wdc mit`rwmrns6 fg bcst ems`s6 dmv` j``g meNuftt`n6 mgn prcjmjay dmv`

ecgvfet`n bcr` tdmg cg` fggce`gt fg td` mppafemtfcg ci scb` amws wdfed

n`gcbfgmt` td` meeus`n ms Tmoor`sscrK `v`g jìcr` mgy fgv`stfomtfcg mfb`n mt

nfsecv`rfgo td` e`rtmfgty ci td` fgefn`gt^.'8, mas` meeusmtfcg fs p`gmafs`n ugn`r

mrtfea` 8@M ci td` =pmgfsd Erfbfgma Ecn`.'88 Odfs prcvfsfcg ci td` amw ecgtmfgs

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8@ ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`6 wdfed masc prcdfjfts imas` meeusmtfcg6 fs cit`g us`n tc

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jèmus` mrtfea` 8@ ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn` emrrf`s td` p`gmaty ci m ifg` mgn gc

prfvmtfcg ci afj`rty.

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m erfb` d` dmn gct ecbbftt`n cr nfsecgtfgu` td` meeusmtfcg mgn amy eamfb tc

rfodts ugn`r mrtfea` 8'M ci JÈrfb.'8@ Odfs prcvfsfcg ci td` amw p`rbfts m nfrèt

=>:

=`` crub icr td` &jus`n 7`g6 4*',6 &vmfamja` mt;

dttp;//dcbjr`s-bmatrmtmncs.ecb/icrc4/vf`wtcpfe.pdp]

i[''\t[4)8\sfn[M'**n*'m+n8+88m8@)*`+j*4`**,ej4@ 6 mee`ss`n cg ''/*)/4*'8.

=>5

7mrfm =mgmdukm 1u`gmv`gturm6 Jms 2`gugefms masms6 #a 5mfs `wspmp`r6 44

ci 2è`bj`r6 4**)6 &vmfamja` mt;

dttp;//àpmfs.ecb/nfmrfc/4**)/'4/44/cpfgfcg/'44++**8*@_)@*4'@.dtba6 mee`ss`n cg

''/*)/4*'8.

=>>

romgfe Jmw '*/'++@ ci 4, cv`bj`r6 ci td` 5`gma Ecn`6 pujafsd`n fg 1#

P=tmt` ciifefma m!`tt` c. 4)' ci cv`bj`r 486 '++@.

=>0

fjfn6 gc. M6 &rtfea` 8'M

http://hombres-maltratados.com/foro2/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=2784&sid=6100d01a9d4944a4580e9b02e003cb25





imbfay b`bj`r tc rìus` tc t`stfiy momfgst td` meeus`n. ?g scb` ems`s6 wcb`g

wdc dmv` fgstftut`n m imas` meeusmtfcg dmv` amfn eamfb tc rfodts ugn`r mrtfea` 8'M

ci J#Erfb fg crn`r tc nfsecgtfgu` td` erfbfgma prce`nur` momfgst td`fr dusjmgn.

&eecrnfgo tc mg mgguma stmt` ciifefma cjs`rvmtcry r`pcrt cg ncb`stfe vfca`ge`

ròmrnfgo ems`s ircb td` prcsèutcrKs ciife`6 fg 4*'4 mg `stfbmt`n ',) wcb`g

cut ci 48, wdc wftdnr`w td`fr meeusmtfcg dmn pr`s`gt`n m eamfb ci o`gn`r

vfca`ge` mgn mjus` momfgst td`fr ecgkuoma pmrtg`r '8M mgn tdfs ifour` dms j``g cg

td` fger`ms`.'8 Odfs rècrn fgnfemt`s td` `fst`ge` ci imas` meeusmtfcgs jy

wcb`g wdcs` fgt`gtfcgs w`r` tc mjus` cr tm<` mnvmgtmo` ci td` prctètfcg

ròfb` icr p`rscgma v`gn`ttm. Od`r` mr` s`v`rma ems`s ci imas` meeusmtfcgs

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ecgvfetfcg. Od`r` mr` masc ems`s wd`r`fg `vfn`ge` ci imas` ecbpamfgt `fst`n

mgn td` ecurt dmn gc mat`rgmtfv` tdmg tc meNuft td` meeus`n.'8)

=>9

=`` Tctfefms HurfnfemsK6 Od` rìusma ci wcb`g tc t`stfiy momfgst d`r dusjmgn6

td` bmfg emus` wdfed cjafo`s td` 5rcsèutcr tc wftdnrmw edmro`s momfgst m

p`rp`trmtcr6 4*'46 &vmfamja` mt; dttp;//gctfefms.kurfnfems.ecb/metuma/,')4-am-

gòmtfvm-n -am-buk`r-m-nèamrmr-`g-ecgtrm-n`-su-bmrfnc-prfgefpma-emusm-Nu`-cjafom-m-

am-ifsemafm-m-r`tfrmr-emrocs-m-ug-bmatrmtmncr.dtba6 mee`ss`n cg 4)/*)/4*'8.

=>?

=`` Ecgeausfcgs ircb td` Y??? =`bfgmr ci td` 2àòmt` 5rcsèutcrs fg

2cb`stfe Yfca`ge` momfgst 9cb`g - fg td` G`mr 4*'46 7mnrfn6 ) tc + etcj`r6 4*'46

&vmfamja mt; dttp;//www.ifsema.`s/$cb`.dtba]pmo`gmb`[5fsemaQ45mo`

Q4#_dcb`\efn['48*@@++M,M@\_edmrs` t_[uti-

)\jusemncr[4\pmamjrm[vfca`ge`Wo`g`rcWn`gugefmWimasm\jtg1usemr[1usemr 6

mee`ss`n cg '8/*)/4*'86 p. *8; UOd` 5rcsèutcrs ma`rt tdmt Twdfa` ft fs cjs`rv`n fg td`

mpp`mas icr r`vf`w jy td` =ècgn Edmbj`r ci td` =upr`b` EcurtK tdmt td` ecgvfet`n

ncb`stfe vfca`ge` acno`n m ecbpamfgt momfgst td` vfetfb6 d`r imbfay6 eamfbfgo tdmt td`

Tsca` jmsfsK i cr dfs ecgvfetfcg wms td` ugfNu` mgn èausfv` nèamrmtfcg ci td` vfetfb.

Od` wcbmg omv` ecgicrbfty cg td` edmro` mgn fs s`gt`ge`nI.

=>4

=`` 5rcvfgefma Ecurt6 =ètfcg ' ci Yma`gefm6 Hunob`gt c. ','/4*'86 E#2H

?n; 8M4@*,**'4*'8'***+4L s`` masc (rfofnm $. 6cs` Zmbcg" 5rcvfgefma Ecurt6=ètfcg6 ci Yma`gefm6 Hunob`gt c. ***',M/4*'86 E#2H ?n;

8M4@*,**'4*'8'***+,6 =ètfcg 4 ci td` kunob`gt; UOd` Ecurt meNufts td` meeus`n >

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?g Ems` c. 8@M/4**+ ci td` Erfbfgma Ecurt ci 7mamom6 m bmg meeus`n ci

ncb`stfe vfca`ge` wms meNuftt`n ci s`v`rma iàcgfcus cii`ge`s6 rmgofgo ircb

Uec`refcg6 samgn`r mgn n`mtd tdr`mt tc Pdfs wfi`^. '8+ $fs meNufttma wms gct ms m

r`suat ci td` ecurtKs j`g`vca`ge`6 jut jèmus` td` twc nmuodt`rs ci td` meeus`n

omv` m wftg`ss stmt`b`gt fgnfemtfgo dcw td`fr Ubctd`r wms euttfgo d`rsài wftd m

<gfi`6 dfttfgo d`r d`mn cg td` wmaa mgn Pscb`tfb`s iacoofgo d`rsài cg jctd aòs6

a`mvfgo jrufs`s^6'@* tdus fgiafetfgo fgkurf s cg d`rsài fg crn`r tc meeus` d`r

dusjmgn. =urprfsfgoay6 td` prcsèutcr sfbpay wmrg`n td` wcbmg tc Un`sfst ircb

pr`s`gtfgo imas` eamfb^'@' mgn gc iurtd`r metfcg wms tm<`g.

?g vf`w ci td` icròcfgo6 ft fs cjvfcus tdmt td` stmt` fs gct ecge`rg`n wftd td`

gubj`r ci imas` meeusmtfcg bmn` jy wcb`g6 jut tdmt wcb`g `bjrme` td` amw

icr td`fr prct etfcg. $`ge` td` =tmt ?gt`rfcr 7fgfstry er`mt`n6 fg 4*''6 m

2`pmrtb`gt icr 9cb`g ugn`r td` 7fgfstry ci $`matd.'@4 Odfs n`pmrtb`gt

`bjmr<`n cg m prcormbb` ci gòmtfv` prcpmomgnm momfgst b`g6 puttfgo up

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j`fgo mar`mny jrc<`g6 tdmt td` nì`gnmgt ecgtmet`n 7s 1rfnofnm jy tà`pdcg`6 wftd

`pr`ssfcg cr `pr`ssfcgs sued ms Umt `fodt ? wfaa stcp jy6 fi ? ncgKt s`` dfb (td`fr edfan"6

? wfaa <faa ycu^K^.

=>6

=`` 7Samom Erfbfgma Ecurt c. ''6 Hunob`gt c. 8@M/*+6 ' ci cv`bj`r6

4**+6 E`gnck ?n; ')*+'4**'4*'*'**M),6 pmrmormpd *,.

=08

fjfn6 pmrmormpd *) ci td` kuno`b`gt

=0=

fjfn6 gc. '8+6 pmrmormpd *' ci td` prcsèutcrKs gct`

=0:

=`` 7fgfstry ci $`matd6 =cefma =`rvfe`s mgn #Numafty6 er`mt`n ugn`r td` %cyma

2èr``(s" ')4,/4*''6 ci 4' 2è`bj`r 4*''L '))/4*''6 ci ,* 2è`bj`r 4*'' mgn

4**/4*'4 ci 4, Hmgumry6 4*'4; &vmfamja` mt;dttps;//www.bsssf.ocj.`s/ssf/vfca`gefm`g`rc/=`gsfjfaf!mefcg/Embpmgms5ujafeftmrfms/

trmsEmbpmgms/dcb`.dtb6 mee`ss`n cg '+/*)/4*'8.



jfaajcmrns cg td` str``ts tdmt pcrtrmy b`g ms `vfa. =cb` ci td` jfaajcmrns emrry

fgnfetfgo eamfbs momfgst b`g mgn w`r` nfspamy`n fg `v`ry ecrg`r ci td` efty6

fgeaunfgo mr`ms g`mr sedccas6 sc w`r` vfsfja` tc edfanr`g. =cb` ci td` jfaajcmrns

ecgtmfg`n td` fbmo` ci m edfan smyfgo tc dfs bctd`r U7&7&6 nc ft icr us6 T&etK^.'@,

?g mnnftfcg6 td`r` w`r` jfaajcmrns pcrtrmyfgo wcb`g ms td` Toccn^ cg`; td`

vfetfb. g` sued j`mrs td` fgserfptfcg U2cgKt `v`r tdfg< ci rmfsfgo ycur dmgns tc

b`6 T#Y#%K^.'@8 Od` prcpmomgnm bmedfg` ci td` ?gt`rfcr 7fgfstry tcc< m

emaeuamt`n st`p tc n`bcgfs` b`g fg wdmt td` bfgfstry t`rb`n m Us`gsftf!mtfcg

embpmfog^.'@@ 3sfgo edfanr`g6 td`y mfr`n bmgy tà vfsfcg ecbb`refmas tdmt

prcbpt`n edfanr`g tc j` wmry ci td`fr imtd`r. Od` cjkètfv` ci td`s` metfcgs wms

tc `gecurmo` wcb`g tc n`gcuge` vfca`gt cr mjusfv` metfcgs momfgst td`b6

d`ge` mgy b`msur` tc prcsèut` imas` meeusmtfcgs wcuan prcacgo td` `bjrme`

ci tdfs aòfsamtfcg edmbpfcg`n jy td` scefmafst ocv`rgb`gt icr td`fr prctètfcg.

Od` b`msur` ci suii rfgo `gnur`n jy bma` vfetfbs ci Jmw '/4**8 fs cgay

ormtfif`n jy td` ecgscamtfcg tdmt td`y mr` ir`` mgn dmv` cv`recb` td` `gtfr`

gfodtbmrfsd `pfscn`.'@M #vfn`gtay6 td` imet tdmt td`s` Us`gsftf!mtfcg^ bèdmgfsbs

=05

fjfn

=0>

=`` Od` vfn`c Tc s` t` ceurrm a`vmgtmrb` am bmgc kmbmsK6 &vmfamja` mt; dttps;//www.ycutuj`.ecb/wmted]

v[Ht'iujm,w\i`mtur`[ycutu.j 6 mee`ss`n cg ''/*)/4*'8.

