The Tomb of Kheruef: Theban Tomb 192Review by: William H. PeckJournal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 17 (1980), pp. 107-109Published by: American Research Center in EgyptStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40000950 .

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BOOK REVIEWS 107

there is clear evidence for editorial revision in the Teaching of Ammenemes I and the Satire on the Trades, no single final text resulted. The testimony of Ramesside ostraca bear- ing portions of these two works reveals how little under- standing there was of the content of the original text by that time.

In the third section Burkard collects those corrupt and obscure passages which appear not to be susceptible to a

satisfactory solution and which, as a result, cannot be assigned to any of the preceding categories. Here the oppor- tunity arises to discuss in an excursus the ninth maxim of Ptahhotpe and its interpretation as an example of the literary device known as amphiboly. This was stimulated by Ger- hard Fecht's valuable monograph which appeared in 1958 and demonstrated the use of amphiboly in maxims 5 and 19 of Ptahhotpe.

The fourth section is concerned with an analysis of the for- mal structure of the Maxims of Ptahhotpe which is clearly discernible in Pap. Prisse, but which has been disturbed and distorted in the later manuscripts. Recognition of the care- fully constructed original pattern of the work makes possible the identification of later interpolations and omissions, as well as the contamination of lines in one pericope by those in another. The evidence of misreadings in Pap. Prisse, inciden-

tally, shows that this Twelfth Dynasty manuscript was copied from a prototype which was written in vertical columns (pp. 15-6).

As a by-product of his researches, Burkard has gathered together in the final section of his book a number of propo- sals for the improvement of hieratic readings and translations as they appear in the various publications of the five texts studied. There is, for instance, a very useful list of corrections of Zaba's edition of the Maxims of Ptahhotpe. The author's observations are made with perspicacity and discrimination and merit careful consideration. A good example is his sug- gestion to read hrwt in the Teaching for Merikare', 47-8, yielding the meaning "Do not destroy magnates in their cliff tombs."

This stimulating volume provides much food for thought. Why is it that so many of the later editorial "corrections" seem to have no apparent reason? Again, a tiny fragment of

papyrus containing portions of four lines of the text of the Teaching of Ammenemes I was discovered and identified by Burkard in Berlin. A photograph and hieroglyphic transcrip- tion is to be found at the conclusion of the book and can be dated by its hieratic script to some time between Dynasties 26 and 30 (pp. 7-8). How did a politically inspired pamphlet which might be expected to have only a passing vogue come to survive and be continuously copied for at least fourteen and perhaps even seventeen centuries? Two manuscripts of the Satire on the Trades, Pap. Sallier II and Pap. Anastasi VII, were written by the same scribe, according to their colo-

phons. The numerous divergencies between the two copies are most instructive.

The book is reproduced from a typescript which is clearly and very attractively presented. In view of the great mass of

detail contained in it, the paucity of errors in the text is quite remarkable. A couple of slips which caught the reviewer's eye might be mentioned. In two citations of Pap. Millingen, b?b; is wrongly transcribed as j^ on p. 37, but properly written J^ on p. 308. The "man with hand to mouth" deter-

minative after hnr in the Satire on the Trades, Pap. Sallier II, 8,7 ("Duacheti XXb"), is omitted on p. 58 but correctly in- cluded on p. 180.

This book can be recommended without reservation. It should be indispensable to all who concern themselves with the literary works of ancient Egypt.

Ronald J. Williams

University of Toronto

THE TOMB OF KHERUEF: THEBAN TOMB 192, The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publica- tions, Volume 102, by the Epigraphic Survey in coope- ration with the Department of Antiquities of Egypt, Chicago, 1980. Text 80 pp. 3 figs., 88 plates.

The publication of the tomb of Kheruef has been eagerly awaited by Egyptologists, and the result is certainly up to the expectations of those familiar with the preceding works

sponsored by the Epigraphic Survey. The Preface, by Charles F. Nims, includes acknowledgements to all who con- tributed directly and indirectly to the finished work, includ-

ing the sources of financial support. Nims, Labib Habachi, Edward F. Wente and David Larkin were responsible for various sections of the text. The members of the staff of the

Survey who participated in the preparation of the publica- tion included seven Egyptologists, two of whom also acted as photographers, five artists and a field architect. This com-

plete publication of an important tomb is truly an example of the scholarly cooperation necessary for the accurate results toward which the Epigraphic Survey has always strived.

Chapter I, "The Tomb", by Charles F. Nims, deals with the modern history of the site, the architecture and decoration of the tomb and its history after its abandonment. The earliest Egyptologist to have visited the tomb was Adolph Erman, and the first publication of any of its parts was made from his drawings and copies by Heinrich Brugsch. Alan Gardiner and Norman de Garis Davies were the next scholars to pay attention to the tomb and its decoration. It was not until 1943 that Ahmed Fakhry and Zakaria Ghoneim began actual clearance work which was continued in 1957 when the Epigraphic Survey, with the cooperation of the

Department of Antiquities, undertook their work on the tomb.

