THE TORNADO CHEMICAL X FORMULA · This book is for storm chasers/spotters, meteorologists, and other weather enthusiasts looking to catapult their tornado forecasting skills with

THE TORNADOCHEMICAL X

FORMULAThe Ultimate Tornado Forecasting

Quickstart Guide + A NewCutting Edge Tornado

Forecasting Tool

By: Cody Ervin

https://www.facebook.com/stormpursuer/

WARNING: Watch The Free Wheel Of Tor Walk-

through Training Video I Made Just For You Here. (CLICK)

I’VE GOT ANOTHERSURPRISE FOR YOU:

I’m doing this thing called “Coffee & Weather With Cody” where I go live on Facebook a few times a week to:

• Discuss the current major weather events across the U.S.• Answer weather questions• Preform occasional weather forecasting tutorials

FOLLOW ME ON FB HERE (CLICK)


Introduction ........................................................................................ 4The Tornado Chemical X Formula ...................................................... 6 Moisture ..................................................................................... 7 Instability .................................................................................... 8 Lift .............................................................................................. 9 Wind Shear .............................................................................. 11 The Ideal Setup ........................................................................ 13The Wheel Of Tor ............................................................................. 14About The Wheel Of Tor .................................................................. 15Using The Wheel Of Tor ....................................................................16Tornadic Triggers Checklist .............................................................. 19Additional Tornadic Factors Checklist .............................................. 20What To Do Next .............................................................................. 21References ........................................................................................ 23

Table of Contents 3

table of contents

Yo,

Let’s just first start off with answering the question of who this book is for and who it isn’t for.

WHO THIS BOOK ISN’T FOR:This book isn’t for people looking for hyped up, dumbed-down weather stuff. Nor is it for people looking for complex advanced weather concepts. If that is you, I’d reccommend not wasting your time reading this book.

WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR:This book is for storm chasers/spotters, meteorologists, and other weather enthusiasts looking to catapult their tornado forecasting skills with easy to understand and well structured tornado forecasting techniques. It’s for people who want to become superforecasters, like you.

If that sounds like you, great! I hope this book will be of much value for you. That being said, let’s crack into it...

Intro 4

intro

Intro 5

intro

WHAT THIS BOOK WILL DO FOR YOU:I designed this book to be quick and to the point, and something you can reference on each tornado setup day. I encourage you to read over it once in general as well to get familiar with it.

Ever wonder what ingredients are needed for a tornado setup, and how much of these ingredients are needed?

You’ll learn all of the “optimal” ingredients that are needed for each setup.

I also talk about a tool I’ve developed in my infamous Super Secret Squirrel Storm Lab (SSSSL) called the Wheel Of Tor. This cutting edge tornado forecasting tool will let you see visually how threatening the tornado setup is, and what ingredients are needed and what aren’t needed. This will add clairty to your forecasts and help you “see the setup” at a deep level, big league.

I’ve also given you a couple of tornado forecasting checklists you can use to assess the tornado potential. Instead of scurrying around the internet to find all of this information, I have compiled it all together for you. You literally just check the boxes and boom.

The Tornadic Chemical X Formula 6

The TORNADIC CHEMICAL X Formula

Typically, the higher the degree to which each of these ingredi-ents are, the better the tornado chances.

There are a number of other factors that go into this, however, which will be addressed in this book.

MOISTURE + INSTABILITY + LIFT + WIND SHEAR = HEIGHTENED RISK OF TORNADOES

THE TORNADO CHEMICAL X FORMULA:

If you aren’t familiar with the 4 ingredients below with at least a basic understanding, I encourage you to check out the www.weatherdecoded.com/tornado-chemical-x video that accompanies this book.

None the less, let’s review what is needed for a tornado setup.

Tornadic Chemical X: Moisture 7

TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: Moisture

INGREDIENT #1 - MOISTURE:Moisture is needed for thunderstorms in general. With tornadic storms, you need plenty of moisture, more than a typical thunderstorm. When you get a better feed of moisture (dew points close to the temperature), the cloud bases will lower, which is critical to tornado formation.

