The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty

8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty

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ney

Y

E R S T

N

onference

maticSociety New York

4

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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

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onference

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onference

i na g e 1 7 83 - 18 5 7 1 8 5 , 1 8 6 pp . i l lu s .

0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 07 - 5

1 7 8 - 1 86 6 1 8 6 , 1 4 2 pp . i l l u s. B o u n d

N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 14 - 8

na g e 1 7 4 - 18 1 1 8 7 , 2 1 0 p p. i l l u s.

0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 1 -

A l an M . S ta h l c d . 1 8 8 , 2 4 7 pp . i l lu s .

0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 26 - 1

e ru W i l li am . B i s ch of f e d . 1 8 ) , 2 50 p p.

1 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 34 - 2

a ge W i l li a m . M e tc al f e d . 1 9 0 , 1 3 2 p p.

1 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 38 - 5

ra l Am er ic a o hn M . l ee be rg e d. 1 9 2 ,

d in c l ot h . 2 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 48 - 2

o hn M . l ee be rg e d. 1 9 4 , 1 5 p p. i ll us .

0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 52 - 0

o ll ar s o hn M . l ee be rg e d. 1 9 5 , p p.

2 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 57 - 1

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T ( S m it h so n ia n I n s ti t ut i on

I D U S ( A nn Ar bo r M )

arietiesoftheH igleyCoppers....1

B E R G ( A m er i c an N u mi s ma t ic S o ci e ty

k1

W E R S ( W o l fe bo ro N H )

geCents

erstamps65

M AN ( S t .L o u is M O )

pression

3

A ( I ola W I )

kensand

135

O N AR D ( C hi cag o I L )

msandHisTok ens14

D ( O w ens Mi ll s M D )

181

N ( P i tt sb ur gh P A

A yer:

mpMak erandH isL argestC lient. . 1 7

V E R ( W i lmi ngt on D E )

mericanTokens211

L A U ( I ola W I )

dStatesTok ens 1700-1 0021

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hesub ectofthetenthanniversary

onference sponsoredannuallybythe

ciety.Sinceitsinception thisprogramhas

ticsupporto f theSociety sgoverningC ouncil

nationofemergingresearchinthecoinage

SouthAmerica.

rencesisto facilitatethee changeof

end e pertsinthef ie ldare inv itedto

orsare inv itedtoe hibit andnoticeof the

delytoencourageattendancebyall who

pic.TheSocietyalsomountsane hibition

sregistrantstravelling totheNewY ork

Society scollectionsandlibrarybetter

gtheconference.

ibitsweremountedonthethemeofC OA C

nv iew attheSociety forsevera lmonths. I n

tokeninAmericainstalledby theANS

AssociationlenttheV irginiaCulver

C iv ilWarTok ensfortheoccasion. Indiv idua l

nie lF re idusandSteveTannenbaum on

ntitemsfromtheD onaldGroves

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hefollowingcontributorswhohelped

geoftheAmericasConferencepossible:

r .

ety

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ntsthepapersgivenat thetenthinour

ericas Conferences.Thismeeting

fortw oreasons. F irst thevery factthat

ingseries oneconceivedandannounced

J r. asparto f theSociety s125thanniversary

shepherdedintoe istenceoneyearlater and

airedbynofewerthanfiveANS curators—

nM. Stahl W ill iamL. B ischoff W ill iamE .

eeberg inthatorder—represents I think

Americannumismaticswhichhasno

heC OA C meetinghas infact becomea

andeagerlyanticipatedeventintheAmerican

stenthmemberoftheseriessuggeststhat

andwell acontinuingforceforthestudy

nformationaboutAmerica smoney.

ingwasa milestoneforanotherreason.

the1 88C OA C w hichwasdevotedtothe

ceroya ltyofE lP eruanditssuccessorstates

hemostambitiousconferencetodate in

researchtopic. B eginningw iththe1730s

waydownto theendofthe nineteenth

sedthelongestchapterin theentirestory

official privateresponsetoashortage

ageorcurrency . Weca llthisresponsethe

thetokenw asw ithusv irtua lly f romthe

ettlement.Anditstilllingers: atthetime

cnNumismaticSocietyasaC uratorin1 74

hencostthirty-fivecents wereoftenpressed

entcoins enrichingthelocalnumismatic

atest wavesofimmigrantswereas

heir distantcounterparts.Thissortof

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endthetwentiethcentury andwemay

ntheyearstocome. Thepapersincluded

ourbestandw idestv iewsof " TheToken:

ney .