In the section on the architecture and decoration of the tomb, Nims describes the structure with reference to the

plans and plates in a methodical and complete manner. The

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108 JARCE XVII (1980)

tomb of Kheruef was quarried into the surface of the rock in the Asasif valley, not into the hillside as had been earlier tombs in the Eighteenth Dynasty, allowing the architect the

possibility of an eastward orientation not dependent on the

physical characteristics of the landscape. In Nims' discussion of the architecture, there are a few points which are not en-

tirely clear to me, but these are essentially minor. In an exa- mination of the original layout of the tomb, the demarcation of the basic axial line is inferred but this hypothetical "base- line" is not imposed on any of the plans. The existence of a

possible second entrance ramp is suggested with reference to two plates but the evidence is difficult to ascertain. The entrance ramp, as it was eventually quarried, was not com-

pletely cleared by the excavators due to the existence of a mud brick structure at its upper end. This structure is shown on a plan but not identified by legend. In some cases more

complete printed identification on the plans would have been more useful to the reader not completely familiar with the tomb and its complex architecture, particularly in light of the later intrusive cutting of other tombs.

In the general discussion of the decoration of the tomb, reference is made to the consistency of treatment in the style and technique of reliefs with particular reference to the hie-

roglyphs of birds in which the "m" owl is demonstrated to be detailed in the same manner in several areas of the tomb. A

comparison with an example in the tomb of Ramose sug- gests to the author that the execution in the tomb of Kheruef was "by the same sculptor or by sculptors of the same school at approximately the same time." Another comparison is made between the first columned hall in the tomb of Khe- ruef and the similar hall in the "roughly contemporary" tomb of Ramose. Layout and proportion of the two are similar, the chief difference being the number and arrangement of the columns.

It is Nims' contention that no burial ever took place in the tomb of Kheruef. The lower passageways and rooms reached

through an entrance at the west and of the south wall in the first columned hall contained only the remains of charred torches and blackened pottery fragments used as lamps. The absence of any evidence of bats suggested that the area intended for the burial was sealed by, or shortly after, the

collapse of the hall roof. The ambitious plan for the tomb was never carried out. The quality of the stone in the area

may have concealed a structural fault which led to its destruction. The tomb decoration was left unfinished. Only in those areas which had been completed and were partly protected by debris from the collapse of the roof were figures or parts of figures of the owner of the tomb not defaced. The

quality of stone in the Asasif valley might have also been

responsible for the divergence of the east and west ends of the court from a right angle to the axis of the tomb. The east portion has a divergence of only 4.5°, the west portico is 7° off. The error seems too large to be attributed to the

layout architect and may have been a simple accommoda- tion to the physical conditions encountered in cutting the tomb into the rock.

The knotty problem of the length of the coregency bet- ween Amenhotep III and IV is not addressed here. On the basis of the evidence in the tomb Nims concludes that per- misssion was granted to begin the work in the later years of

Amenhotep III, perhaps around the time of the third jubilee, and that Amenhotep IV was made coregent, or his father had died, before the decoration was started. Since Nefertiti is not shown, the reign or coregency of Amenhotep IV must have just begun. The additional problem of whether Amen-

hotep III was alive or dead at the time of the decoration of the tomb cannot be decided from the evidence of the decora-

tion, in Nims' opinion. After the abandonment of the tomb the reliefs and inscrip-

tions which had been finished were defaced in what seems to be three different techniques. Names of Amon were cut out as well as the plural word "gods" but not in royal cartouches and not the names of other gods. This must have been the work of the "Amarna zealots", and it is postulated that it was done during the last third of Amenhotep IV's reign, after the death of Queen Tiye. Two figures of Amenhotep IV were erased and the walls deeply fractured, probably after the

king' s death. Some figures of Kheruef exhibit the same type of damage suggesting that they were effaced at the same

time; however, many of the reliefs of Kheruef and inscrip- tions relating to him were erased with a lighter hand as were

figures of two priests of Ptah and the word square hymn, suggesting that this phase of the damage occurred during the

reign of Amenhotep IV. The destruction of images of the "heretic" king requires little explanation, what was done to the tomb before his death is explained as having happened "either because those particular participants (represented) were committed to the old order through personal choice or official position, or, what is more likely, because the particu- lar ceremonies in which they appeared were identified with the proscribed faith."

In addition to the inscriptions in the tomb the other mate- rial which adds to our information about Kheruef includes

parts of two statues found in the tomb, a headless statue for-

merly in Berlin, a fragment of a statue found by Naville at

Bubastis, two inscriptions on rocks at Assuan and three jar labels found at the palace of Amenhotep III at el-Malqata. Material inscribed to a man named Naa or Naai can also be identified with Kheruef as this name occurs in the tomb five

times, sometimes followed by the words "who is called Khe-

ruef," Labib Habachi summarizes the information to be

gained about the owner of the tomb from the various sources. He was originally named Naa or Naai, with no evi- dence as to when or why the name Kheruef was adopted. His father and mother held important official posts and it is per- haps to his mother, who appears with him in a relief, that he owed his advancement. The order of his titles and their

acquisition cannot be determined but they generally suggest a close relationship with the royal family, particularly Queen Tiye. His importance is also attested by the size of his tomb, never finished, "the largest private tomb of the Eighteenth Dynasty of which we have knowledge." Habachi states that

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BOOK REVIEWS 109

it is impossible to determine why the work was left incom-

plete, offering either the "political situation" or "structural

collapse" as two alternative explanations. A short section by Nims serves as an introduction to the

plates with a discussion of the problems caused by the condi- tion of the tomb walls, the techniques employed in the copy- ing and reproduction of reliefs and texts as well as the methods used in the restoration of some areas of the text.