Look for a stream of deep moisture flowing north from the Gulf Mexico into a low pressure system.

-Image courtesy of NOAA

Tornadic Chemical X: Instability 8

INGREDIENT #2 - INSTABILITY:The atmosphere needs to be relatively unstable for tornadic thunderstorms. The warm, moist air at the surface and cooler temperatures aloft will allow parcels to rapidly rise, causing strong, buoyant updrafts. This is critical for severe thunderstorm production.

Some negative buoyancy (stability) is good, however, in the mid-levels of the atmosphere. This is called an inversion or a “cap”. A slight to moderate amount of this is good, because it prevents tons of storms from going up and helps keep storms isolated, which helps storms own their environment which helps with tornado production. Too much of this cap can prevent storms from going up all together and too little of this cap can make storms go up all at once which lowers the tornado threat as well.

TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: INSTABILITY

A skew-T sounding with “fat” CAPE is common meteorology lingo. It usually means the surface temperature and dew point are quite high and close together, while the mid and upper levels cool off quickly. This is a good recipe for extreme instability / high CAPE values.



Tornadic Chemical X: Lift 9

TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: LIFT

INGREDIENT #3 - LIFT:Something needs to pop this warm, moist air up. But what? A front usually is your best source. The most common sources are cold fronts, dry lines, surface troughs, warm fronts, out flow boundaries, geographic features (upslope flow). A front divides two different air masses. Warm air is less dense than cold air and moist air is less dense than dry air, therefore warm air and moist air will rise over the cold air and dry air.

If you get a tight gradient of these at the surface, you likely have a front, and even better if you get winds converging along these fronts, you likely have a good lift source.

Tornadoes most often form along drylines. They can also be seen in storms riding along warm fronts or outflow boundaries. Cold front’s don’t produce tornadoes as often as storms updrafts are usually undercut/higher based from the cool dry air immediately behind the cold front as these fronts usually have sharper slopes.

Lift is also important in the jetstream. Strong, diverging flow in the upper levels can cause a low pressure response at the sur-face, causing air at the surface to rise and want to “fill in” the divering flow in the jetstream.

Tornadic Chemical X: Lift 10

TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: LIFT

The triple point (warm front / dry line / cold front) intersec-tion is a great area for torna-do potential. Another good area for tornado potential exists along the dry line and for any storms that can ride along the warm front.


Tornado outbreaks will typically form in the exit regions of jet streaks. The image to the right shows a trough digging into the western U.S. with the jet streak exiting / diverging out into the high plains. A tornado setup occurs in the central and southern high plains.


Tornadic Chemical X: Wind Shear 11

TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: WIND SHEAR

INGREDIENT #4 - WIND SHEAR:To keep storms long-lived, wind shear is necessary. Wind shear is the change with wind speed and or direction with height.

Imagine a storm where there is no windshear. You would have an updraft that goes straight up, condensates, and then comes straight back down, squashing the updraft. Way to go storm.

Now imagine a scenario where there is wind shear where the winds up high are strong and from the southwest and the winds at the surface are strong as well, but in a different direction (east). Your updraft would go up, condensate, and then that precipita-tion would get blown away from the updraft. This doesn’t squash the updraft and as a result, the storm is able to continuously feed an updraft with feed warm moist air into the storm. This creates long-lived storms, and if the other 3 key ingredients are in place, long-lived severe storms.

Wind shear also promotes vorticity rolls in the atmosphere to create spinning rolls. These rolls can get turned vertically with storm interaction and produce tornadoes.

Tornadic Chemical X: Wind Shear 12

TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: WIND SHEAR

A “Hodograph” is an important meteorological tool that you can use to measure wind shear. Large, looping hodographs with a near 90 degree turn near the low-mid levels, typically going towards the right, indicates potentially sufficient wind shear for tornadic storms.

Skew-T’s plot wind speeds with different heights. A classic profile for supercells and tornadoes would be where you have southeast winds at surface (around 15 knots), turning to west south west in the upper levels (40 plus knots). This can vary, however, as it depends on relationships to other factors.