tainedinthisvolumesuggestthat

ntokenis enteringanewphase onewhich

umismaticstudyinthis country.This

hetokenfre uentlyservedasthelinchpin

henation smonetarysystem andit is

suchasthe onescontainedhereinwhich

gnitionoftheimportanceofAmerica s

ewidernumismaticcommunity.Such

taintobring additionalresearch

efieldof theAmericantoken.

erehaveonetraitin common:theyare

receivedwisdomof earlierstudies to

ticularseriesorob ect to f indoutthe

invariousways.F orD anielF reidus

ingbackgenerationsofmisapprehension

combinedwithacloseattentionto the

eH igleycoppers.H ehasalreadygotten

cananticipatemoreto comeasheprogresses

rea. I nJ anuary1 9 5 theA NSaw arded

archgrantforthis purpose.

erformedasim ilartask fortheTheatreatNew

7 0s buthistoolsw illbefoundina

rawingsandprints ratherthanin

othtypesofmethodologyarevaluable:but

tha discernmentandawillforhard work

thesetwopapers.

heTheatreat NewY orktokensharea

erare makingresearchintotheirorigins

D av idB ow ers thedif ficultyarosenotf rom

butfromits veryabundance:ashewrote

Americancoppercentswerelongseensimply

usbeneaththeattentionoftheserious

asedondiligentresearchintothe originsand

ntermark s canbee pectedtochangethe

aterial.

soworkedwithabundanceratherthanwith

addressesH ardT imestok ensinafashion

ouslyconsideredpossible.H ispatient

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t-centurypamphlets broadsides and

hasresultedina particularlysatisfyingpiece

points ofamostdistinguishedcareeras

tsusw ithadif ferenttypeof tok en the

edonalongandintimateac ua intancew ith

ntofthe transportationnetworkof

w hosegrow th( andmatof thenationasa

augmentationofageneral publicmoney

d privateone. I nthepresentarticle C uha

yticalapproachtohissub ect—reasoning

nothingforgranted— whichwesaw

e AmericasConferenceandthisbook

ticalspiritw hichliesatthehearto f the

sbeingmadeinthefield oftheAmerican

as wemovethroughthenineteenth

arddemonstratesanadmirablepersistenceand

esencetoamostghostly f igure A . M.

careerofthis immigrantandhisneed

wngototheheart oftheAmericanstory

iestothepresent andwelookforward

hatMr. L eonardhasdoneforother

e1850sare rare offeringparticular

er.Thoseofthe followingdecadearefar

eypresentcha llengesaswell. F orsuchahuge

ttleofa concretenatureaboutCivilW ar

ards— aboutwhomadethem whoissued

eorgeF uldperformsausefulserviceby

urrentlyagreedupon settingthestage

as wellasthatofothers.

ereananswertomonetaryscarcityon

ringtheAmericanCivilW ar.E ncased

ponsetoscarcityat aslightlyhigherlevel.

rofthecurious mica-and-brassstamp

whilethebest-knownissuerwasprobably

ofapatentmedicine w hoa lliedpublic-

motive gaininganotorietywhichwas

iousmeritsof theproducthehawk ed. Wayne

urrentlycenteredon Messrs.GualtandAyers

onofthe actualpiecesandcontemporary

erningthemstandsasanothere ample

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cellenceintokenresearch.

ershow sthatinvestigationsintotheA merican

dto originalspecimens:inhisdiscussion

kens hehasprovidedasignalservice

rsofearly materials bypinpointingand

cproductsofearlierAmericancollectors

waresweretokensin twosensesofthe

plicasof realtokens but—as stand-ins

meanttofillholesin acollectionuntilthe

d— theyweretokensinasecond sense.

ulau spaperhasbroughtA mericantok ens the ir

osewhocollectthemandinvestigatetheir

sis grantingusa lastaffectionatelookatwhat

pchildof Americannumismatics but

ullbirthright.Asresearchersconsider

stheyinvestigatetheirhumbleissuers gaining

fromhardworkin newdirectionsand

andasmoreandmoreof themosaiccomes

hink creatingA mericannumismaticsinaw ay

orsinotherbranchesof ournation s

aremakingvisibleprogress whosesteps

diestateorsubvarietyof awell-known

tirenew types new issuers new connections.