=00

fjfn6 gc. '@46 U=`gsfjfaf!mefõg^

=09

=`` (rfofnm $. 6cs` Zmbcg" 5rcvfgefma Ecurt6 =ètfcg6 ci Yma`gefm6 Hunob`gt

c. ***',M/4*'86 E#2H ?n; 8M4@*,**'4*'8'***+,6 =ètfcg 4 ci td` kunob`gt;

UOd` ecbpamfgt ci 1rfofnm omv` rfs` tc6 gct kust td` mrr`st ci Hcs` %mbcg6 jut td`metfvmtfcg ci prctètfv` b`msur`s momfgst dfb. Od`s` b`msur`s fgeaun`n r`strmfgfgo

crn`r prcdfjftfgo mpprcmed mgn/cr ecbbugfemtfcg tc td` maaò`n vfetfb^.

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mr` icugn `v`g fg pcafe` stmtfcgs6 wd`r` wcb`g mr` `pèt n ròuamrs6'@

`gecurmo`s spftìuag`ss fg td` mbjft ci td` imbfay.

?t6 ecgs`Nu`gtay6 prcnue`s gub`rcus cbfssfcgs6 iamormgt kunfefma `rrcrs mgn

mgcbmaf`s fg td` iugetfcgfgo ci td` mnbfgfstrmtfcg ci kustfe` > fg prctètfgo td`

rfodts ci td` vfetfbs ms wàa ms td` rfodts ci td` meeus`n tc kustfe` > tdmt

fgirfgo`s upcg td` rfodt tc afj`rty ms stmt`n fg &rtfea` @('" ci td` #E$%. &gn fg

orcss kunfefma bmaprmetfe`s6 mrtfea` '4''@) ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg cuodt tc

mppay fg crn`r tc prcvfn` ìiètfv` r`nr`ss icr td` dmrbs suii`r`n jy bmgy b`g

wdc dmv` `p`rf`ge`n Jmw '/4**8 fg prmetfe`.

Edmptr I#%r" Im)&.8 Am: 4F!tr!mt&#!m. Am: Xrr#/mt&, #! td Z&/dt t#

Im)&.8 .&5;

=(' F!tr#$%et&#!

Od` #E$% pr`rcomtfv` cg td` rfodt tc imbfay afi` fgeaun`s td` rfodt tc prfvmey6

wdfed fs iugnmb`gtma tc pr`s`rvfgo td` rfodts ci jctd wcb`g mgn b`g ugn`r

dubmg rfodts prctètfcg. &rtfea` )('" ci td` #E$% prcvfn`s td` fgvfcamjfafty ci

imbfay afi` mgn prfvmey fg td`fr prfvmt` spme`s mgn fgt`rmetfcgs. =ujs`Nu`gtay6

=0?

=`` Y? T?gicrb` 2` #spmhm Ecgv`gefõg 5mrm Jm #afbfgmefõg 2` Ocnms Jms

crbms 2` 2fserfbfgmefõg Ecgtrm Jm 7uk`r (Y? %`pcrt ci =pmfg Ecgv`gtfcg icr td`

#afbfgmtfcg ci maa crbs ci 2fserfbfgmtfcg &omfgst 9cb`g"6 7mr!c 2` 4**)K6

&vmfamja mt;

dttp;//www.bsssf.ocj.`s/ssf/foumanmnpcrtugfnmn`s/fgt`rgmefcgma/cgu/2ceub`gtcs/Y?_

?gicr_bmr!c_4**). pni6 mee`ss`n cg ''/*)/4*'8; U9ftdfg td` pcafe` mr` fgstrub`gts tc

`gecurmo` vfetfbs tc r`pcrt mjus` mgn bmatr`mtb`gt mgn cp`rmtfcgs ci spèfma pcafe`

s`rvfe`s sued ms Emr` icr 9cb`g (=&7" mgn td` cr`fog Eftf!`g^6 p. ) pmrmormpd

8'M.

=04

=`` &rtfea` '4' ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg ci '+)6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt`

iifefma m!`tt` gc. ,'' ci 4+ 2è`bj`r '+); U2mbmo`s emus`n jy kunfefma `rrcr mgntdcs` wdfed r`suat ircb td` mjgcrbma cp`rmtfcg ci td` &nbfgfstrmtfcg ci Hustfe` cuodt tc

prcvfn` td` rfodt tc mg fgn`bgfifemtfcg jy td` =tmt`6 fg meecrnmge` wftd td` amw^.



&rtfea` )(4" `pafeftay prcdfjfts stmt`s ircb mgy Ufgt`ri`r`ge`^'@+ fg td`s` rfodts6

è`pt wd`r` Ugè`ssmry fg m n`bcermtfe scef`ty Pfg td` fgt`r`st ci gmtfcgma

sèurfty mgn pujafe smi`ty^'M* cr icr td` ``refs` ci td` stmt`Ks pcsftfv` cjafomtfcg

tc ctd`r eftf!`gs. Od` eamus`s fg tdfs prcvfsfcg icrb td` jmsfs icr td` #Et$%

prcpcrtfcgmafty mss`ssb`gt ci stmt` metfcgs fg crn`r tc `gsur` tdmt stmt`s6 fg td`

``refs` ci tdfs pcsftfv` cjafomtfcg6 nc gct fgirfgo` cg td`fr gòmtfv` nuty tc

mjstmfg ircb td` vfcamtfcg ci ctd`r p`cpa`Ks rfodts mgn ir``ncb. %ì`r`ge`s emg

j` bmn` tc U, mgn Ctd`rs $. ustrfm6 mgn6 bcst rè`gtay6 Ymaafmgmtcs mgn

Ctd`rs $. *r`è` ms scb` ci td` bmgy ems`s wd`r` td` #Et$% `pr`ss`n

v`rsmtfafty fg serutfgfsfgo stmt` ecbpafmge` wftd td` rfodt tc imbfay afi`. ?g U, mgn

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td` Ecgv`gtfcg^'M' jèmus` ft wms smtfsif n wftd td` stmt kustfifemtfcg icr

fgtrusfcg fgtc td` nèfsfcgs ci td` imbfay. Odus6 td` stmt`6 meecrnfgo tc td` Ecurt6

nfn gct Uè``n td` bmrofg ci mpprèfmtfcg miicrn`n tc ft^. 'M4 Odfs Ubmrofg ci

mpprèfmtfcg emg j` r`strfet`n^6'M, ms fs td` ems` fg Ymaafmgmtcs mgn Ctd`rs $.

=06


=98


=9=

fjfn6 gc. @M6 pmrmormpd *4 ci td` Ecurt 2èfsfcg

=9:

fjfn6 gc @M6 pmrmormpd ''@ ci td` kuno`b`gtL s`` masc !$mgs $. td` %gft`n

Lfgoncb6 &pp gc. M,,+/*@ (#Et$%6 &prfa '*6 4**"6 pmrmormpd ci td` kunob`gtL 7.+

3. mgn H. $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb+ &pp gc. 4'),*/+,6 (#Et$%6 =`pt`bj`r ',6 '++@"6

pmrmormpd 88 ci td` kunob`gtL "r`tt` $. "rmge`6 gc. ,M@'@/+6 &pp gc. ,M@'@/+6

(#Et$%6 `jrumry 4M6 4**4"6 pmrmormpd 8' ci td` kunob`gtL Edrfstfg` *ccn2fg $. td`

%gft`n Lfgoncb+ &pp gc. 4)+@/+@6 (#Et$%6 Huay ''6 4**4"6 pmrmormpd )@ ci td`

kunob`gtL mgn . . mgn E. $. :ràmgn 6 &pp gc. 4@@+/*@6 (#Et$%6 2è`bj`r 'M6

4*'*"6 pmrmormpd 4,4 ci td` kunob`gt

=95



*r`è`6 wd`r` td` #Et$% rua`n tdmt td` stmt vfcamt n &rtfea` ) ci td`

Ecgv`gtfcg jèmus` td` amws w`r` nfserfbfgmtcry. ?g ctd`r wcrns6 td`

gcgecgicrbfty ci stmt` ròuamtfcg wftd m prcvfsfcg ci td` #E$% wftdfg td` stmt`Ks

``refs` ci fts pcsftfv` nuty mbcugts tc m jr`med ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg. Odfs wcr<

me<gcwa`no`s tdmt td` #Et$% rècogfs`s Uo`gn`r-jms`n vfca`ge` Pms m icrb ci

nfserfbfgmtfcg momfgst wcb`g^6'M8 td`r`jy mafogfgo wftd fgt`rgmtfcgma ròfb`s fg

ràmtfcg tc `Numafty. Ecgs`Nu`gtay6 td` #Et$% ecuan j` sybpmtd tfe tc td`

b`msur`s mncpt`n icr td` prctètfcg ci i`bma` vfetfbs nu` tc fts prcor`ssfv`

kuno`b`gt ncetrfg`.'M@

g td` mjcv` gct`6 Jmw '/4**86 wdfed mncpt`n b`msur`s tdmt `t`gn j`ycgn

prct etfcg ircb er fbfgma j`dmvfcur tc td` mppafemtfcg ci imbfay amws cg

s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre` mgn edfan eustcny > fg ems`s ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` cr mjus`

> dms edmrmet`rfstfes ci fgecgoru`gt ecge`ptuma fgi`r`ge` wdfed mr` empmja` ci

o`g`rmtfgo ecgiafetfgo ocmas wftd tdcs` ci td` #E$% cg `Numafty. &rtfea` 8+ jfs ci

td` Efvfa 5rce`nur` &et '/4*** ci Hmgumry6 ms mb`gn`n jy mrtfea` @ ci Jmw

'/4**86 omv` td` spèfmafs`n ecurts cg o`gn`r vfca`ge` èausfv` kurfsnfetfcg tc

`gt`rtmfg efvfa bmtt`rs.'MM $cw`v`r6 mrtfea` ) t`r ci td` romgfe Hunfefmry &et

!$mgs $. td` %gft`n Lfgoncb6 &pp gc. M,,+/*@ (#Et$%6 &prfa '*6 4**"6

pmrmormpd ci td` kuno`b`gt

=9>

=`` Cpu- $. #ur'`y 6 &pp gc. ,,8*'/*46 (#Et$%6 Hug` +6 4**+"6 pmrmormpd 4**

ci td` kuno`b`gt.

=90

fjfn gc. 48

=99

=`` pmrmormpd @ ci &rtfea` 8+ jfs ci td` Efvfa 5rce`nur` Jmw '/4*** ci

Hmgumry6 4***6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. 6 *)/*'/4***; UOd`Yfca`ge` momfgst 9cb`g Ecurts sdmaa ``refs` td`fr pcw`rs fg efvfa bmtt`rs fg m sca`

mgn èausfv` bmgg`r6 fg meecrnmge` mt maa tfb`s wftd td` prce`nur`s mgn mpp`mas



M/'+)@6 ms mb`gn`n fg mrtfea` 88 ci Jmw '/4**86 mwmrn`n `pr`ss kurfsnfetfcgma

pcw`rs tc td` kuno`s fg spèfmafs`n ecurts cg nèfsfcgs ròmrnfgo td` amw cg

s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre`6 edfan eustcny6 mncptfcg mgn mnbfgfstrmtfv` nèfsfcgs

ròmrnfgo td` prctètfcg ci bfgcrs.'M Od`s` amws ecgtmfg `pafeft b`msur`s

mppafemja` tc jctd vfetfb mgn cii`gn`r ugn`r ncb`stfe vfca`ge` amw wdfed mr` mt

td` nfspcsma ci td` fgv`stfomtfv` mgn trfma kuno`s nurfgo td` fgv`stfomtfv` mgn trfma

prce`ss. Od` w`fodt ci tdfs stuny fs cg `stmjafsdfgo td` ìiètfv`g`ss ci td`s`

prcvfsfcgs ms m b`msur` ci td` prctètfcg ci wcb`gKs rfodts6 `Numafty mgn

ir``ncb mgn6 sfbuatmg`cusay6 r`spètfgo td` rfodts ci b`g. cr fgstmge`6 wd`g

scb`cg` dms j``g ecgvfet`n ci ncb`stfe vfca ge` mgn s`rv`n dfs/d`r

ecgvfetfcg6 fs td` mppafemtfcg ci iurtd`r pugftfv` b`msur`s sued ms td`

n`prfvmtfcg ci td` pmr`gtma rfodts ci td` cii`gn`r suftmja` ugn`r td` #E$%]

2c`s ft r`pr`s`gt ncuja` k`cpmrny] $cw prcpcrtfcgmt` fs tdmt tc td` edfanKs rfodt

tc imbfay afi`]

Od` fgt`rpr`tmtfcg ci td`s` metfcgs ms mg `mbpa` ci ncuja` k`cpmrny wcuan

r`v`ma m ecgtrmv`gtfcg ci jctd ?EE5% mgn #E$% prcvfsfcgs. &rtfea` '8(" ci td`

?EE5% stmt`s tdmt Uc cg` sdmaa j` afmja` tc j` trf`n cr pugfsd`n momfg icr mg

cii`ge` icr wdfed d` dms mar`mny j``g ifgmaay ecgvfet`n cr meNuftt`n fg

meecrnmge` wftd td` amw mgn p`gma prce`nur` ci `med ecugtry^.'M) =fbfamray6

`gvfsmo`n fg td` Efvfa 5rce`nur` &etI.