“Speed Shear” measures the difference of wind speeds with height. A typical tornadic enviornment will have ever increasing winds with height. This process creates horizontal rolls in the atmosphere, that eventually can be tilted vertically through storm processes, which in result, can lead to tornado development.


Tornadic Chemical X: The Ideal Setup 13

The TORNADIC CHEMICAL X: THE IDEAL SETUP

Ideally, you’d like to see a deep flux of warm, moist air riding north out of the Gulf of Mexico flowing into a low pressure system with a defined warmfront, dryline, and less aggressive cold front. The winds would be southeast along this dryline and east southeast or east along the warmfront.

A strong and diverging jetstream with cold air would exist above the low pressure system, giving the setup sufficient wind shear and cold air aloft.

So let’s dive into the next section, “The Wheel Of Tor”, where I show you a tool that gives you something close to a tornado blueprint and makes your tornado superforecasting simple, visual, and fun...

A classic tornado setup evolving across the central and southern plains. Highest tornado threat would likley be in Kansas and southern Nebraska near the surface low and favorable wind shear.

“Hand Analysis” is a meteorological term where you print out a surface chart and draw in fronts, pressure, temperature/moisture contours, etc. yourself as opposed to using model-generated output. The benefit of doing Hand Analysis is that you can pick up on subtle, but potentially impactful features that the computers cannot.


The Wheel Of Tor 14

the wheel of tor

www.weatherdecoded.com

Tornado Potential

very highhighvery low Low moderate

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The Wheel Of Tor is a cutting-edge tool that I have developed for you to assess the torna-

do threat VISUALLY for your desired location for a desired time.

The wheel is split up into 4 main sections, each factors that help determine tornado potential.

1.) The top hemisphere of the wheel deals with stability factors.

2.) The bottom le� of the wheel generally deals with moisture factors.

3.) The bottom right deals with wind shear factors.

4.) The additional outer rings deal with additional factors such as composites and

directional shear.

You essentially fill these slices in using the table and the steps on the next page. When you are

done, you are le� with a shape and can determine the tornado potential o� of this, what

ingredients are lacking, what ingredients are su�icient, etc. The Wheel Of Tor tool

hypothesizes that:

1.) If the circle is uniform and full, a high tornado potential exists.

2.) If the circle is uniform and nearly empty, a low tornado potential exists.

3.) If the circle is not uniform (unbalanced), you have some su�icient ingredients, but

also lack some su�icient ingredients for tornado potential. This will need to be

strategically assessed (using some of the secret forecasting techniques I reveal to you

at weatherdecoded.com of course).

Complete the 3 Step Process on the following pages to complete your Wheel Of Tor.


About The Wheel Of Tor 15

about the wheel of tor

Step 1: Determine your forecast location, time, and find your forecasted threats.

Step 2: Assess the following diagram and retrieve a number for each slice forecast

factor (0 being low tornado threat, 10 being high tornado threat), based o� the

forecast factor’s value you retrieved from analysis data.


Using The Wheel Of Tor 16

using the wheel of tor

0-8km Shear (kts): <30 = 0 30-35 = 1 36-41 = 2 42-47 = 3 48-53 = 4 54-59 = 5 60-65 = 6 66-71 = 7 72-77 = 8 78-83 = 9 >84 = 10

0-3km SRH ((m^2)(s^-2)): <50 = 0 50-119 = 1 120-189 = 2 190-259 = 3 260-329 = 4 330-399 = 5 400-469 = 6 470-539 = 7 540-609 = 8 610-679 = 9 >680 = 10

0-6km Shear (kts): <25 = 0 25-29 = 1 30-34 = 2 35-39 = 3 40-44 = 4 45-49 = 5 50-54 = 6 55-59 = 7 60-64 = 8 65-69 = 9 >70 = 10