rdwithpleasurableanticipationtonew

TheToken: A merica sO therMoney .

entsof thisbook think youw illagree

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arieties

onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

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igleycoppersisstill basedonlegend

ources.Nocontemporaryreferenceto

known.TheearliestreferenceI havebeen

inTheL ibraryCompanyofP hiladelphia

ork ofP ierreE ugeneD uSimitiere probably

oraciouscollector hadsevenH igley

rredtoas" deermoney . E venthenhecould

odenoughconditiontomakeoutthe

S i m it i er e P a p e r s V o l . 3 I t e m 3 b ( c o ur t es y L i b ra r y

a .

ryingtofillin theblanksinour

triguingcoppersforovertwocenturies.

misleading.TheyareoftenknownasGran-

that Granbydidnote istuntil1786and

eeninE astGranbysinceGranbywasdivid-

stheminewhichisthepurportedsource

sinSimsbury.

ubtthe evidenceonthecoinsthemselves.

cticutbetweentheyearsof1737 and

w hatisk now naboutcopperf romConnecticut

atcopper wasdiscoveredinSimsbury

msburyTownClerkstillhas therecords

isera.At atownmeetinginD ecember

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eyC oppers

oappo inttwomentopursueareporto f the

verorcopper inthetown. 2I nMay1707

twasthefirst copperminingcompanyin

etorstriedtolease theminesandreceive

edbutfiveyears ofdisputesensuedand

opmentofthemines didstart nosignifi-

uringtheperiod.

easew assignedw ithR ev . T imothyWood-

ry W ill iamPartridgeofNew bury

onathanB elcherofB oston( la terGovernorof

ampshireandthenGovernorofNew

was signed developmentofCopperH ill

rswasbuiltas wellasastampingmillfor

veledtoE nglandandreturnedwith12

hapstohaveoversighto f theref ining he

stonandhadtheore transportedtotheCon-

yship toB oston.Supposedlybecauseof

decidedtoshutthis refineryandsimplysend

o l E ngland forre f iningafterabout1720.

adboughtouthisfather-in- law andR ev . W ood-

to J aheelB rentonofR hodeI slandandtw o

ts C harlesC rommelineandEliasB oudinot

toro f theU . S. Mintby thatname.

dsomewhatindependentlyofB elcher

inSimsbury.Theyhired arefinerfrom

Hoofman anda lsobroughtoversk il ledw ork ers

nthat greatrichesevercameoutof

argesumsweredefinitelyspenttodevelop

edoflossesandmentionedthathe invested

yearshew asinvo lvedwiththesemines

untcorrespondsto j ustover$1mill ionincur-

0-yearleasese pired miningactiv ity

obodythoughttheendeavorwouldbe

pper minesinSimsburywerenotthe

ndprobablynotthelargest.TheSchuyler

hichshippeditsoretoB risto l E ngland had

oreby 1731.4Thispointisimportant

msburyC oppermininge perience isa

mostsignificantpartofthis storyisnotabout

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gleyentersthepicture.H igleywasborn

ealthymerchantwhohadmovedtoSimsbury

catedandapparentlystudiedmedicinewith

masH ook er. 5I n1714 hereceivedland

andhebuilt ahouseonthepropertywhen

n1728 theGenera lC ourtgrantedH igley the

stee lintheC olony foraperiodof10

vethe firstcoppermineinthe colonies.

hef irstcoppermine inhistow n. There isno

akingeverbecameasuccessfulcommer-

ywellhavebeen thefirstskilledenoughat

e uiredtomak estee l mak etoo lsf rom

hosetoo lstomak eco ins.

ught143acresabout1. 5milessouthofC op-

copperw asminedonthatland. Wealso

onsideredenoughofane pertthat in1732

boutthe q ualityoforecomingfromCop-

ledSamuelHigley toB ostontoresolvethemat-

cheraccusedH igleyofdishonesty say inghe

a in25 copperw henheanaly edit in

% copperwhenheanaly edthesame

inB oston. B e lcherof tencompla inedabout

investment afactwhichmayhavecol-

eoneasprominentasB elcherw as

ninginSimsburybecausemanyof hislet-

erhapstheonlycontemporaryreferencewe

miningactiv ity isina letterf romB elcher. I n

ttorney w ho livedinHartford: 8

minesatSimsburyarenotw orththe

nwellfo rmethosew ork shadceas-

t itavailsvery litt le to look back

sveryslow anddilatory inthe

eoutonlyonetonof oretothis

ree monthsmorebeforethe

sohemayperhapsmakeout

sofore— w hichisapoorstory

fa llthisa f fairandthesoonerit is

er.