=9?

=`` pmrmormpd 4(m" tc 4(o" ci &rtfea` ) t`r6 =pmgfsd romgfe Jmw M/'+)@ cg

td` Hunfefma 5cw`r6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` gc. '@ ci Huay 4 '+)@.

=94

fjfn6 gc *)6 &rtfea` '8(" ci ?EE5%



&rtfea` 8('" 'M+ci 5rctceca tc td` #E$% `pr`ss`s td` pr`rcomtfv` momfgst

ncuja` k`cpmrny.

?g vf`w ci td` icròcfgo sftumtfcg ci acgo-nrmwg-cut pugfsdb`gts icr ncb`stfe-

vfca`ge`-ràmt`n cii`ge`s wdfed str`ted ircb pugftfv` b`msur`s tc jmgfsdb`gt

ircb ``refsfgo pmr`gtma rfodts6 Jmw '/4**8 ecgtmfgs m sujstmgtfv` rua` wdfed

vfcamt`s jctd b`gKs mgn edfanr`gKs rfodts tc imbfay afi`. &rtfea` )'(4" ci td` Efvfa

5rce`nur` Ecn` ràmtfgo tc s`pmrmtfcg mgn nfvcre` ms mb`gn`n fg Jmw '@/4**@

(#pr`ss 2fvcre` Jmw" `stmjafsd`s rmpfn nfvcre` mgn nìfg`s ecgnftfcgs wdfed

Numafiy icr td` mppafemtfcg ci U`pr`ss nfvcre` amw^ fg ems`s ci ncb`stfe

vfca`ge`. Odfs Jmw ecgtmfgs vmou` `pr`ssfcgs wftd ecgnftfcgs tdmt mr` amfn

ncwg icr td` purpcs` ci imefaftmtfgo rmpfn nfvcre` fg ems`s fgvcavfgo td`

spèfifemtfcgs b`gtfcg`n fg td` amw.'* $cw`v`r6 td` ugn`rayfgo fssu` wftd tdfs

amw fs fts mppafemtfcg ms mg mnnftfcgma mgn/cr prcacgo`n b`msur` momfgst

ncb`stfe vfca ge . Odus6 ft fs us`n fg efvfa nfvcre` ems`s > fg td` icrb ci

fgempmeftmtfgo td` ``refsfgo ci pmr`gtma rfodts wftdfg nfvcre` prce``nfgos mgn

kunob`gts > tc iurtd`r emstfomt` b`g icr td` cii`ge` ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` icr

wdfed td`y dmv` j``g trf`n ugn`r er fbfgma amw. &s stmt`n `mraf`r6 s`v`rma #Et$%

ems` amws fgnfemt` m ncetrfgma cppcsftfcg tc numa pugfsdb`gt ugn`r td` #E$%.

=96

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` 8('" ci 5rctceca c.

=?8

=`` &rtfea` )'(4" ci td` Ecn` ci Efvfa prce`nur` ràmtfgo tc s`pmrmtfcg mgn

nfvcre` ms mb`gn`n fg amw '@/4**@ (#pr`ss 2fvcre` Jmw"6 pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt`

iifefma m!`tt` gc 'M,; U&t td` r`Nu`st ci cg` ci td` spcus`s6 cge` tdr`` bcgtds

sfge` td` eà`jrmtfcg ci td` bmrrfmo` àmps`. Ft :&.. !#t j !essmr8 td .mps&!/ #5

td&s pr&#$ 5#r td &!trp#s&t&#! #5 $)m!$ :d! td &st!e #5 m r&s3 t# .&56

pd8s&em. &!t/r&t86 5r$#)6 )#rm. &!t/r&t8 #r s%m. 5r$#) m!$ &!t/r&t8 #5 td

mpp.&em!t sp#%s #r ed&.$r! #5 j#td mttst&!/ #r m!8 ))jr #5 )mrr&m/( &prcpcsma jms`n n`bmgn ci td` b`msur`s tc ròuamt` ft wfaa meecbpmgy td` ìièts ci

s`pmrmtfcg^.



Oc iurtd r juttr`ss tdfs mroub`gt ròmrnfgo td` gcgecgicrbfty ci ncuja

k`cpmrny fg td` #E$%6 td` #Et$%6 fg #dafbb`gcs $. *r`è`+ dàn tdmt Utd`

Ecurt ecgsfn`rs tdmt fbpcsfgo m iurtd`r smgetfcg cg td` mppafemgt wms

nfsprcpcrtfcgmt`^.'' ?g mnnftfcg6 fg U`ro`y Hcactu'dfg $. Zussfm6 td` #Et$% dàn

tdmt Utd` mfb ci &rtfea` 8 ci 5rctceca c. fs tc prcdfjft td` r`p`tftfcg ci erfbfgma

prce``nfgos tdmt dmv` j``g ecgeaun`n jy m TifgmaK nèfsfcg^.'4 Odfs

fgt`rpr`tmtfcg fs masc gct`n fg td` #pamgmtcry %`pcrt tc 5rctceca c. 6 wdfed

ftsài rì`rs jme< tc td` #urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg cg td` ?gt`rgmtfcgma Ymafnfty ci

Erfbfgma Hunob`gts; m Unèfsfcg fs ifgma Tfi6 meecrnfgo tc td` trmnftfcgma

`pr`ssfcg6 ft dms meNufr n td` icre` ci r`s kunfemtm. Odfs fs td` ems` wd`g ft fs

frr`vcemja`6 tdmt fs tc smy wd`g gc iurtd`r crnfgmry r`b`nf`s mr` mvmfamja` cr

wd`g td` pmrtf`s dmv` `dmust`n sued r`b`nf`s cr dmv` p`rbftt`n td` tfb`-

afbft tc `pfr` wftdcut mvmfafgo td`bs av`s ci td`bK^.', Odfs mpprcmed fs

`gtr`ged`n fg td` EcurtKs ems` amw.'8 ?g afodt ci tdfs6 td`r` fs gc kustfifemtfcg icr

=?=

fjfn6 gc. @6 #dafbb`gcs $. *r`è`+ pmrmormpd 8 ci td` kuno`b`gt

=?:

=`` U`ro`y Hcactu'dfg $. Zussfm+ &pp gc. '8+,+/*,6 (#Et$%6 `jrumry '*6

4**+"6 pmrmormpd '* ci td` kunob`gtL s`` masc "rmg- "fsed`r $. ustrfm6 &pp gc.

4@M+/*46 (#Et$%6 7my M6 4**,"6 pmrmormpd 44 ci td` kuno`b`gtL mgn *rmnfgo`r $. ustrfm6 &pp gc. '@+M,/+*6 #Et$%6 etcj`r 4,6 '++@"6 pmrmormpd 4M mgn @, ci td`

kuno`b`gt; UOdfs mrtfea` `bjcnf`s td` prfgefpa tdmt m p`rscg bmy gct j` trf`n cr

pugfsd`n momfg fg erfbfgma prce``nfgos ugn`r td` kurfsnfetfcg ci td` smb` =tmt` icr mg

cii`ge` icr wdfed d` dms mar`mny j``g ifgmaay meNuftt`n cr ecgvfet`n (gcg jfs fg fn`b"^.

=?5

=`` #pamgmtcry %`pcrt cg 5rctceca c. tc td` Ecgv`gtfcg icr td` 5rctètfcg

ci $ubmg %fodts mgn ugnmb`gtma r``ncbs6 #O= c. ''6 Ecugefa ci #urcp`.

=?>

=`` Mf'ftfg $. Zussfm6 &pp gc. @*')/++6 (#Et$%6 Huay 4*6 4**8"6 pmrmormpd ,

mgn ,crefmo $. Zcbmgfm6 &pp gc. *+)4/*'6 (#Et$%6 7mred '@6 4**@".



td` mppafemtfcg ci Jmw '/4**8 fg imbfay amw wd`r`fg ecgt`gtfcus fssu`s sued ms

s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre` mgn edfan eustcny mr` ròuamt`n.

=(*( Upmrmt&#!6 N&,#re m!$ Ed&.$ E%st#$8 & r`vf`w ci td` ecgs`Nu`gtfma j`mrfgo ci fgecrpcrmtfgo erfbfgma6 efvfa mgn imbfay

metfcgs fg ems`s ci o`gn`r vfca`ge` mfns fg `stmjafsdfgo td` i`mtur`s ci Jmw

'/4**8 mgn fts ecgicrbfty wftd td` #E$%. ctmjay6 tdfs ecbjfgmtfcg ci kunfefma

r`b`nf`s > cit`g trfoo`r`n jy cg` wcbmgKs pdcg` emaa tc td` pcafe` > fs momfgst6

gct kust td` #E$%6 jut ctd`r fgt`rgmtfcgma dubmg rfodts ròfb`s sued ms td` 3

Ecgv`gtfcg cg td` %fodts ci td` Edfan. &rtfea` M@ ci Jmw '/4**8 prcvfn`s icr td`

spèfmafs`n ecurts tc Ususp`gn td` maa o`n p`rp`trmtcrs ci mets ci o`gn`r

vfca`ge` ircb ``refsfgo pmr`gtma mutdcrfty6 eustcny cr oumrnfmgsdfp wftd

ròmrns tc bfgcrs d` cr sd` spèfif`s^.'@ Od` mppafemtfcg ci tdfs prcvfsfcg fs mt

td` nfser`tfcg ci td` kuno` mgn td` r`Nu`st ci td` vfetfb. &ppmr`gtay6 td`

mroub`gts `bpacy`n jy td` ecurts fg mwmrnfgo eustcny rfodts tc td` bctd`r mr`

ugn`rafg`n fg mrtfea ,(," ci Jmw '@/4**@ pr`rcomtfv`s mgn jms`n cg Utd`

mn`Numt` prctètfcg ci td` EdfanKs fgt`r`st^.'M ?g td` 3 Ecgv`gtfcg cg td`

%fodts ci td` Edfan6 nfii`r`gt wcrnfgos mr` masc us`n tc `pr`ss td` smb` vmou`

ecge`pt ci Utd` j`st fgt`r`st ci td` edfan^. ' $cw`v`r6 fg td` mjs`ge` ci m ea`mr

nìfgftfcg ci td` b`mgfgo j`dfgn td` fgt`r`st ci td` edfan6 td` s`pmrmtfcg ci m

edfan ircb dfs/d`r imtd`r emg j` fgt`rpr`t`n ms m ea`mr vfcamtfcg ci tdfs prfgefpa`.

=?0

fjfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea` M@ ci Jmw '/4**8

=?9

fjfn6 gc. '*6 &rtfea` ,(," ci Jmw '@/4**@

=??

fjfn6 gc6 *)6 &rtfea` ')('" ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg cg td` %fodts ci td` Edfan



Od` Ecgv`gtfcg mnvcemt`s td` r`spèt ci m edfanKs rfodt tc Uimbfay6 prfvmey^ `te.

cg`tdà`ss6 td` ecgs`Nu`ge`s ci kunfefma nèfsfcgs tc s`pmrmt` m edfan ircb

td` imtd`r icr td` edfanKs rfodt tc td` `gkcyb`gt ci imbfay afi` mpp`mr tc j`

fogcr`n.') ?g imet6 eamus`s ugn`r &rtfea` + ci td` 3 Ecgv`gtfcg cg td` %fodts ci

td` Edfan mr` ea`mr fg `pr`ssfgo efreubstmge`s icr wdfed td` s`pmrmtfcg ci m

edfan ircb cg` ci dfs/d`r pmr`gts fs p`rbfssfja`. Od` prcafi`rmtfgo tr`gn ci rmpfn

nfvcre` imefaftmt`n jy Jmw '/4**8 ugn`rpfgs td` wfn`spr`mn mjus` ci edfanr`g

ugn`r =pmgfsd amw.