0-1km SRH ((m^2)(s^-2)): <80 kts = 0 80-105 = 1 106-131 = 2 132-157 = 3 158-183 = 4 184-209 = 5 210-235 = 6 236-261 = 7 262-287 = 8 288-313 = 9 >314 = 10

0-3km Shear (kts): <14 = 0 14-18 = 1 19-22 = 2 23-27 = 3 28-31 = 4 32-36 = 5 37-40 = 6 41-45 = 7 46-49 = 8 50-54 = 9 >55 = 10

Critical Angle (˚): <20 or >180 = 0 20-27 or 172-180 = 1 28-35 or 163-171 = 2 36-43 or 154-162 = 3 44-51 or 145-153 = 4 52-59 or 136-144 = 5 60-67 or 125-135 = 6 68-75 or 113-124 = 7 76-83 or 102-112 = 8 84-87 or 93-101 = 9 88-92 = 10

0-1km Shear (kts): <10 = 0 10-12 = 1 13-15 = 2 16-18 = 3 19-21 = 4 22-24 = 5 25-27 = 6 28-30 = 7 31-33 = 8 34-36 = 9 >37 = 10

BRN SHEAR: <38 = 0 38-44 = 1 45-51 = 2 52-58 = 3 59-65 = 4 66-72 = 5 73-79 = 6 80-86 = 7 87-93 = 8 94-100 = 9 101+ = 10



using the wheel of torMLCAPE / SBCAPE (J kg^-1): <1 = 0 1-500 = 1 500-999 = 2 1000-1499 = 3 1500-1999 = 4 2000-2499 = 5 2500-2999 = 6 3000-3499 = 7 3500-3999 = 8 4000-4499 = 9 >4500 = 10

0-1km EHI: <0.1 = 0 0.1-1.0 = 1 1.1-2.0 = 2 2.1-3.0 = 3 3.1-4.0 = 4 4.1-5.0 = 5 5.1-6.0 = 6 6.1-7.0 = 7 7.1-8.0 = 8 8.1-9.0 = 9 >9.1 = 10

MLCIN / SBCIN (J kg^-1): 240+ = 0 221-240 = 1 201-220 = 2 181-200 = 3 161-180 = 4 141-160 = 5 0-10 or 121-140 = 6 11-20 or 101-120 = 7 21-30 or 81-100 = 8 31-40 or 61-80 = 9 41-60 = 10

0-3km EHI: <0.1 = 0 0.1-1.0 = 1 1.1-2.5 = 2 2.6-4.0 = 3 4.1-5.5 = 4 5.6-7.0 = 5 7.1-8.5 = 6 8.6-10.0 = 7 10.1-11.5 = 8 11.6-13.0 = 9 >13.1 = 10

700-500mb Lapse Rates (˚C km^-1): <5.5 = 0 5.5-5.9 = 1 6.0-6.4 = 2 6.5-6.9 = 3 7.0-7.4 = 4 7.5-7.9 = 5 8.0-8.4 = 6 8.5-8.9 = 7 9.0-9.4 = 8 9.5-9.9 = 9 >10 = 10

LCL (m): <2050 = 0 1850-2050 = 1 1650-1849 = 2 1450-1649 = 3 1250-1449 = 4 1050-1249 = 5 850-1049 = 6 650-849 = 7 450-649 = 8 250-449 = 9 <250 m 10

Li�ed Index (˚C): > -1.0 = 0 -1.0 to -2.4 = 1 -2.5 to -3.9 = 2 -4.0 to -5.4 = 3 -5.5 to -6.9 = 4 -7.0 to -8.4 = 5 -8.5 to -9.9 = 6 -10.0 to -11.4 = 7 -11.5 to -12.9 = 8 -13.0 to -14.4 = 9 < -14.4 = 10

PW (in): <0.41 = 0 0.41-0.5 = 1 0.51-0.6 = 2 0.61-0.7 = 3 0.71-0.8 or 2.4-2.6 = 4 0.81-0.9 or 2.2-2.39 = 5 0.91-1.0 or 1.9-2.19 = 6 1.01-1.1 or 1.7-1.89 = 7 1.11-1.2 or 1.6-1.69 = 8 1.21-1.3 or 1.5-1.59 = 9 1.31-1.49 = 10

Step 3: Shade in the circle’s categorical slices (variables) starting starting from 0 going out to

the anticipated threat level you gained from the table in Step 1.