thereareappro imate ly90 B elcherletters

eroverthethree decadeshewasinvolv-

reknownfromtheperiodMay1735 to

ly someofB e lcher slettersf romthiscrit ica l

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eyC oppers

und.

thesecoppertokensareindeedthe

B asically w ehavetw olinesofev idence.

tobetotallydiscounted butne ithershould

edtotallyreliable.Second hisknownabili-

emanypeopleinSimsburywereskilled

uldhavebeenfamiliaronlywith copperor

uiredtheabilitytoworkwith steel.

muelH igley.H iswillwaswrittenin 1734

utnothingaboutco ininge uipment. He

n1737 sow hostruck the173 coppers

umberofsourceshavecla imedthatHigley s

e lderbrother J ohn J r. andvariousother

claimshasbeensubstantiated.I fSamuel

hemintero f the laterissuesissti l lamystery .

historicalworkremainingtobedone

ppers 9 w edohavedo ensof thecoins

eliminaryresultsofametallurgicalanalysis

owedbyadescriptionofthe coinsbydie

hespecimensheldinbothpublic and

chI haveundertakenontheH igleysis

s.I havedonethisworkincollaboration

niversityofMichigan. B asica lly w erubb-

ofcopperof f theedgeofaHigley ( museums

etothis procedurethancollectors and

arreactorwhereit wasbombardedwith

onofthe atomsofmanymetallicelements

veisotopesandtheenergyof theradia-

which allowsdeterminationofthe

thepiecebeingstudied.W elookedatge-

uspectedfakes ore I co llectedf romH igley s

ryB rit ishcopperco ins. Wehopedthatthe

esometraceelementswhichwould

ritishfromAmericancopper.W hilethe

ectingfakes allthegenuinecoppercoins

similar inelementalcomposition.B ut

at H igleysarerarebecausetheyarepure

by goldsmithsforalloying.Alltheearly

ercoinswereover9 5% copper( mostly

necaveatisthatourana lysiscouldnotdetecttin.

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e a llspecimensana ly edw ereassumedto

eysw ereperce ivedaspurer itmayhavebeen

hthatledtotheir selectiveuseby

teenth-centuryfact.F urtherstudyofthe

igleycoppersandothercontemporary

neusing techni ueswhichcandetecttin.

theelementalcompositionofthesecop-

thermetallurgicalstudieswouldbefruitful.

stionsaboutthemanufactureofthesein-

t lyhow w eretheystruck H ow many impres-

ivendie How w ereplanchetscutandan-

e-struck co insannea ledbetw eenstrikes Were

uelHigley sdeath Whostruck thesecop-

hydidtheyeventuallystop

sthero leof thesetok ensinloca leconomiclife

crangeof the ircirculation H ow manyyears

ienumberingsystemI haveusedcontinues

uttheorderof striking basedmainlyon

ers.B utweretheselegendsreally

nce orlack thereof o f thef irstH igleycop-

nnointuponahalf penceworthofcop-

A ll ina ll theHigleycoppersrepresent

economicandindustrialgrowingpains

nmoreaboutthem wealsolearnmore

ologicalchangeswhichwere

nthelargerscalemorecommonlycon-

ingcolonialAmerica.

nsareusedinthedescriptivelistings:

nofUnitedStatesandC olonia lC oins( New York

" TheC olonialC o insofA mericaPriortothe

n de n ce J u l y 4t h 1 7 76 " T h e

p. 101-10.

y TheEarlyC o insofA merica(B oston

llsworth Simsbury : B e ingaB rie fHistoricalSk etch

msbury (Simsbury 1 35 .

enney " Struck C opiesofE arlyA merican

r s J o u rn a l 14 1 ( 1 5 2 , p p . 1 - 16 .

ark er C onnecticut sC o lonia landC ontinen-

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eyC oppers

icentennialSeries18(H artford

d " A N e w V a r ie t y of t h e H i g le y Co p pe r s "

pp.380-82.