& `g`rma Ecugefa ci td` Hunfefma 5cw`r (EH5" r`pcrt stmt`s td` icaacwfgo;

Od` tctma bmrftma jr`m<ncwg r`med`n +*64+4 fg td` smb`p`rfcn6 wdfed rugs ircb td` sècgn Numrt`r ci 4**@ tc4*'4. Od` ecurts mncpt`n '8'68M@ efvfa pr`v`gtfv`b`msur`s wdfa` prce`ssfgo td` eamfb. i td`s`6 ',86),8efvfa b`msur`s w`r` mncpt`n fg icrb ci prctètfv` crn`rs6wdfed mr` vmafn icr ,* nmys ugtfa td` ifafgo ci td` efvfa suft6r`g`wmja` cge` ifa`n. i maa efvfa b`msur`s fgeaun`n tdìccn maacwmge` (8M6@ b`msur`s"L dcusfgo maacemtfcg

(8'6+M'"L susp`gsfcg ci eustcny wd`g m pr`vfcus efvfar`scautfcg `fsts mjcut edfanr`g ('868+M"L susp`gsfcg ci vfsftmtfcg jy td` smb` r`mscg ms mjcv` (M6+,4"Lsusp`gsfcg ci pmr`gtma rfodts (*+" cr rì rrma tc edfanprctètfv` s`rvfe`s ('6,)4".'+

1ms`n cg tdfs r`pcrt ircb td` dfod`st kunfefma cromg ci pcw`r fg =pmfg6 td` ìièt

ci Jmw '/4**8 cg td` pr`s`rvmtfcg ci td` rfodt tc imbfay afi fs `vfn`gtay

n`vmstmtfgo. Od` =pmgfsd cv`rgb`gtKs nèfsfcg tc ecgsfn`r vfca`ge` momfgst

=?4

fjfn6 gc. *)6 &rtfea` +('" ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg cg td` %fodts ci td` Edfan

=?6

=`` Hunfefma =tmtfstfema 2mtm fg &ppafemtfcg J '/4**8 =ubbmry ci y`mrs

(nmtm ircb Huay 4**@ tc Hug` 4*'46 &vmfamja` mt;

dttp;//www.pcn`rkunfefma.`s/eopk/`s/O`bms/Yfca`gefm_ncb`stfem_y_n`_o`g`rc/&etfvfnm

n_nà_js`rvmtcrfc/2mtcs_`stmnfstfecs/1mamge`_n`_sf t`_mgcs_n`_am_er`mefcg_n`_acs_Hu!omncs_n`_Yfca`gefm_scjr`_am_7uk`r__4**@_4*'4_6 mee`ss`n cg '+/*)/4*'86

pp. *4-,.



wcb`g ms Utd` bcst jrutma sybjca ci fg`Numafty fg scef`ty^ ')* dms jècb` m

bmkcr ecge`rg tc td` ctd`r o`gn`r fg scef`ty jèmus` ft dms er`mt`n m pcssfja`

r`v`rsma ci td` sftumtfcg ci nfserfbfgmtfcg fg m iamormgt jr`med ci td` stmt`Ks

gòmtfv` nuty ugn`r td` #E$%. Ecgs`Nu`gtay6 =pmgfsd scef`ty fs irmob`gt`n

mgn td` cjkètfv` scuodt ugn`r Jmw '/4**86 wdfed wms tc Uprctèt wcb`g^ ms

vfetfbs ci o`gn`r-ràmt`n vfca`ge`6 dms iurtd`r`n nfserfbfgmtfcg momfgst b`g.

?g afodt ci tdfs strf<fgo r`pcrt6 fg rèmaafgo tdmt td` #Et$% dms r`p`mt`nay dàn

tdmt stmt`s dmv` m Ubmrofg ci mpprèfmtfcg^')' fg td` &rtfea` ) prcvfsfcg ci td`

#E$%6 ft fs ugea`mr wd`td`r td` ecgt`gt ci tdfs r`pcrt mgn ctd`rs sfbfamr ecgtmfg

suiifef`gt `vfn`ge` ci Unfsprcpcrtfcgmt` ìièt fg td` mppafemtfcg^')4 ci tdfs amw cg

b`g tc smtfsiy td` erft`rfm icr m v`rnfet ci vfcamtfcg ci tdfs Ecgv`gtfcg prcvfsfcg.

urtd rbcr td` #Et$% stmt s tdmt ugn r &rtfea` ) ci td` #E$%6 Utd`

jcugnmrf`s j`tw``g td` =tmt`Ks pcsftfv` mgn gòmtfv` cjafomtfcgs nc gct a`gn

td`bsàv`s tc prèfs` nìfgftfcg^.'), Odus6 ft fs dmrn tc n`t`rbfg` td` `fst`ge`

ci stmt` fgt`ri`r`ge` wftd td` rfodt tc imbfay afi` fg &rtfea` )(4" ci td` #E$%

wftdcut td` mppafemtfcg ci m prcpcrtfcgmafty t`st. $`ge`6 m wfn` bmrofg ci

mpprèfmtfcg6 ms ft mpp`mrs fg tdfs ems`6 b`mgs m am`r t`st ci prcpcrtfcgmafty. ?g

=48

fjfn6 gc. *46 pmrmormpd *'6 5r`mbja` ci Jmw '/4**8

=4=

=`` "`rgmgn`- &mrtfg`- $. Upmfg+ &pp gc. @M*,*/*6 (#Et$%6 Hug` '46 4*'8"6

pmrmormpd )+ ci td` kunob`gtL s`` masc ?cp`- Cstrm $. Upmfg6 &pp gc. 'M+)/+*

(#Et$%6 2è`bj`r *+6 '++8"6 pmrmormpds @' mgn @) ci td` kunob`gt.

=4:

fjfn6 gc. ,46 pmrmormpd 4*+ ci td` kuno`b`gt

=45

fjfn6 gc. ')'6 "`rgmgn`- &mrtfg`- $. Upmfg+ pmrmormpd ) ci td` Hunob`gt.



ctd`r wcrns6 wd`g m prcvfsfcg ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg ecgtmfgs eamus`s tdmt maacw m

stmt` m bmrofg ci mpprèfmtfcg tc ròuamt` fts mppafemtfcg fg scef`ty6 td` Ecurt

mppafemtfcg ci m prcpcrtfcgmafty t`st fs gmrrcw`n. ctmjay6 Jmw '/4**8 stfpuamt`s

tdmt Uo`gn`r vfca`ge` fs gct m prcja`b ecgifg`n tc td` prfvmt` spd`r`^6 td`r`jy

n`pmrtfgo ircb &rtfea` ) ci td` #E$% pr`rcomtfv`s6 jrmefgo icr pct`gtfma kunfefma

jmtta` jìcr` td` #Et$% jy `dfjftfgo mg `mo`rg`ss tc us` &rtfea` )(4" ms

kustfifemtfcg ci td` b`msur`s ms j`fgo Ugè`ssmry fg m n`bcermtfe scef`ty^.')8

&gctd`r mstcgfsdfgo à`b`gt ci Jmw '/4**8 nurfgo td` mppafemtfcg ci Efvfa Ecn`

pr`rcomtfv`s cg imbfay amw fs fts mpprcprfmtfcg jy wcb`g icr kunfefma j`gìfts.

Od` s`ttfgos ci td` amw prcvfn` oumrmgt``s icr edfan eustcny fg imvcur ci td`

wcbmg.')@ &omfgst tdfs jme<orcugn6 cg` kurfst v`d`b`gtay erftfefs`n td` euatur`

ci td` mutcbmtfe ecge`ssfcg ci edfan eustcny tc wcb`g mgn cpfg`n tdmt Uft fs m

semb tc r`Nu`st6 fg td` gmb` ci i`bfgfsb6 tdmt cgay td` wcb`g mssub` td`

eustcny ci td` edfanr`g .')M =d` ecgs`Nu`gtay Nu`stfcg`n td` bctfvmtfcg ci

wcb`g wdc mpprcprfmt` Jmw '/4**8 icr td` purpcs` ci omfgfgo edfan eustcny. ?g

=4>

fjfn6 gc. ')'6 "`rgmgn`- &mrtfg`- $. Upmfg+ pmrmormpd ) ci td` Hunob`gt.

=40

?jfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea` M@ ci Jmw '/4**8L s`` masc Hunfefma =tmtfstfema 2mtm fg

&ppafemtfcg J '/4**8 =ubbmry ci y`mrs (nmtm ircb Huay 4**@ tc Hug` 4*'46

&vmfamja mt;dttp;//www.pcn`rkunfefma.`s/eopk/`s/O`bms/Yfca`gefm_ncb`stfem_y_n`_o`g`rc/&etfvfnm

n_nà_js`rvmtcrfc/2mtcs_`stmnfstfecs/1mamge`_n`_sf t`_mgcs_n`_am_er`mefcg_n`_a

cs_Hu!omncs_n`_Yfca`gefm_scjr`_am_7uk`r__4**@_4*'4_6 mee`ss`n cg '+/*)/4*'86

pp. *4-,; UOd` ecurts mncpt`n '8'68M@ efvfa pr`v`gtfv` b`msur`s wdfa` prce`ssfgo td`

eamfb. i td`s`6 ',86),8 efvfa b`msur`s w`r` mncpt`n fg td` icrb ci prctètfv` crn`rs6

wdfed mr` vmafn icr ,* nmys ugtfa td` ifafgo ci td` efvfa suft6 r`g`wmja` cge` ifa`n. i maa

efvfa b`msur`s fgeaun`n td` iccn maacwmge` (8M6@ b`msur`s"L dcusfgo maacemtfcg

(8'6+M'"L susp`gsfcg ci eustcny wd`g m pr`vfcus efvfa r`scautfcg `fst mjcut edfanr`g6

bfgcr c jctd pmr`gt ('868+M"L susp`gsfcg ci vfsftmtfcg jy smb` r`mscg ms mjcv`

(M6+,4"L susp`gsfcg ci pmr`gtma rfodts (*+" cr rì`rrma tc edfan prctètfv` s`rvfe`s

('6,)4"^.

=49



mnnftfcg6 sd` Nu`rf`n td` U``rtfcg fg rè`gt y`mrs Pjy wcb`g fg wmgtfgo tc

sèaun` momfg fg td` dcb`^ tdrcuod td` Ubmgfi`st i`rcefty momfgst kcfgt eustcny

ci td` edfanr`g Pjy td` i`bfgfst bmkcrfty <gcwfgo tdmt td` cgay pcssfjfafty ci

wcb`g6 wcr<`rs mgn bctd`rs tc dmv` p`rscgma mgn prci`ssfcgma spme` fs gct jy

emrryfgo macg` td` emr` mgn `nuemtfcg^') ci edfanr`g. Odfs fssu` dfgts mt td`

utfaftmrfmgfsb ci Jmw '/4**8 fg icst`rfgo `Numafty cr nygmbfsb fg scef ty

jèmus`6 mppmr`gtay6 td` sujstmge` ci Jmw '/4**8 nc`s gct p`rbft `Numa

oumrmgt``s fg s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre` mgn edfan eustcnyL ft masc dfgn`rs mgy

mat`rgmtfv` s`tta`b`gt r`b`nf`s sued ms imbfay b`nfmtfcg. Odus6 ft prcdfjfts maa

icrbs ci gòctfmt`n s`tta`b`gt j`tw``g td` cii`gn`r mgn td` vfetfb ci ncb`stfe

vfca`ge` fg imbfay amw s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre` mgn eustcny prce``nfgos. &rtfea` )

t`r ci td` romgfe Hunfefmry &et M/'+)@6 ms mb`gn`n fg &rtfea` 88 ci Jmw '/4**86

stmt`s tdmt Ub`nfmtfcg fs prcdfjft`n fg maa td` mjcv` ems`s^6 ')) fgnfemtfgo td`

bcb`gt mt wdfed Jmw '/4**8 mppaf`s tc s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre` mgn edfan eustcny

ems`s. Odfs emg cgay fgnfemt` mg cjs`ssfv` n`sfr` tc fgiafet s`v`r` pugfsdb`gt

cg mgy cii`gn`r ci td` amw wftdcut rècurs` tc prcpcrtfcgmt` b`msur` wdfed

ecuan nfbfgfsd td` mamrb er`mt`n jy td` prce`nurma rua`s ci td fs amw fg =pmgfsd

scef`ty. ?g mnnftfcg6 td`r` fs > s``bfgoay > m pcaftfema mo`gnm icr maacwfgo wcb`g

tc a`mn m r`v`go` metfcg momfgst b`g6 tdus `bpcw`rfgo td`b mjcv` b`g.

7mrfm =mgmdukm 1u`gmv`gturm6 7uk`r`s Ormjmkc y Eustcnfm Ecbpmrtfnm6 'M

Hug`6 4*'*6 #a 5mfs `wspmp`r6 'M Hug` 4*'*6 &vmfamja` mt;

dttp;//àpmfs.ecb/nfmrfc/4*'*/*M/'M/cpfgfcg/'4MM,+4*@_)@*4'@.dtba6 mee`ss`n cg

''/*)/4*'8.