1.) Shade all inner categorical slices lightly with a light solid color.

2.) You’ll see that the shear categories and SRH categories are each in the same pie

slice. Fill in the bulk shear lightly with a solid color like in step 1. Fill in the SRH value

with diagonal lines all facing one direction (around a half a centimeter).

2.) Shade in the Critical angle slice (from the dashed line to the start of the MLCAPE

line) with a darker color. Overlay this color your original color from #1.

3.) (Optional) Outline the 0-1km EHI slice with the color blue (do not fill).

4.) (Optional) Outline the 0-3km EHI slice with the color green (do not fill).

5.) (Optional) Outline the BRN Shear slice with the color red (do not fill).

A�er your done coloring in the circle, you’ll be ablet to see what ingredients are there and

what ones aren’t. A�er using this for many setups, you’ll be able to recognize di�erent shape

patterns for di�erent style of tornado setups.

Step 4: When your Wheel Of Tor is finished, complete the “Tornadic Triggers Checklist” and

“Tornado Other Factors Checklist” on the next two pages to assess triggers and other factors.

Checkmark “YES” or “NO” for each question. The more “YES” answers you have, the higher

the potential for tornadoes typically exists.



using the wheel of tor

1.) A (usually) rapidly moving, negatively tilted 500 mb shortwave is in place.

2.) Look for strong upper level divergence over the surface low.

3.) Strong mid-upper level flow that dives down the trough into the shortwave that exits into the warm sector.

4.) 500 mb height falls are around -90 meters.

5.) A surface low (cyclonic flow) near the surface. It can be sometimes be sublte in nature.

6.) A (typically) moderate cap exists with strong forcing.

7.) For dry lines: Strong SW to SE convergence along dryline. Dryline is oriented north to south with a buldge northeastward near the triple point. A sharp moisture gradient along the dryline. Upper level flow is perpendicular to the dryline.

9.) For warm fronts and outflow boundaries: Winds go from south (south of the boundary) backing to the east or south east along the boundary. Upper level flow runs parallel along the boundary. An enhanced area of moisture is pooling along the boundary.

10.) For cold fronts: The coldfront is slow-moving. Moisture extends back behind the front a ways. Winds behind the front are more westerly as opposed to northly. South or southeast winds ahead of the front. Strong upper level flow is perpendicular to the cold front.

yes no

Tornadic Triggers Checklist 19

Tornadic Triggers checklist


yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yesyes

yesyes

yes

yes

yes

yesyesyes

yes

yes

1.) Boundary layer relative humidity is 60-80%.

2.) 500 mb storm-relative winds are 15 to 25 knots.

3.) Mid-level (3-6km) storm relative winds are 20-35 knots.

4.) The mid-levels are dry above the inversion.

5.) Moderate to strong low level jet with a plume of moisture and warm air racing north. Dewpoints rise 5˚ C over a 12 hour period.

6.) Smooth directional shear with surface winds (usually south, southeast, or east) to mid level winds (usually southwest, west, or northwest). The veering with height is consistent, is most notable above 850mb, and does not back again.

7.) The Total Totals Index is 55 or greater.

8.) The Showalter Stability Index is -7 or less.

9.) The SWEAT Index is between 400 and 800.

10.) The Vorticity Generation Potential is 0.5 or greater.

yes no

Additional Tornadic Factors Checklist 20

Additional tornadic factors checklist


yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

yes no

I really hope you enjoyed the book and it was of much use to you and your

tornado forecasting adventures. I decided to make this book for two rea-

sons:

REASON #1:With all of the weather data out there, things can be scary and complicat-

ed at times. I decided to make this book to bring to you a simple, replica-

ble, and visual system you can use in your superforecasting. Think of it as

adding a tool to your superforecasting tool box. I hope that I have given

you some new, useful tools. If you haven’t seen it already, I’ve made a

video for you here that helps you use this and discusses the Tornado

Chemical X.

