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The “Total Ecology” of Pelagic Resource Policy and Management. Michael K. Orbach Marine Laboratory Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University April, 2007. The Eastern Tropical Pacific Tuna Fishery. Tag-A-Giant. ECOLOGIES OF COASTS AND OCEANS. BIOPHYSICAL (NON-HUMAN) ECOLOGY - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The “Total Ecology” of Pelagic The “Total Ecology” of Pelagic Resource Policy and Resource Policy and
ManagementManagement
Michael K. OrbachMichael K. Orbach
Marine LaboratoryMarine Laboratory
Nicholas School of the EnvironmentNicholas School of the Environment
Duke UniversityDuke University
April, 2007April, 2007
The Eastern Tropical Pacific Tuna FisheryThe Eastern Tropical Pacific Tuna Fishery
Tag-A-GiantTag-A-Giant
ECOLOGIES OF COASTS AND ECOLOGIES OF COASTS AND OCEANSOCEANS
BIOPHYSICAL (NON-HUMAN) ECOLOGYBIOPHYSICAL (NON-HUMAN) ECOLOGY
HUMAN ECOLOGY OF CONSTITUENTSHUMAN ECOLOGY OF CONSTITUENTS
INSTITUTIONAL ECOLOGYINSTITUTIONAL ECOLOGY
BiophysicalBiophysical Ecology EcologyThe biophysical ecology, or ecological sub-system, is defined by The biophysical ecology, or ecological sub-system, is defined by
a set of non-human, biophysical resources and environments, a set of non-human, biophysical resources and environments, such as:such as:
-A politically bounded system such as a county, state or -A politically bounded system such as a county, state or countrycountry
-An ocean or ocean region-An ocean or ocean region
-A biophysical system defined by a migratory fish pathway-A biophysical system defined by a migratory fish pathway
and their associated human-built artifactsand their associated human-built artifacts(Tuna pens, FADS) (Tuna pens, FADS)
Human (Constituent) EcologyHuman (Constituent) Ecology
The human (constituent) ecology, or ecological The human (constituent) ecology, or ecological sub-system, is defined as those humans and sub-system, is defined as those humans and human behaviors that affect, are affected by, human behaviors that affect, are affected by,
or are otherwise concerned with a defined or are otherwise concerned with a defined biophysical ecologybiophysical ecology
Human (Constituent) EcologyHuman (Constituent) Ecology
The human (constituent) ecology, or ecological The human (constituent) ecology, or ecological sub-system, is defined as those humans and sub-system, is defined as those humans and human behaviors that affect, are affected by, human behaviors that affect, are affected by,
or are otherwise concerned with a defined or are otherwise concerned with a defined biophysical ecologybiophysical ecology
Institutional EcologyInstitutional Ecology
The institutional ecology, or ecological sub-The institutional ecology, or ecological sub-system, is defined as those governance system, is defined as those governance
institutions that govern, or affect, the behavior institutions that govern, or affect, the behavior of those people in the human ecological of those people in the human ecological
system system
The “Total Ecology”The “Total Ecology”
The “Total Ecology” consists of the mapping of The “Total Ecology” consists of the mapping of these threethese three
-Biophysical-Biophysical
-Human-Human
-Institutional-Institutional
ecological subsystems onto one anotherecological subsystems onto one another
The “Total Ecology” of Pelagic Fisheries
Biophysical Ecology
Human Ecology (Constituents)
(Natural Science) Fishing Industries & Communities (Media) Commercial Recreational Subsistence Scientific Community Processing, Marketing and (Social Science) Academia Distribution Sector Government Consumers Industry Interest Groups Non-Government The Public Organizations
Institutional Ecology
State/Provincial Fishery AgenciesInterstate Marine Fishery Agencies
[NMFS/NOAA Regional Fishery Management Councils]National Fishery Agencies
International Management Organizations
Ecosystem ManagementEcosystem Management
--The management of human behaviorsThe management of human behaviors
-Towards specific objectives-Towards specific objectives
-Through a specific governance system-Through a specific governance system
-Which affect, or are affected by, a specific -Which affect, or are affected by, a specific biophysical environmentbiophysical environment
SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYPOLICY
____________________________________
SCIENCESCIENCE: OBJECTIVITY, RELIABILITY, AND : OBJECTIVITY, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY (VALIDITY (NON-NORMATIVENON-NORMATIVE: WHAT : WHAT DIDDID, ,
WILLWILL, OR , OR MIGHTMIGHT HAPPEN) HAPPEN)
GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE: HUMAN VALUE-BASED : HUMAN VALUE-BASED DECISION-MAKING AND ADVOCACYDECISION-MAKING AND ADVOCACY
((NORMATIVENORMATIVE: WHAT : WHAT SHOULDSHOULD HAPPEN) HAPPEN)
THE NATURE OF MARINE THE NATURE OF MARINE FISHERIES POLICY AND FISHERIES POLICY AND
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
ALLALL FISHERIES POLICY AND FISHERIES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS HAVE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS HAVE
BIO/ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BIO/ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
ANDAND
BIO/ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BIO/ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS…..IMPACTS…..