The translation of the texts in the tomb was done by Edward Wente. Because of the condition of many of the

inscriptions this required a good deal of restoration, all of which is extensively documented and noted. Of particular interest is the "word square" or "crossword hymn" which the author notes to be the oldest known example of its type. The translation of the inscriptions with their notes take up about one half of the text, which would have been greatly extended if a complete transliteration had been included. For most readers this was not necessary but it should be noted that the titles and epithets of Kheruef are indexed (by David Larkin) in transliteration. A complaint which some may have about this index is that the titles are keyed to the plates and only in a general way to Wente's translations.

Some errors, which I am sure are attributable to editing and proofreading, should be noted:

Page 5. for "pls. 68-71" read "pls. 69-72

Page 10. for 63 A; 65B, Fread 64 A, 65B, 66F 65A read 66A 63B, C; 64 read 64B, C; 65 65G read ()()G

Page 11. for 65D read 66D 65E , read 66E

Page 12. for 57B read 58B Page 13. for 23 read 24

68 read 67

Page 14. for 53 read 73 (on the same page "73" is given correctly in a second citaton.)

The staff members of the Epigraphic Survey who partici- pated in the production of this work are to be congratulated for the high standard of excellence archieved. The quality of the plates, the result of the well-known "Chicago method," is of a level by which other archaeological publications may be judged.

William H. Peck The Detroit Institute of Arts

WOMEN IN THE MUSLIM WORLD. Edited by Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie. Pp. xi + 698 (including photo- graphs). Havard University Press, Cambridge, 1978. $30.00.

Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie have collected an admirable set of essays on Muslim women. The thirty-three articles are

grouped into four sections: 1) General Perspectives on Legal

Socioeconomic Change; 2) Historical Perspectives; 3) Case Studies, Nomads, Villagers, Towns and City Dwellers; and 4) Ideology, Religion and Ritual. In addition, the articles cover an unusually broad geographical base, ranging from North Africa, the Middle East and Iran, and moving east- wards to China. For the reader who wishes to have more information, many of the articles are equipped with biblio-

graphies. The excellent introduction by the two editors sets the tone

for the volume as a whole, that of a scholarly and overall well-documented presentation of the status and varied roles of women. This thoughtful introduction explores many of the issues relating to the position of women and also pro- vides an all-too-rare general perspective. We are told, for

example, that many of the attitudes and features "noted as

typical of Middle Eastern society . . . are not peculiar to the Middle East." (p. 22) On more emotionally-laden questions, such as that of the veil or the seclusion of women, the dispas- sionate appraisals are a welcome change. The recent spread of veiling and seclusion among the lower-middle and the lower classes is noted. On the question of the intricate rela-

tionship between Westernization and the status of women, the editors substantiate the opinions of feminists like Fatima Mernissi, in her Beyond the Veil, and Evelyne Accad, in her Veil of Shame. Beck and Keddie point out that "the recent revival of nationalist and anti-Western Islamic ideologies among some governments and intellectuals reinforces tradi- tional views on the status of women." (p. 28)

The first section brings together general studies on legal reform with a large variety of articles on social status, educa- tion, and employment patterns in Middle Eastern nations, from North Africa to Iran and Turkey. The second, and much shorter, section shows women both in traditional elite roles and in their involvements with revolution, nationalism, and feminism. In her study of "The Revolutionary Gentle- women in Egypt," Marsot provides a fascinating description of upper-class harem life, and argues that "one must perforce reject the stereotype of the harem as a warm coocoon and come to regard it simply as a microcosm of upper-class Egyptian society." (p. 268). Taken as a whole, this section limits itself to relatively recent Islamic periods. Two studies deal with Ottoman and modern Turkey, two with nineteenth and twentieth-century Egypt, and one with twentieth-cen-

tury Iran. The need for more, and earlier, historical studies is evident.

The third, and largest, section of the work is a rich collec- tion of ethnographic and sociological studies covering vir-

tually every type of Middle Eastern community: nomadic, village, town, and major city, and spanning an area from Morocco through Lebanon and Egypt to Iran, Pakistan, and Central Asia. As the editors themselves noted, the concentra- tion in this section, like that in the work as a whole, is on the "lower-class majority" of Muslim women, (p. 14) If there is one situation which has received less coverage in this wide-

ranging survey, it is that of the new class of professional women emerging in the Middle East.

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