REASON #2:I am giving this book away as a blatant bribe for this new thing on Face-

book I’m doing called “Weather and Coffee with Cody”, where I will go

live a few times a week to discuss my severe weather forecasts, answer

weather questions, and even preform some weather forecasting tutorials.

If you would like to be apart of the tribe and take your superforecasting a

step further, I suggest you check this out by liking my Facebook page

here. We’d be glad to have you!

With that being said, I hope you enjoyed the book, and I’ll see you soon!

-Cody Ervin :-)

What To Do Next... 21

what to do next...

WARNING: Watch The Free Wheel Of Tor Walk-

Through Training Video I Made Just For You Here. (CLICK)

I’VE GOT ANOTHERSURPRISE FOR YOU:

I’m doing this thing called “Coffee & Weather With Cody” where I go live on Facebook a few times a week to:

• Discuss the current major weather events across the U.S.• Answer weather questions• Preform occasional weather forecasting tutorials

FOLLOW ME ON FB HERE (CLICK)


Vasquez, Tim. “C14. Forecasting: Stability Indices." Weather Forecasting Red Book:

Forecasting Techniques for Meteorology. Garland, TX: Weather Graphics Technologies,

2006. 159-70. Print.

Haby, Jeff. "SUPERCELL TYPES: LP, CLASSIC, HP." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p.,

n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016. <http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/42/>.

Thompson, Richard, and Roger Edwards. "FORECASTING SUPERCELL TYPE."

Stormeyes. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016. <http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/stm-

type.htm>.

Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT EHI." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11

Oct. 2016. <http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/314/>.

Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT CAPE." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web.

11 Oct. 2016. <http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/305/>.

Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT SW." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11


Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT BRN." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11


Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT KI." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11


References 23

references

Storm Prediction Center. "Environmental Temperature Lapse Rates." Help - Lapse

Rates. National Oceanic And Atmospheric Association, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.

<http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/help/help_lllr.html>.

Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT CINH." SKEW-T: A LOOK AT CINH. Theweatherpre-

diction.com, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016. <http://www.theweatherprediction.com/haby-

hints/306/>.

Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT LI." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11


Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT SI." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11


Haby, Jeff. "SKEW-T: A LOOK AT TT." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11


Storm Prediction Center. "Storm Relative Helicity (m**2/s**2)." Help - Storm Relative

Helicity. National Oceanic And Atmospheric Association, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.

<http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/help/help_srh1.html>.

Haby, Jeff. "SEVERE WEATHER INDICES PAGE." Theweatherprediction.com. N.p., n.d.

Web. 11 Oct. 2016. <http://www.theweatherprediction.com/severe/indices/>.

Britt, Mark F. Forecasting Convective Mode and Severity. N.p.: n.p., n.d. PPT.

References 24

references

Thompson, Rich. "EXPLANATION OF SPC SEVERE WEATHER PARAMETERS."

NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center. Storm Prediction Center, n.d. Web. 11 Oct.

2016. <http://www.spc.noaa.gov/sfctest/help/sfcoa.html>.

National Weather Service. Severe Weather Forecasting Tip Sheet: WFO Louisville. N.p.:

National Oceanic And Atmospheric Association, n.d. PDF. <http://www.weather.gov/-

media/lmk/soo/SvrWx_Fcstg_TipSheet.pdf>.

Gordon, John D., and Drew Albert. A Comprehensive Severe Weather Forecast Check-

list and Reference Guide. N.p.: National Oceanic And Atmospheric Association, n.d.

PDF. <https://www.weather.gov/media/sgf/research/severe_weather_checklist.pdf>.

References 25

references

Created By Cody Ervinwww.weatherdecoded.com

Documents

THE TORNADO CHEMICAL X FORMULA · This book is for storm chasers/spotters, meteorologists, and other weather enthusiasts looking to catapult their tornado forecasting skills with