sfrom6 obverseand5reversedies.10

tionaldie marriageshavebeen

genuinediesaswellas theB olencopy

sting obversediesarenumbered reverses

eknownfrommultiple diesisassigned

owsthe additionofnewdiscoveries

efuture( e . g. aseconddieof ' TheWheele

uldbek now nas4.2andthedienow k nown

to4. 1 .

bylegend" TH E V A V E O F TH R E E P E NC "

stheobverseof Crosby17 1.2isthe

d1 1. 3w asunk now ntoC rosbyand

Chapman[ f ig. 2 ) .

shne ll:1 01. 3P ick er: 8

ontallinebeneaththedeeris auseful

ee n " N a n d " C o n 1 .1 a t " C o n 1 .2

3. The le f tendof thisline isattheedge

ndie1. 1and1. 3w hile itpo intsatthecenter

die1.2.

TH R E E " relativetothislineis also

etters" E E " sitrightonthe line w hile

rstouchtheline. Thelocationofthe

to thedotbeneathdistinguishes1.1

mewhatinfrontofapoint directlybelow

d1. 3( onw hichthedotisdirectlybelow

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hespacingof the letters" P E N dif fersamong

sanotherdiagnostic.O ndie1.1the

" O " and" F " , w hileon1. 2itpo ints

i. e . the le ftedgeof " F " . Whilethis

horncanbe moreeasilyusedto

mon 1.3 whereitisseento point

.

he mid-nineteenthcenturyisanim-

re how ever anumberofsignificant

undthedeeris completeontheB olen

dotintheC onPE NC . Somew orn

buteventhesearereadily

.

fDie1. 2 4. D ie2. P armelee: 276

bylegend" V A V E M ASY O U P L E AS "

e in" V A V E " . Seedescriptionofobverse

eswhichcanbeused todistinguish

3on specimensonwhichthisletter

kwell.

die istheobverseofC rosby20asw ell

toC rosby [ f ig. 4 ) .

bylegend" V A U E M ASY O U P L E AS "

stheobverseof Crosby21and23 3-2

22and24 3-3istheobverseofCrosby

area lso foundinonediemarriageeach

g5 ) -

E " i s n ot s h ar p T y pe 3 m a yb e d is t in g ui s h-

agnostics.Thestarisrotated dif-

between" P L E A S " andthestarw hich

onType2 thespacesbetweenthewords

aregreaterthanthespacesbetw eenthesew ords

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eyC oppers

3. 3B rand: 54

Thereis alsoadistinctivediecud

the3diesof Type3isdifficultbecause

llworn.Themost usefuldiagnostic

ngof the letter" L " inPL E A S andthe

orns. A lsousefulistheposit ionof " I I I "

n3-1theline isasinglebroad line

double line . On3-2thef irstand

ineabove w hilenonetouchon3. 1. ( O n

n t he A N S , " I I I " d o es n o t to u ch t h e

snot aresultofdie cuttingbutrather

resocloseto thelinethatthis thinpiece

ndbrokeoffthedie.

h e r e ar e o nl y t wo a r cs b e lo w " I I I " , w i th

dbylegend" TH E WH E E L E GO E SR O U ND "

now ntoC rosby discoveredbyWood[ f ig.

s diearedramaticallydifferentthan

cdetailsareneeded.

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mmerssurroundedbylegend" CO NN C-

hereverseofC rosby17and18[ f ig. 7 ) .

ncopyisan imitationofdieA.The B olen

hbandonthecrow ns andsincemost

r conditionthanmostgenuineH igleys

w aysq uitedistinct( f ig. 8 .

8. A NS( B o lencopyofDieA

ammerssurroundedbylegend" I AMGO O D

sthereverseof Crosby1 , 21 and22

os b y 20 [ f i g. 9 ] ) .

eremissing TypeA canbedistinguished

thinner hammerhandlesonAand

onsofthehammers.

fromB .busingspacingofletters inthe

artherapartonB . aw hile" pp iscloseron

1737 isspacedw ideronB . aandthedot

nB . a( i. e . closertothecentero f the

O P P E R i s l ow e r an d f ur t he r a wa y o n

etter" R " ) . F ina lly theornamentbetw een

a n d " 1 7 3 7 i s s ma l le r o n B . a a nd a l so s o me w ha t

c. B . aR oper: 151B . bC rosby pl. 8 20

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eyC oppers

B

oundedbylegend" J CU TM WA TH R O U GH "

hereverseofC rosby23 24 and25[ f ig.