=4?

fjfn

=44

fjfn6 gc. 'M6 &rtfea` ) t`r(@" ci td` romgfe kunfefma &et M/'+)@



=(-( U%))mr8"

Jmw '/4**8 dms spug m w`j ci nfspmrmofgo aòma orcwtd tdrcuod fts sujstmgtfv`

ecgstruma fg td` mbjft ci kunfefma fgv`stfomtfcg mgn6 prfbmrfay6 ecurt b`msur`s

wdfed dmv` nfsmnvmgtmo`n b`g mgn tdwmrt n td` cjk etfv`s ci miifrbmtfv`

metfcg. Od` o`g`rma prmetfe` fg td` `v`gt ci m ecbpamfgt ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` cr

mjus` jy m wcbmg fs td` fbb`nfmt` mrr`st6 n`t`gtfcg6 mrrmfogb`gt jìcr` m

ecurt mgn ecbbfttma tc prfscg eustcny cr `gmja`n jmfa wftd strfgo`gt prctètfv`

b`msur`s6 sued ms m r`strmfgfgo crn`r momfgst mpprcmedfgo cr ecbbugfemtfgo

wftd td` maaò`n vfetfb6 mgn usumaay wftdcut sujstmgtfma `vfn`ge` ci td` maaò`n

erfb`. & gubj`r ci td` prcvfsfcgs ci Jmw '/4**8 `mbfg`n mgn b`gtfcg`n

mjcv` mr` icugn tc j` fg jr`med ci td` ecgstftutfcgma prcvfsfcgs ci =pmfg. ')+

=`v`rma ecgiafets j tw``g ncb`stfe aòfsamtfcgs mr` icugn wftdfg Erfbfgma

5rce``nfgos Jmw. cr fgstmge`6 td` ecgiafet j`tw``g mrtfea`s '@, mgn M' ci td`

Erfbfgma Ecn` wms `vfn`gt fg td` n t`rbfgmtfcg ci prce``nfgos momfgst

wcb`gKs mgn b`gKs ecbpamfgts ròmrnfgo ncb`stfe vfca ge . Odfs dms

`vfn`ge`n pr`kunfe` ugn`r td` amw fg td` tr`mtb`gt ci ncb`stfe vfca`ge` wd`g ft

fs ecbbftt`n jy m bmg mgn wd`g td` smb` efreubstmge`s mppay tc m wcbmg.

$cwj`ft6 td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt dms > fg s`v`rma stmt`b`gts cg

kurfsprun`ge` > kustfif`n tdfs prmetfe` mgn td` ecgvcaut`n r`mscgfgo fg suppcrt ci

tdfs prmetfe` jy acw r ecurt kunob`gts. Ecgecbftmgtay6 td` Erfbfgma Edmbj`r ci

td` =pmgfsd =upr`b` Ecurt dms amjcur`n tr`b`gncusay tc bftfomt` td`

ugjmamgefgo ìièt ci td` amw jy n avfgo fgtc6 mgn n ifgfgo td` erfbfgma

prce``nfgos amw6 tc `stmjafsd prfgefpa`s icr td` ecgnuet ci td` acw`r ecurts fg td`

=46

fjfn6 gc. '@)6 &rtfea`s6 '86 '6 48(4" ci td` Ecgstftutfcg cg gcg-nfserfbfgmtfcg6

dmj`ms ecrpus mgn td` jurn`g ci prcci



mr`ms ci ecgiafet wftd td` kunfefma gcrbs > sued ms td` rfodt tc m imfr trfma6 afj`rty6

jurn`g ci prcci mgn gc nfserfbfgmtfcg. 1y sc ncfgo6 td` =upr`b` Ecurt dms

oumrmgt``n cg` ci td` iugnmb`gtma prcvfsfcgs ci td` #E$%6 wdfed fs td` rfodt tc

ìiètfv` r`b`ny. Od` Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt6 macgosfn` td` =upr`b` Ecurt mgn

td` vmrfcus 5rcvfgefma Ecurts6 dms oumrmgt``n td` rfodt tc ìiètfv` r`b`ny icr

bcst moorf`v`n b`g ms s``g fg mpp`ma nèfsfcgs tdmt dmv` cv`rturg`n bcst ci

td` acw`r ecurt nèfsfcgs cg ncb`stfe vfca`ge` mgn mjus`. 1mrrfgo td` `v`gtuma

fgt`rv`gtfcg ircb m suee`ssfcg ci ecurts fg =pmfg6 wdfed fg bcst ems`s prcvfn`

r`nr`ss icr wrcgoiua kunob`gts6 td` #Et$% wcuan dmv` icugn td` vfcamtfcg ci

s`v`rma #E$% prcvfsfcgs. rmgt`n6 td` g`t edmpt`r pr`s`gts mg `dmustfv`

`vmaumtfcg ci td` utfaftmrfmg vmau` cg miifrbmtfv` metfcg b`msur`s fg td` pursuft ci

`Numafty.

Edmptr I&," O!$r @>%m.&t8 m!$ Pt&.&tmr&m! Imet#rs &! E&,&. U#e&t8

4N8!m)&s) #r Atdmr/8;

9('( F!tr#$%et&#!

=pmfg =pmfgKs o`gn`r `Numafty amw'+* wms ecge`fv`n ms m omaamgt ìicrt tc

n`vàcp td` pdfacscpdfema fn`mas ci utfaftmrfmgfsb. Jmw ,/4** eft`s Hcdg =tumrt

7faaKs pdfacscpdfema prè`pt cg `Numafty6 wdfed `pr`ss`s td` edmrmet`rfstfes ci m

Up`rièt `Numafty^'+' tdmt nfspàs nfserfbfgmtfcg jut wftd `vfn`gt sfa ge` cg

miifrbmtfv` metfcg. Odus6 tdfs Up`rièt `Numafty^ ci wdfed 7faa spc<` nc`s gct j`mr

`met ecbpmrfscg tc td` prctètfcg oumrmgt``n fg td` micr`b`gtfcg`n amws

=68

?jfn6 gc. *46 Jmw ,/4**

=6=

?jfn6 gc. *46 pmrmormpd '(e" ci td` 5r`mbja` ci Jmw ,/4**



wd`r`fg td` tà`cacofema ugn`rstmgnfgo dms j``g nfstcrt`n jy td` fgs`rtfcg ci

nfserfbfgmtcry metfcgs. Hcdg =tumrt 7faa stmt`n tdmt

td` prfgefpa` wdfed ròuamt`s td` `fstfgo scefmar amtfcgs j`tw``g td` twc s``s > td` aòmasujcrnfgmtfcg ci cg` s` tc td` ctd`r > fs wrcgo fgftsài6 mgn gcw cg` ci td` edfì dfgnrmge`s tc dubmgfbprcv`b`gtL mgn tdmt ft cuodt tc j` r`pame`n jy mprfgefpa` ci p`rièt `Numafty6 mnbfttfgo gc pcw`r cr prfvfa o` cg td` cg` sfn 6 gcr nfsmjfafty cg td`ctd`r.'+4

Od` fgt rpr`tmtfcg ci tdfs pdfacscpdfema prè`pt àuefnmt`s td` mjs`ge` ci

sujcrnfgmtfcg cr sujkuomtfcg ci cg` o`gn`r tc mgctd`r. ?t fgsfsts tdmt amws

ròuamtfgo rfodts sdcuan j` `Nuftmjay b`msur`n jy ecgo`gfma nygmbfes fg crn`r

tc j` aòftfbf!`n fg scef`ty.'+, $cw`v`r6 td` sujstmgtfv` gmtur` ci Jmw ,/4**

mgn td` nìfgftfcg ci td` prfgefpa` ci `Numafty td`r`fg ecgtmfg `pr`ssfcgs wdfed

pdfacscpd`rs subbmrf!` ms td` Unfa`bbm ci utfaftmrfmgfsb Pwd`r`fg ft mnbfts

kustfif`n pugfsdb`gt ci td` fggce`gt^.'+8 Odus6 td` amw fgt`rpr`ts td` `ss`ge` ci

`Numafty fgv`rsày icr td` purpcs` ci imefaftmtfgo fts fn`cacofema mpprcprfmtfcg jy

td` =tmt`. #roc6 td` gctfcg ci p`rièt `Numafty fs nfspàa`n ms td` utfaftmrfmg

td`cr`tfema mpprcmed cg `Numafty pr s`gts m n`gcuge`b`gt ci nfserfbfgmtfcg

momfgst `ftd`r o`gn`r. Odus6 7faa r`kèt`n Utd` aòma sujcrnfgmtfcg ci cg` s` tc

=6:

Hcdg =tumrt 7faa6 Od` =ujkètfcg ci 9cb`g6 ')M+6 r``g6 %`mn`r mgn 2y`r6 p.

*'.

=65

=`` Jcufs 0mpacw mgn =t`v`g =dmvàa6 mfrg`ss Y`rsus 9àimr`6 4**+6

$mrvmrn 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. ,,).

=6>

=`` 7fedmà 5dfafps6 TOd` ?g`vftmjfafty ci 5ugfsdfgo td` ?ggce`gtK6 '+)@6

5dfacscpdfema =tunf`s; &g ?gt`rgmtfcgma Hcurgma icr 5dfacscpdy fg td` &gmaytfe Ormnftfcg6Yca. 8)6 c. ,6 p. ,)+L s`` masc 0`gt r``gmwmat6 2fserfbfgmtfcg mgn %`v`rs`

2fserfbfgmtfcg6 '+),6 0gcpi6 p. ,@,.



td` ctd`r Pmgn mnvcemt`n m prfgefpa` ci p`rièt `Numafty^.'+@ ?g mnnftfcg6 d`

`pr`ssay r`kèt`n td` fbjmamge`n ``rtfcg ci Upcw`r cr prfvfaò` cg td` cg`

sfn`^6'+M fg wdfed ems` td` r`v`rsma ìi et ci td` o`gn`r `Numafty amws dms

jècb` m bfsr`pr`s`gtmtfcg ci td` iugnmb`gtma b`mgfgo ci tdfs td`cr`tfema

mpprcmed.

g tdfs gct`6 ft mpp`mrs rà`vmgt tc kutmpcs` Jmw '/4**8 wftd Jmw ,/4** mgn

cjs`rv` td` ecgtrmnfetfcgs j`tw``g td`b tdmt dfodafodt m Usftumtfcg ci fg`Numafty

mgn pcw`r ràmtfcgsdfp pr`vmfafgo j`tw``g s``s .'+ ?g ctd`r wcrns6 Jmw

'/4**8 sustmfgs mg fn`m tdmt b`g mgn wcb`g mr` ug`Numa6 d`ge` b`g sdcuan

j` emstfomt`n ugn`r td` nrmstfe b`msur`s mncpt`n td`r`fg. Ecgv`rsày6 #Numafty

Jmw ,/4** mssub`s tdmt b`g mgn wcb`g mr` `Numa fg prci`ssfcgma afi` mgn

tdmt wcb`g sdcuan rè`fv` r`bug`rmtfcg mgn tr`mtb`gt `Numa tc tdmt ci b`g fg

td` wcr<pame`. Odus6 cg td` cg` dmgn fs m amw wdfed ecgsfn`rs wcb`g tc j`

vuag`rmja` mgn fgempmja` ci usfgo fgvètfv`6 cr ci j`fgo psyedcacofemaay mjusfv`

mgn vfca`gt'+) tcwmrns b`g. g td` ctd`r fs m amw tdmt stmt`s tdmt b`g mgn

wcb`g mr` `Numas fg `v`ry ecgnftfcg.'++ 3gn`r td` Jmw '/4**86 b`g mr`

tmro`t`n mgn jrmgn`n ms mjus`rs. urtd`rbcr`6 b`g mr` ugprctèt`n ugn`r

=60

fjfn6 gc. '+46 p. *'

=69

fjfn6 gc. '+46 p. *'

=6?


=64

fjfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea` '6 Jmw '/4**8

=66

fjfn6 gc. *46 5r`mbja` ci Jmw *,/4**



jctd pfè`s ci aòfsamtfcg. $cwj`ft6 ecbpmr n tc Jmw '/4**86 ft mpp`mrs tdmt td`

`Numafty wdfed fs rècbb`gn`n ugn`r Jmw ,/4**4** fs ràmt`n tc td` scefma

stmtus ci `med o`gn`r ms nìfg`n fg mrtfea` +(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg. ?g

afodt ci tdfs6 Jmw ,/4** emg j` n``b`n m aòfsamtfv` prcnuet ci bmt rfma

`Numafty rmtd`r tdmg td` mssub`n r`spcgs` tc td` gub`rcus #urcp`mg Ecugefa

2frètfv`s. &rtfea` +(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg stmt`s;

?t fs td` r`spcgsfjfafty ci td` pujafe mutdcrftf`s tc prcbctècgnftfcgs icr ir``ncb mgn `Numafty ci fgnfvfnumas mgnorcups tc wdfed td`y j acgo tc j` r`ma mgn ìiètfv`Lr`bcv` td` cjstmea`s tdmt pr`v`gt cr dfgn`r td`fr pa`gftun`

mgn imefaftmt` td` pmrtfefpmtfcg ci maa eftf!`gs fg pcaftfema6ècgcbfe6 euaturma mgn scefma afi`.4*'

?g vf`w ci tdfs6 tdfs ecgstftutfcgma prcvfsfcg dms s`rv`n ms m kustfifemtfcg icr td`

amw tc smfa tdrcuod ecurt edmaa`go`s tc fts ecgstftutfcgmafty. $cw`v`r6 td`

ugn rayfgo Nu`stfcg fs wd`td`r tdfs ecgstftutfcgma pr`rcomtfv` ci ocv rgb`gt

dms6 fg prmetfe`6 j``g `bpacy`n ìiètfvày fg afg` wftd td` cjkètfv` ci Up`rièt

`Numafty^4*4 ms kustfif`n fg Jmw ,/4**. ?g m nfii`r`gt ecgsfn`rmtfcg6 td` smb`

ecgstftutfcg6 fg mrtfea '86 tco td`r wftd #E$% prcvfsfcgs64*, prcdfjfts

nfserfbfgmtfcg6 tdus s`ttfgo m afbftmtfcg tc td` `t`gt tc wdfed td` stmt` ecuan oc

fg ròuamtfgo td` iugetfcg ci scef`ty ms stfpuamt`n fg td` prcvfsfcgs ci mrtfea` +(4".

urtd rbcr 6 pmrt ci td` b`msur s bmy dmv` scwg fg`Numafty fgtc td`

:88

fjfn6 gc6 *46 Jmw ,/4**.