..........andand
ALLALL FISHERIES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT FISHERIES POLICY AND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS INVOLVE TRADEOFFSDECISIONS INVOLVE TRADEOFFS
AMONG THESE OBJECTIVE AND IMPACT AMONG THESE OBJECTIVE AND IMPACT CATEGORIESCATEGORIES
THAT IS THE PROCESS OF THAT IS THE PROCESS OF GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE
THE NATURE OF MARINE THE NATURE OF MARINE FISHERIES POLICY AND FISHERIES POLICY AND
MANAGEMENT (continued)MANAGEMENT (continued)
THE NATURE OF MARINE THE NATURE OF MARINE FISHERIES POLICY AND FISHERIES POLICY AND
MANAGEMENT (continued)MANAGEMENT (continued)
THEREFORE,THEREFORE,
IF WE DO NOT HAVE FULL DATA AND IF WE DO NOT HAVE FULL DATA AND INFORMATION ON ALL THREE OF THE INFORMATION ON ALL THREE OF THE ECOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEMS, WE WILL ECOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEMS, WE WILL
NOT KNOW HOW TO JUDGE THESE NOT KNOW HOW TO JUDGE THESE NECESSARY TRADEOFFS…...NECESSARY TRADEOFFS…...
……..And…....And…..
There is natural/physical science (biophysical There is natural/physical science (biophysical ecology)……ecology)……
Social science (human and institutional ecology)……Social science (human and institutional ecology)……
And other areas of expertise (engineering, law, And other areas of expertise (engineering, law, business, planning)business, planning)
And the And the applicationsapplications of science and these other areas of science and these other areas of expertise to pelagic fisheries policy (governance)of expertise to pelagic fisheries policy (governance)
-Categories of Social Scientific DataCategories of Social Scientific Data
for Pelagic Fisheriesfor Pelagic Fisheries
-Use Patterns
-Attitudes, Perceptions and Beliefs
-Economics
-Communities
-Governance, Institutions and Processes
-Cultural Heritage and Resources
Problems in Incorporating Social Problems in Incorporating Social Scientific Data and Information into Scientific Data and Information into Fisheries Ecosystem ManagementFisheries Ecosystem Management
Is it science?Is it science?
Lack of trained social scientists in the marine fieldLack of trained social scientists in the marine field
Lack of social science professionals in the marine Lack of social science professionals in the marine resource management structureresource management structure
Lack of funding for social science research and Lack of funding for social science research and applicationapplication
Lack of understanding of the need for social scientific Lack of understanding of the need for social scientific data and informationdata and information
Problems in Integrating Scientific Problems in Integrating Scientific Disciplines and Science with Policy Disciplines and Science with Policy
and Managementand ManagementLack of opportunities for cross- and Lack of opportunities for cross- and interdisciplinary workinterdisciplinary work
Lack of mutual understanding and respect Lack of mutual understanding and respect among disciplinesamong disciplines
Inadequate “translation” of scientific results Inadequate “translation” of scientific results for different constituencies and audiencesfor different constituencies and audiences
Lack of common formats for display and Lack of common formats for display and comparison of objectives, alternatives and comparison of objectives, alternatives and impacts across topics and disciplinesimpacts across topics and disciplines
InteractionsInteractions
Institutional EcologyInstitutional Ecology
Human EcologyHuman Ecology
Biophysical EcologyBiophysical Ecology
?
Which is why…..Which is why…..
Political willPolitical will
looms so large in the effective implementation of looms so large in the effective implementation of any fishery management regimeany fishery management regime
If we do not have as much
high-quality, documented
data and information on the
Human and Institutional
Ecology as on the Biophysical
Ecology of pelagic fishery
systems, in a common
conceptual and linguistic
framework, we will not be
able to accomplish
“Ecosystem Management”
of pelagic fisheries.