iebreak atthe letter" T . O ne

hisdiebreakisof variety3.1-C

tionaboutemissionse uence 3-2-C

thisreversediesinceall impressions

rroundedbylegend" J CU TM WA TH R O U GH

s t he r e ve r se o f C ro s by 2 6 [ f i g . 1 1 ) .

nornotstruck up TypeD canbe

bytheposition ofthelegendrelative

andlepo intstothe letter" Y " onType

o n T yp e D .

rscanbetimec onsumingonworn

anumberofspecimensarek now nw hich

Giventheunevenplanchets I believethat

esarenot errorsbutattemptstoimprove

eanade uateinitialimpression.W hen

esignelements oneshouldbeawareof

handisdoublestruck asthiswill o f

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tofelementsfromthetwo strikes.Thefact

nleavesmuch ofthefirstimpressionvisi-

ofthetwodieswereoften notq uite

tthesecopperswerehammerstruck

cesaryto determinewhetherthedies

ovidesomedegreeofalignmentor

pletelyunattached.

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n N um i sm a ti c s ( W o l fe b or o N H , 1 8 8 , p . 2 5 f i g. 2 .

nypeoplewhohavegivenfreelyoftimeand informa-

. N e w ma n A n th o ny T e rr a no v a J o e l O r o s , A l an W e i n be r g

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H istoryof theSimsburyC opperMines Ms. ( TrinityC o llege

p . 1 ( c i t i n g un p ub l is h ed S i ms b ur y T ow n R e c o rd s .

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n . 2 , p . 5 1.

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oricalSociety .

kscitedabove thefo llow inghavebeenconsultedinthe

dryV ita lR ecordsofandPerta iningtotheP resentTow nof

t ic u t 17 3 7- 1 88 6 ( H a r tf o rd 1 4 7 ;

e H i g le y s an d T he i r An c es t ry ( N e wY o r k 1 8 6 ;

e a lt h of a N at io n To B e ( N ew Y o r k 1 8 0 ;

eologyof theNew gateP rison-MineofE astGranby Ms. ( U niversi-

s 1 7 6 ;

T h e E c o no m y of C o lo n ia l A me r ic a 2 n d ed . ( N e wY o r k 1 8 8 ;

storyofSimsbury GranbyandCanton f rom1642to1845( H art-

A N e wL o o k at a n O l d M a p T h e L u r e o f th e L i t c h fi e ld H i l l s

28 -3 7

ctionsofTheC onnecticutHistorica lSociety V o l. 5 TheTa lcott

eandD ocuments( C hie flyO f f icia l D uringJ osephTa lcott s

nyofConnecticut 1724-1741. Part2 1737-41( H artford

TheE arlyC oinsofA merica( B oston 1875 , pp. 324-26.

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ticSociety New York

4

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heevidencenotonlyfor portraits but

1Themostspectaculare ampleofthis

sissuedunderthe E mperorTitus which

sa perfectcircle withthecrowdsinside

ebathsofT itusandaco lumn theMetaSudans

v iveduntilthe1 30sbutw asthendestroyedby

nically a lthoughw ehaveagoodideaofhow

sseumlooked wehavemanyproblems

how theNew York Theatre look ed w hich

. I havebeenassuredbyaR oman

r thatit isfareasiertoreconstructthese

ubstantialremains asinthecase ofthe

atreatNew York tok en notonly isthere

pearanceoftheactual building butthere

hbuilding isrepresented.J ohnandD amia

ok enshow edtheF irstP ark Theatre and

dthe irconclusionsinhisEncyclopedia F ran-

how ever arguedatameetingof theA merican

ebruary17 1886 thatthebuildingdepicted

rstP ark Theatre butratherthe J ohnStreet

chaelJ .H odderhasrevivedthisargument

dtheA NSbenef itauctionbyStack sinthe

TheTheatreatNew Y ork tokeniscorrectly

e JohnStreetTheatre notthePark Theatre

ore( andasisintheR edB ook and

sionhasbeenincorporatedintothe1 9 5edi-

fU nitedStatesC oins( theR edB ook . 7

oftheNewY orkTheatreToken

ktokenhashadanunfortunatecatalogu-

theB ritishtokencoinageoftheeigh-

ecteditasA merican cata loguersofearly

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ecteditasB rit ish. JamesC onder oneof the