:8=

fjfn6 gc. '@)6 &rtfea` +(4"

:8:

fjfn6 '+46 p. *'

:85

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` '8 mgn &rtfea` ' ci 5rctceca c. '4



n`bcermtfe rccts ci scef`ty6 `gsdrfgfgo ft tc td` n`trfb`gt ci b`g. Odfs b`msur`

fs icugn fg mrtfea` 'M ci Jmw ,/4**.

7('( Xmr&t8 &! td O#,r!)!t" Mrt&e. '7 #5 Am: -?*HH2 & ecgt`gtfcus mr`m ci tdfs amw fs td` fn`m ci pmrfty fg td` àètfcg ci pujafe

s`rvmgts wdfed fs r`ft`rmt`n fg s`v`rma prcvfsfcgs ci Jmw ,/4**. 4*8 &rtfea` 'M

mgn td` =ècgn &nnftfcgma 5rcvfsfcg ci Jmw ,/4** dmv` j``g s`t mpmrt jy tdfs

wcr< icr td`fr rà`vmge` ms nfseursfv` à`b`gts.

&atdcuod Jmw ,/4** mfbs tc fbpa`b`gt td` prfgefpa` ci `Numa tr`mtb`gt mgn

cppcrtugftf`s icr wcb`g jy àfbfgmtfgo nfserfbfgmtfcg momfgst wcb`g fg maa

mbjfts ci scefma6 efvfa6 pcaftfema6 prci`ssfcgma6 ècgcbfe mgn euaturma afi`64*@ ft

ecgtmfgs prmetfema b`msur`s wdfed ugn`rbfg` td` rà`vmge` ci td` òmaftmrfmg

rfodts ci b`g. Ecgs`Nu`gtay6 ft `stmjafsd`s twc strmgns ci miifrbmtfv` b`msur`s.

frst fs td` ròuamtfcg ci `bpacy`rsK ecgnuet mgn m n`bmgn tc mncpt miifrbmtfv`

metfcg icr td` purpcs` ci `gsurfgo `Numa cppcrtugftf s icr wcb`g fg td`

wcr<pame` mgn fg prci`ssfcgma afi`. =ècgn fs td` mat`rmtfcg ci td` Uecgstftu`gt

pcw`rs^4*M fg n`bcermtfe scef`ty fg imvcur ci i`bma` pcaftfema emgnfnmt`s momfgst

td` prcvfsfcg ci mrtfea` '(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg4*. Od`r` mr` s`v`rma

:8>

fjfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea`s '@ mgn 'M mgn td` =ècgn &nnftfcgma 5rcvfsfcg ci Jmw

,/4**

:80

fjfn6 gc. *46 &rtfea`s '('"6 '(4" mgn '8(4" ci Jmw ,/4**

:89

=`` mrtfea` 88 jfs ci romgfe Jmw @/'+)@6 ci td` `g`rma #aètcrma %òfb`6

pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c '8 ci 4* Hug` '+)@6 ms mb`gn`n fg td`

=ècgn &nnftfcgma 5rcvfsfcg ci romgfe Jmw ,/4** cg #Numafty j`tw``g 9cb`g mgn

7`g.

:8?



Nu`stfcg bmr<s ròmrnfgo td` ecgstftutfcgmafty ci tdfs metfcg ms emg j` s``g fg

td` edmaa`go` ròmrnfgo td` ecgstftutfcgmafty ci td` ìicrts tc medf`v` pmrfty fg td`

àètcrma prce`ss. &atdcuod =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt Hunob`gt c. =OE

'4/4**) dms ea`mr`n ncujts mjcut td` ecgstftutfcgmafty ci Jmw ,/4**6 ms ci 44

7mred6 cg td` ìiètfv` `Numafty ci wcb`g mgn b`g fg td` mbjft ci pmrfty cr

prcpcrtfcgma r`pr`s`gtmtfcg fg td` ocv`rgb`gt6 td` sujstmgtfv` gmtur` ci td` amw

rmfs`s td` fssu` ci Ubmkcrftmrfmgfsb^4*) fg td` pcaftfema `gvfrcgb`gt.

Odfs ecgt`gtfcus b`msur` st`bs ircb td` bcnfifemtfcg ci mrtfea 88 jfs ci

romgfe Jmw @/'+)@ ci td` o`g`rma àètcrma syst`b jy td` =ècgn &nnftfcgma

5rcvfsfcg ci romgfe Jmw ,/4** ci 44 7mred tc ìiètfv` `Numafty ci wcb`g mgn

b`g icr pcssfja` vfcamtfcg ci &rt. 4,6 ròmrnfgo Ppcssfja` vfcamtfcg ci mrtfea`s. M

mgn '86 maa ci td` Ecgstftutfcg4*+. Od` mnnftfcgma prcvfsfcg ci Jmw ,/4** stmt`s

tdmt td` afst ci pcaftfema emgnfnmt`s fg td` ròfcgma àètfcgs cuodt tc Udmv` m

jmamge`n ecbpcsftfcg ci wcb`g mgn b`g^4'* mgn mg fbpcsftfcg ci m bfgfbub

Nuctm ci Uicrty p`re`gt ci wcb`g fg `med spme` ci ifv` pcsftfcgs^4'' fg td`

fjfn6 gc. '@)6 &rtfea` '(4"; Umtfcgma scv`r`fogty fs v`st`n fg td` =pmgfsd

p`cpa`6 ircb wdcb `bmgmt` td` pcw`rs ci td` =tmt`.^

:84

=`` $à`g `gwfe<6 mvfg 5dfafpscg mgn %co`r 7mst`rbmg6 6unfefma

Z`mscgfgo ugn`r td` %L ,ubmg Zfodts et 6 4**6 Embjrfno` 3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. ,8+;

U7mkcrftmrfmg trmgsor`ssfcg^L s`` masc &gnr`w momg6 ,ubmg Zfodts; Ecgircgtfgo

&ytds mgn %gn`rstmgnfgos6 4**+6 #nwmrn #aomr 5ujafsdfgo6 pp. ++-'**.

:86

=`` pmrmormpd *' ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt6 5a`gmry Hunob`gt c.

'4/4**) ci 4+ Hmgumry 4**)6 pujafsd`n fg 1#; =tmt` iifefma m!`tt`6 @4 ci 4+

`jrumry 4**)".

:=8

fjfn6 gc. 4*M

:==

fjfn6 gc. 4*M6 pmrmormpd 4 ci td` &rtfea` 88-jfs



àètcrma afst. Odfs ecgt`gtfcus fssu` oc`s momfgst td` nfsecurs` cg wdc nèfn`s

wdmt dubmg rfodts mr`. &rtfea` '(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg stmt`s tdmt Utd`

ecgstftu`gt pcw`r fs dàn jy td` =pmgfsd p`cpa`^ 4'4. Odus6 =pmgfsd wcb`g mgn

b`g6 fg td fr bmkcrfty6 nèfn` wdc rua s mgn6 ecgs`Nu`gtay6 td` nòr`` ci

pr`vmfafgo aòfsamtfv` ecgt`gt fg scef`ty. ?t jècb`s m bmtt`r ci td` pr`vma`ge` ci

td` bmkcrftmrfmg prfgefpa` cv`r td` prfgefpa` ci `Numafty fg dubmg rfodts. Od`

gctfcg ci `Numafty mgn ir``ncb6 td`rìcr`6 dms j``g ecgv`rt`n tc miiètmtfcgs jy

pcaftfema pmrtf`s mgn td fr fn`cacofema fgeafgmtfcg wd r`fg kustfifemtfcg icr td`

prcbuaomtfcg ci miifrbmtfv` b`msur`s `fsts.

Od` ecgt`gt ci td` =ècgn &nnftfcgma 5rcvfsfcg ci Jmw ,/4** rìaèts mg

fbpcsftfcg ci td` bmkcrfty. ?t nc`s gct bmtt`r wd`td`r td` bmkcrfty mr` m

ecbjfgmtfcg ci wcb`g mgn b`gL fgst mn6 ft n`v acps fgtc m pr`vmfafgo

fn`cacofema prè`pt wdfed imvcurs m rmnfema i`bfgfst mpprcmed. 4', Od` fbpcsftfcg

ci m prcpcrtfcgma gubj`r ci i`bma` emgnfnmt`s oc`s momfgst td` ìiètfv`g`ss ci

mrtfea` '(4" prcvfsfcg ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg. ?t fs s``bfgoay m aòfsamtfcg6

ecgtrmry tc td` amw6 wdfed `bpcw`rs m pmrtfeuamr o`gn`r fgiau`ge` tc sft fg

pmrafmb`gt wd`r` amws mr` `gmet`n mgn trugemt`s td` prce`ss ci m ir`` mgn imfr

àètcrma prce`ss6 fg ecgiafet6 td`rìcr`6 wftd &rtfea` , ci 5rctceca c. ' ci td`

#E$%. Od` prcvfsfcgs ci mrtfea` + ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg bmy gct dmv`

mgtfefpmt`n fts mpprcprfmtfcg icr miifrbmtfv` metfcg b`msur`s wdfed nfbfgfsd td`

v`ry prfgefpa` ci `Numafty. Ecgv`rsày6 ft fs fbpcrtmgt tc gct` tdmt U`Numafty fs gct

:=:

fjfn6 gc. '@)6 &rtfea` '(4"

:=5

0mtdmrfg` O 1mrta`tt mgn %csmgg` 0`gg`ny6 "`bfgfst ?òma #d`cry; r`mnfgo fg

am2 mgn o`gn`r 6 '++'6 9`stvf`w 5r`ss6 p. 4*.



cgay b`msur`n fg td` fgftfma fg`Numafty jut masc fg td` r`suat ci e`rtmfg ecgnuets

icrbmaay Psued ms gcg-nfserfbfgmtcry j`dmvfcur tdmt put wcb`g mt m

nfsmnvmgtmo`^.4'8 $cw`v`r6 gctdfgo ci td` `fstfgo ècgcbfe-pcaftfema sftumtfcg

s``bs tc dmv` `pr`ssay cjstruet`n wcb`gKs mee`ss tc ft.

cr tdfs r`mscg6 m utfaftmrfmg mgmaysfs ci Jmw ,/4** ugn`rafg`s m prcja`b ci

n ifgftfcg icr wdfed td` suee`ss ci m bmg fs mssub`n tc j` m prcnuet ci

nfserfbfgmtfcg mgn td`r`jy ame<s utfafty icr scef`ty. Od`rìcr`6 td` prcja`b wftd

mssubfgo tdmt scef`ty fs fg ii etfv ay s`rv`n wd`g wcb`g mr` gct s`rvfgo

scef ty tdrcuod `Numa r`pr`s`gtmtfcg4'@ fs `rrcg`cus. Odfs fs jèmus` tdfs

mssubptfcg fs jms`n cg stmtfstfes mgn ctd`r r`pcrts wdfed nc gct r`pr`s`gt td`

imets cr td` n`bmgns ci scef ty.4'M Od` prcja`b fs6 td rìcr 6 tdmt td`s`

b`msur`s cit`g fogcr` nfv`rsfty cr nygmbfsb fg scef`ty4' mgn iceus cg td`

smtfsimetfcg ci m pmrtfeuamr Ufgt`r`st orcup^4') fg scef`ty.

:=>

%csmrfc =`rrm Erfstcjma6 UJm nfserfbfgmefõg fgnfrètm pcr rm!õg n` s`c^6

pujafsd`n fg 7 Hcsìm %fnmurm 7mrtfg`! mgn 7mrfmgc H. &!gmr cb`! (`ns."6

fserfbfgmefõg $`rsus nfi`r`gefmefõg; ! spèfma rì`r`gefm m am prcja`bJtfem n` am

buk`r+ 4**86 Ofrmgt Jc 1amged6 p. ,+.

:=0

0`gt r``gmwmat6 fserfbfgmtfcg mgn Z`$`rs` fserfbfgmtfcg6 '+),6 &air`n &.

0gcpi6 p. M,.

:=9

fjfn6 gc. '48

:=?

=`` %fedmrn Ocbmsscg6 my` H Ercsjy mgn =dmrcg 2 $`r!j`ro`r6

iifrbmtf$` etfcg; #d` 8rcs mgn Ecgs ci 8cafey mgn 8rmetfe`6 4**'6 %cwbmg mgn

Jfttaìfàn6 pp. '4,-'48.

:=4

3 `g`rma &ss`bjay6 Ecg$`gtfcg cg td` !afbfgmtfcg ci aa "crbs cifserfbfgmtfcg momfgst cb`g6 ') 2è`bj`r '++6 3gft`n mtfcgs6 Or`mty =`rf`s6 vca.

'48+



Od` Ecugefa ci #urcp` irmb`wcr< cg `Numafty j`tw``g wcb`g mgn b`g

prcvfn`s vmrfcus 2frètfv`s4'+wftd vmou` `pr`ssfcgs wdfed ift td` mroub`gt

jctd momfgst mgn fg imvcur ci miifrbmtfv` metfcg. cr fgstmge`6 &rtfea` 4(j" ci td`

EcugefaKs 2frètfv` 4**8/'',/#E cg td` cg` dmgn `stmjafsd`s prcdfjftfcg ci

fgnfrèt nfserfbfgmtfcg6 y`t suppcrts miifrbmtfv` metfcg jms`n cg Um aòftfbmt`

mfb6 mpprcprfmt` mgn gè`ssmry^44* fg m suppcs`nay n`bcermtfe scef`ty. ?gn``n6

tdfs &rtfea` fs masc ecbbcgay mncpt`n fg ctd`r 2frètfv`s j`mrfgo `Nufvma`gt

wcrnfgo ms m kunfefma gcrb.44' Odfs kustfifemtfcg444 s`rv`s ms mg `trm afbftmtfcg fg

stmt`sK mppafemtfcg ci miifrbmtfv` b`msur`s mgn6 fg td` ems` ci =pmfg6 wd`r` td`

Unfsprcpcrtfcgmt` ìièt fg td` mppafemtfcg^44, ci td` amw fs iàt mbcgo td` bma`

ecbbugfty6 td`r` fs m ecgvfetfcg tdmt td` #Et$% wfaa j` pa`ms`n wftd nfv`ro`gt

fn`cacofema prè`pts448 icr mss`ssfgo mgn fgt`rpr`tfgo fts ecbpafmge` wftd td`

Ecgv`gtfcg. frst6 td` 2frètfv` wmrgs momfgst td` us` ci fts prcvfsfcgs ms m

:=6

fjfn6 gc. '

::8

fjfn6 gc. '6 &rtfea` 4(j" ci Ecugefa 2frètfv` 4**8/'',/#E

::=

fjfn6 gc. '6 &rtfea` 4 ci 2frètfv` 4**4/,/#E

:::

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` )(4"; U& aòftfbmt` mfb6 prcpcrtfcgmafty mgn gè`ssmry fg mn`bcermtfe scef`ty^L s`` masc6 2cuw` 0crii6 Od` =tmgnmrn &pprcmed ugn`r &rtfea`s )-''

#E$% mgn &rtfea` 4 #E$%6 4**)6 Jcgncg 7`trcpcaftmg 3gfv`rsfty6 &vmfamja` mt;

dttp;//è.ùrcpm.ù/kustfe`/g`ws/`v`gts/ecgi`r`ge`_np_4**+/pr`s`gtmtfcgs_sp`èd`s/

0%_2cuw`_m.pni 6 mee`ss`n cg ,'/*)/4*'8.

::5

fjfn6 gc. ,4

::>

=`` =pyrfng ?. 5dacomfts6 Ocb Vwmrt6 Huaf` rms`r6 Od` #urcp`mg Ecurt ci$ubmg %fodts mgn fts 2fsecgt`gts; Ourgfgo Erftfefsb ?gtc =tr`gotd6 4*',6 #nwmrn #aomr

5ujafsdfgo6 p. M*

http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/events/conference_dp_2009/presentations_speeches/KORFF_Douwe_a.pdf






kustfifemtfcg icr mgy Uròr`ssfcg^ tc td` stmt us 4uc mgt` fg td` r`spètfv` b`bj`r

ecugtrf`s.44@ Odfs wmrgfgo wms fgt`gn`n tc met ms m n t`rr`gt momfgst

ocv`rgb`gts n`vfmtfgo ircb td` iugnmb`gtma mfb ci icst`rfgo `Numafty j`tw``g

wcb`g mgn b`g.

7(*( E#!s>%!es" Atdmr/8

&iifrbmtfv` metfcg dms jctd pcsftfv` mgn gòmtfv` ìièts. ?t mnvmgtmo`s scb`

fgnfvfnumas mgn nfsmnvmgtmo`s ctd`rs6 ms wàa ms icst`rfgo r`s`gtb`gt6 mgn Uft fs

è``nfgoay nfiifeuat tc jmamge` td` j`gìfts mgn ecst td`r`ci fg mg mtt`bpt tc

`stmjafsd wd`td`r td` `gn r`suat fs pcsftfv` cr gòmtfv ^.44M Odfs fs strf<fgo

jèmus` ft r`fgtrcnue`s td` Nu`stfcg ci td` afbftmtfcgs ci miifrbmtfv` metfcg ms

stmt`n `mraf`r fg edmpt`r cg`.

g` ecgs`Nu`ge` ci nfserfbfgmtcry b`msur`s ms m b`mgs ci `gdmgefgo

`Numafty fs td` ìièt cg ir``ncb. &iifrbmtfv` metfcg6 ms mrou`n jy cppcg`gts6

Uacw`rs stmgnmrns^ mgn er`mt`s `gcrbcus ecgs`Nu`ge`s icr td` Uer`mtfcg ci

wàimr` fg td` scef`ty^.44 Odus6 `p`rts cpfg`6 ft afbfts td` ir``ncb ci `bpacy`rs

tc n`t`rbfg` wdc td`y dfr` mgn fg mnd`rfgo tc m b`rftcermtfe ecgsfn`rmtfcg ci

emgnfnmt`s rmtd`r tdmg mg fbpcs`n metfcg ugn`r td` amw. Od` rca` ci td` =tmt`

ms fbpmrtfma fs ecbprcbfs`n jy td` fgtrusfcg ci nfserfbfgmtcry metfcg fgtc td`

afj`rtmrfmg ecge`pts ci ir``ncb.44)

Ecgs`Nu`gtay6 tdfs fg`Nuftmja` metfcg ecgiafets::0

fjfn6 gc. '6 pmrmormpd 4M ci td` 5r`mbja`6 Ecugefa 2frètfv` 4**8/'',/#E

::9

Hcdmg %mj`6 !4umafty+ iifrbmtf$` etfcg mgn 6ustfe`6 4**'6 1c2 > 1cc<s cg

2`bmgn6 p. ++

::?

fjfn6 gc. 4'@6 p. MM

::4



wftd td` afj`rtmrfmg ecge`pts ci ir``ncb644+ td`r`jy er`mtfgo m jr`med ci td`

=tmt`Ks gòmtfv` nuty ms `pr`ss`n fg td` #E$%. $`ge`6 mgy `vfn`ge` ci omps

fg utfaftmrfmgfsb wdfed p`rbft td` pugfsdb`gt ci td` fggce`gt mgn `cg`rmtfcg ci

td` oufaty4,* r`bmfgs m ecge`rg fg jctd td` sujstmgtfv` mgn prce`nurma à`b`gts

ci td`s` `Numafty amws.

7cst #3 2frètfv`s ecgtmfg prcvfsfcgs icr Upcsftfv` metfcg^ tdmt `gecurmo` stmt`s

tc mncpt Uspèfife b`msur`s tc pr`v`gt cr ecbp`gsmt` icr nfsmnvmgtmo`s afg<`n

tc s`^.4,' Odus6 td` ìièt ci mgy `fstfgo sùma fg`Numafty cuodt tc td`

ecbp`gsmt`n tdrcuod miifrbmtfv` b`msur`s. &s fs `vfn`gt6 pcsftfv` b`msur`s

miièt td` rfodt tc ir``ncb ci `bpacy`rs mgn ctd`rs. &atdcuod td`r` mr` gc

spèfife prcvfsfcgs ròmrnfgo td` prctètfcg ci `bpacy``s cr `bpacy`rs ugn`r

td` #E$%6 &rtfea`s M6 ) mgn '8 ci td` Ecgv`gtfcg dmv` j``g us`n tc edmaa`go`

`bpacyb`gt nfsput s. ?g tdfs v`fg6 #Et$% ems` amw dms j``g us`n fg

n`t`rbfgfgo vfcamtfcgs ci `bpacy``sK cr `bpacy`rsK rfodtsL td`s` ems` amws

pr`s`gt kunob`gts icr mgn momfgst td` ir``ncb ci `bpacy`rs tc `bpacy cr

nfsbfss mgy fgnfvfnuma td`y edccs`.4,4 =edcamray cpfgfcg suoo`sts m

&gnr`w 0cppàbmg6 gtfnfserfbfgmtfcg ?m2 mgn Ucefma !4umafty 6 '++)6 Gma`

3gfv`rsfty 5r`ss6 p. ')'

::6

fjfn

:58

7fedmà 5dfafps6 N#d` :g`$ftmjfafty ci 8ugfsdfgo td` :ggce`gt 6 '+)@6

5dfacscpdfema =tunf`s; &g ?gt`rgmtfcgma Hcurgma icr 5dfacscpdy fg td` &gmaytfe Ormnftfcg6

Yca. 8)6 c. ,6 p. ,)+.

:5=

fjfn6 gc. '6 &rtfea` M ci 2frètfv` 4**8/'',/#E

:5:

=`` &fedmà Cjst $. *`rbmgy+ &pp gc. 84@/*,6 (#Et$%6 =`pt`bj`r 4,6 4*'*"L

`rgdmrn Ued@td $. *`rbmgy+ &pp gc. 'M4*/*,6 (#Et$%6 =`pt`bj`r 4,6 4*'*"L



prèmutfcgmry prfgefpa` ròmrnfgo nfv`ro`gt kunfefma cutecb`s wftdfg td` #Et$%

tdmt trmgsamt`s tc m Uecgs`Nu`gtfma emaeuamtfcg^4,, ci td` utfaftmrfmgfsb mpprcmed6

m dubmg rfodts-jmamge`n ecgsfn`rmtfcg ci Utd` ìièts Pci fgmetfcg cg rfodts^6 4,8

mgn td` nfogftmrfmg mpprcmed tdmt suppcrts kurfsnfetfcgma r`strmfgt Uwd`r`

metfvftf`s ecbprcbfs` dubmg nfogfty^.4,@ Od`r` mr` s``bfgoay vmrfcus vfcamtfcgs

ci td` #E$%Ks cr fts EcurtKs kurfsprun`ge`. $cw`v`r6 m n`t`rbfgmtfcg ci td`

`t`gt ci td` jr med ci Jmw ,/4** ci td` #E$% n`p`gns cg td` imets

surrcugnfgo med ems`.

Edmptr U,!

?.=. E#!e.%s&#!

Odrcuodcut tdfs r`s`mred stuny6 ft dms j``g n`bcgstrmt`n tdmt td` àfbfgmtfcg ci

maa icrbs ci nfserfbfgmtfcg momfgst wcb`g ms m ecbbcg 4' st-e`gtury mo`gnm icr

stmt s > ugn`r fgt`rgmtfcgma amw > prèfpftmt`n td` ròuamtfcg ci =pmgfsd

ncb`stfe aòfsamtfcg fg afg` wftd fgt`rgmtfcgma dubmg rfodts ecgv`gtfcgs6

nfrètfv`s mgn rècbb`gnmtfcgs. ?g afodt ci tdfs6 td` #E$% `stmjafsd`n m tr`mty

ecbbftb`gt wdfed ecbpàs stmt`s tc oumrmgt`` td` iuaifab`gt ci pcsftfv` mgn

?mrfssfs mgn Ctd`rs $. *r`è`+ &pp gcs. '8*/'++M/@+/+@) > +M*6 (#Et$%6 `jrumry

486 '++)"L "`rgmgn`- &mrtfg`- $. Upmfg+ `rgmgn`! 7mrtfg`! v. =pmfg6 &pp gc.

@M*,*/*6 (#Et$% PE6 Hug` '46 4*'8".

:55

%co`r 1rcwgswcrn6 N&m'fgo 8`cpa` `tt`r mgn &m'fgo `tt`r 8`cpa`;

fc`tdfes mgn td` Zòuamtfcg ci Ut`b Eàa Z`s`mred 6 4**@6 Hcurgma ci &emn`bfe Jòma

=tunf`s6 Yca. '6 pp. *@-', (p. '*".

:5>

fjfn

:50

fjfn6 gc. 4,,



gòmtfv` nutf`s tc fgnfvfnumas mt maa a`vàs ci scef`ty4,M. Ecgv`rsày6 td` tr`mty

pr`s`gts mg ``bptfcg icr pcsftfv` metfcg mfb`n mt jmamgefgo `Numafty mbcgo

o`gn`rs6 rme`s mgn fgt`r`st orcups fg scef`ty. ?g mnnftfcg6 stmt`sK cjafomtfcgs mr`

sup`rvfs`n jy td` #Et$%6 wdfed dms m ea`mr stmge` cg miifrbmtfv` metfcg6

fgsfstfgo tdmt miifrbmtfv` metfcg b`msur`s bust gct er`mt` m nfsprcpcrtfcgmt`

ìièt cg ctd`rs fg fts prmetfe`4,.

=uiife` ft tc smy tdmt td` #E$% ms wàa ms td` ?EE5% mnbft td`s` icrbs ci

nfserfbfgmtcry b`msur` icr td` purpcs` ci prcvfnfgo r`pmrmtfcg icr td`

fbjmamge` r`pr`s`gt`n jy nfserfbfgmtfcg momfgst m pmrtfeuamr orcup fg scef`ty.

$cw`v`r6 td` #Et$% s`ts afbftmtfcgs cg miifrbmtfv` metfcg tdrcuod prè`n`gt6 fg

wdfed td` fgt rpr`tmtfcg ci #E$% prcvfsfcgs fg &rtfea` '8 mgn &rtfea ' ci

5rctceca c. '4 fs m icema pcfgt. Od`s` prcvfsfcgs ci td` #E$% dmv` td` aòma

purpcs` ci `gsurfgo stmt`sK cjs`rvmtfcg ci gòmtfv` cjafomtfcgs fg td` tr`mty

tcwmrns eftf!`gs. `v`rtdà`ss6 ms cutafg`n fg tdfs wcr<6 =pmgfsd amws ecgtmfg

omps tdmt maacw td` jr`med ci td` micr`b`gtfcg`n stmt` gòmtfv` nuty.

ugnmb`gtmaay6 td` fssu` wftd td`s` =pmgfsd amws fs td` `ss`ge` ci td` amws

td`bsàv`s ms `pr`ss`n fg td`fr ecbbcg mrtfea` ' wdfed6 mj fgftfc+ fs ea`mray

nfserfbfgmtcry fg fts ecgt`gt jy nfsmaacwfgo prctètfcg ci b`g ugn`r td` smb`

amws.

?g afodt ci tdfs6 mgn fg td` prce`nurma rua`s tdmt mppay fg td` mppafemtfcg ci td`s`

amws6 tdfs wcr< dms fn`gtfif`n nfserfbfgmtfcg fg vmrfcus prcvfsfcgs ci td`s` pfè`s

:59

fjfn6 gc. *86 &rtfea` ' ci td` #E$%

:5?

fjfn6 gc. ,4



ci stmt` aòfsamtfcg. cr `mbpa 6 mrtfea`s '@,('" mgn M' ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`

pr`s`gt `vfn`ge` ci `trm afbftmtfcgs fbpcs`n jy td` stmt` fg fts pr`rcomtfv` tc

ròuamt` pcsftfv` metfcg ugn`r ncb`stfe amw6 wd`r fg wcb`g mgn b`g mr`

p`gmafs`n nfii`r gtay fg td` ecbbfssfcg ci sfbfamr erfb`s. 5rce``nfgos cg

ncb`stfe vfca`ge` erfb`s jy b`g mr` rì`rr`n tc m spèfma ecurt mgn prcsèut`n

ugn`r mrtfea '@,('" ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn`6 wdfed mncpts m bcr strfgo`gt

fgv`stfomtfv` prce`nur` wd r`jy td` mrr`st6 n`t gtfcg mgn mrrmfogb`gt ci

suspèts fs mg dmjftuma prmetfe`. Od` ecbbfssfcg ci m sfbfamr cii`ge` jy m

wcbmg fs6 dcw`v`r6 tr`mt`n ugn`r erfbfgma amw prcvfsfcg ci mrtfea` M' ci td`

Erfbfgma Ecn`6 wdfed emrrf`s afodt`r s`gt`ge`s mgn r`Nufr`s gc mutcbmtfe mrr`st

ci td` suspèt. =ued nfserfbfgmtfcg6 ms tdfs wcr< dms cjs`rv`n6 fs imefaftmt`n jy

td` `stmjafsdb`gt ci m spèfma ecurt cg o`gn`r vfca`ge` mgn td` mb`gnb`gt ci

td` micr`b`gtfcg`n Erfbfgma Ecn` prcvfsfcg ugn`r Jmw '/4**8.

?g mnnftfcg6 td`s` nfserfbfgmtcry prce`nurma rua`s p`rbft vfcamtfcg ci b`gKs rfodts

fg =pmfg nurfgo fgv`stfomtfv` prce``nfgos. ctmjay6 tdfs prce`nurma syst`b ci

prctètfcg masc vfcamt`s s`v`rma prcvfsfcgs ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg6 matdcuod

td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcgma Ecurt stmt`n td` ecgtrmry fg fts amgnbmr< kunob`gt ci

4**). $cw`v`r6 tdfs wcr< ecgsfn`rs tdmt td` mrr`st6 n`t`gtfcg mgn mrrmfogb`gt

ci suspèts wftd aftta` cr gc `vfn`ge` nc gct ecbpay wftd td` rfodts prctèt`n

ugn`r &rtfea` @('" ci td` #E$%.

#v`g td` erfbfgmafsmtfcg ci cii`ge`s momfgst fgnfvfnuma dcgcur6 sued ms samgn`r >

ugn`r Jmw '/4**8 > moormvmt`s td` jr`med ci b`gKs rfodts. Ecgsefcus ci td`

nfiifeuaty fg prcvfgo td` ecbbfssfcg ci td`s` erfb`s cr td` fggce`ge` ci td`

meeus`n6 td` amw prcvfn`s icr `vfn`ge` tc j` n`rfv`n jy b`mgs ci mg



fgNufsftcrfma syst`b ci prcci. Od` kuno` fg `med ems`6 td`rìcr`6 ``rts or`mt

pcw`r fg mnbfttfgo cr r`kètfgo `vfn`ge` cr wftg`ss stmt`b`gts.

Ecgs`Nu`gtay6 wrcgoiuaay meeus`n b`g `p`rf`ge` nfiifeuaty fg nì`gnfgo td`fr

fggce`ge` ugn`r tdfs amw jèmus` td` w`fodt ci `vfn`ge` ofv`g tc td` wcrn ci

td` maaò`n vfetfb er`mt`s mg mutcbmtfe pr`subptfcg ci td` oufat ci td` meeus`n.

Odfs oc`s momfgst td` cjafomtfcg ci td` jurn`g ci `vfn`ge` cg td` sfn` ci td`

prcsèutfcg ms `pr`ss`n fg mrtfea` 48(4" ci td` =pmgfsd Ecgstftutfcg mgn &rtfea`

M(4" ci td` #E$%.

?g mnnftfcg6 tdfs r`s`mred dfodafodt`n m gubj`r ci ems`s ci imas` meeusmtfcg

momfgst b`g. 7mgy ems`s mr` nfsbfss`n cr cv`rturg`n fg td` upp`r trfjugma

wd`r` `vfn`ge` ci imas` meeusmtfcg `fsts. ?g bcst ems`s6 td` kuno`s ci td`

spèfma ecurts bftfomt` td` s`rfcusg`ss ci td` erfb` ci imas` meeusmtfcg jy n`-

`bpdmsfsfgo td` kunfefma prce``nfgo mgn sujs`Nu`gtay fssufgo m stmy ci

`èutfcg crn`r. Odus6 tdfs wcr< ecgt`gns tdmt td` mpp`mrmge` ci m stmy ci

prce``nfgos fg td` cjs`rvmtcry r`pcrts n`gct`s ea mr `vfn`ge` ci imas`

meeusmtfcg jèmus`6 ugn`r Jmw '/4**86 td` wcrn ci td` wcbmg fg m ems` fs

ofv`g `gcuod w`fodt ci `vfn`ge` tc ecgvfet mgy bmg wdc dms fgsuiifef`gt prcci

ci fggce`ge`.

td`r fbpcrtmgt aòma fssu`s tdmt jcrn`r cg td` utfafty ci td` amws fg =pmgfsd

scef`ty fgeaun` td` Jmw '/4**8 ncuja` k`cpmrny ìièt fg td` mppafemtfcg ci

imbfay amw prce``nfgos cg s`pmrmtfcg6 nfvcre` mgn edfan eustcny. Od` mjscrptfcg

ci efvfa mgn imbfay amw jy Jmw '/4**8 nc`s gct sfbpay ecgiafet wftd &rtfea` '8("

ci td` ?EE5% wdfed dms j``g mncpt`n fg #Et$% ems` amw6 td`rìcr` fg



ecgtrmv`gtfcg ci td` rfodts ci b`g ugn`r td` #E$%6 jut masc oc`s momfgst td`

rfodts ci m edfan tc imbfay afi`.

Odfs wcr< nfseuss`n m gubj`r ci prcvfsfcgs ugn`r td` 3 Ecgv`gtfcg cg td`

%fodts ci td` Edfan wdfed spèfiy td` rfodt ci edfanr`g tc td` `gkcyb`gt ci jctd

pmr`gts mgn è`ptfcgma ems`s fg wdfed td` n`prfvmtfcg ci td` micr`b`gtfcg`n

rfodts ecuan j` kustfif`n6 r`spètfgo6 mt maa tfb`s6 td` fgt r`sts ci td` edfan.

$cw`v`r6 ugn`r Jmw '/4**86 edfanr`g mr` mutcbmtfemaay n`prfv`n ci m amro` pmrt

ci td`fr imbfay6 `spèfmaay ircb td`fr imtd`rKs sfn`6 jèmus` fg bcst ems`s6 ms

prcv`g fg td` =pmgfsd `g`rma Ecugefa ci td` Hunfefma 5cw`r cjs`rvmtcry r`pcrt6

edfan eustcny fs ecbbcgay ofv`g tc td` bctd`r.

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mr` `gcuod aòma orcugns tc jàf`v` tdmt td`s` amws ecgiafet wftd td` #E$% fg

s`v`rma ci fts mrtfea`s6 sued ms &rtfea`s '86 M6 @('" mgn )6 icr td` icaacwfgo

r`mscgs; ifrst6 td`r` fs gc `Numafty fg td` prce`ssL sècgn6 td` prce`ss nc`s gct

oumrmgt`` m imfr trfmaL tdfrn6 cgay b`g mr` n`prfv`n ci td`fr rfodt tc afj`rtyL mgn6

ifgmaay6 td` prce`ss fs cit`g v`ry sacw mgn gcfcus6 jr`m<fgo cr fbp`rfaafgo td`

ràmtfcgsdfp j`tw``g pmr`gts mgn edfanr`g ugtfa td` ecurt r`scav`s td` erfbfgma

bmtt`r. Od` amws nc gct r`pr`s`gt aòftfbmt` miifrbmtfv` metfcg jèmus` td`y mr`

ug`Nufvcemaay nfserfbfgmtcry momfgst b`g. 3atfbmtày6 td`y nc gct r`spèt td`

prce`ss ci `Numafty mgn mr`6 td`rìcr`6 ecgtrmry tc cr fg ecgiafet wftd td`

#urcp`mg Ecgv`gtfcg cg $ubmg %fodts.



2(*( Ze#))!$mt&#!s

Odfs wcr< rècbb`gns td` mb`gnb`gt ci mrtfea` ' ci Jmw '/4**8 tc fgeaun` mg

mnnftfcgma eamus` wdfed spèfif`s td` `gkcyb`gt ci prctètfcg miicrn`n ugn`r tdfs

amw tc b`g fg =pmfg. =ujs`Nu`gt tc tdfs mb`gnb`gt6 td` wcrnfgo ci mrtfea`s '@,

mgn ', ci td` Erfbfgma Ecn` cuodt tc j` r`vf`w`n fg crn`r tc mvmfa b`g ci

prctètfcg momfgst o`gn`r vfca`ge` `Numa tc tdmt miicrn`n tc wcb`g fg =pmfg.

ugnmb`gtmaay6 td`s` aòfsamtfv` mb`gnb`gts wcuan mafog td` ecge`pt ci

`Numafty tc fts crfofgma b`mgfgo ci Up`rièt `Numafty^6 wdfed td` amws maaò` mr`

td` r`mscg icr td`fr prcbuaomtfcg. ?i mb`gn`n6 =pmgfsd scef`ty wcuan `gkcy

bcr` nygmbfe prcspèts icr wcb`gKs `bpcw`rb`gt fg td`fr prci`ssfcgma mgn

prfvmt afi` mgn r`mssurmge` icr b`g wdc dmv` i at td`bsàv`s tc j`

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J&j.&#/rmpd8"

m; Xr&)mr8 U#%res

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8M4@*,**'4*'8'***+4.

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pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. '** ci 4M Hug` 4**).

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pujafsd`n fg 1# P=tmt` iifefma m!`tt` c. ,6 ci 4@ ci 7mred6 4*'8.



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4, =`pt`bj`r 4**46 iifefma Hcurgma6 J ')6 *@/,/4**,.

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