tokensofthe lateeighteenthcentury com-

eces

fifty-fivedifferentAmerican

here andothersinGreatB rita in

latedinthiscountry w ere im-

s thathavebeenpublished

s hi n gt o n " " U n i t e d St a te s " " N e w

sucharew hollyomittedinthisar-

collectedasAmericanP ieces

as B ritish.8

fo llow edC onder sarrangementanddidnot

ichardD altonandSamuelH . H amer for-

heTheatreatNew Y ork tokeninthe ir

a l to n -H a m e r .M i dd . l 67 a s d id R . C . B e l l in

a l th o ug h B e l l c al l s i t a " p r o bl e m pi e ce . 1 0

ure C rosbydidnotincludethistok en

F ranklinP resstoken—whichis another

hunnedbythereferencebooks thetoken

mportantU .S.auctions.Theearliestap-

w astheMcC oyauctionbyWoodw ard( 1864 ,

d$ 21 be ingso ldtoL ev ick. 11Thissame

odw ard sauctionofL ev ick sco llection

otographicplateas frontispiece.12Thisis

havefound how ever itdepictedonly the

sdidtheplate inthe J ohnStory J enk ssale

apmaninDecember1 21 . 13Thetok enw as

nseriesas theresultofthe workofD r.

htandE dgarH. A dams. I nTheNumismatistfor

rightlistedthetok enwek now andthemulingin

ork tokenandthe" A ntientScottish

rightgavethemvarietynumbersWright. 1130

ghtalsopublishedacrude butfairlyaccurate

nd themuling althoughtheobverseap-

hcplateof theL ev ick sa le thisistheearliest

ndthe muling.14Adamswaschargedby

ticClubw ithedit inga listofNew York

anbyreprintingin 1 13thelistingof New

hichhadbeenpublishedin theCoinCol-

884-86.15Neitherofthesecataloguesinclud-

e to k en . I n 1 2 0 h o we v er E d g a r H . A d a ms

ecatalogueoftokensfromallthestates

wY orkTheatretoken.Adamsprobably

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oncatalogue suchastheauctionof the

romWright slist ing. 16A damslistedtw o

rededge( A dams. 8 2 listedinB reenas

e wi t h a pl a in e d ge ( A d am s .8 3 B r e e n . 10 5 6 .

ducedintoWay teR aymond sstandardco in

AfterR aymond sdeathhiscataloguecon-

afew years a lthoughYeoman s" R ed

cedit inthemark etplace. Thetoken how ever

ook untilthe1 72edit ion w hichappeared

eventhenitdidnotrateaphotograph—norhas

e18Ofcourse it ismuchlargerthanmost

edB ook soperhapsittook upmorespace

ographicalSource

epictsa buildingwithahe astylepor-

urtherco lumnsonthesides w iththe inscription

o r k/ A me r ic a " s i gn e d " J a c ob s . O u r w o r k

seof theworkofthearchitectand ar-

acN. P . Stok es atrusteeandma ordonor

cLibrary w how asfascinatedw ithearlypic-

ndofNew York C itybuildings. ( Stok es

heAmericanGeographicalSocietybuilding

Stokesisa pioneerofthepreservationmove-

eHu tablerev ivedw ithhersuperbC lassic

I tw asStokesw hohiredB ereniceA bbottto

tybuildingsthreatenedwithdestruc-

ndpublishedsi massivevolumesidenti-

k C ityandvariousNew York edif ices and

ady -madeinde o fv iewsofNew York C i-

nLongw orth sNew Y ork C itydirectory

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k

a insagatefo lddepictingtheNew Theatre( f ig.

vingsays " TheNewTheatre. We

raving becauseitwasboundinwith the

andit isspecif ically re ferredtoonthetit le

isnotanaccidenta lbindingof tw oe -

avingwasintendedforthe17 7direc-

in17 7. TheJ ohnStreetTheatre w hich

proposedforthetok en w asbuilt in1767

theNew Theatre in17 7 infact itw as

theOldTheatre . 23ThePark Theatre

NewTheatre todistinguishitfromthe

haditscornerstone la idonMay5 17 5. 24

struction itf ina llyopenedonJ anuary2 ,

sinthis earlyperiodweremadetobe

uly . Theyw eredatedby" theyearof

O nereasonw asthatMay f irstw as" mov -

yNew York erschangedthe irdomiciles and

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edafterthatdate.W eknowthatthe

a lreadye istedinthee ighteenthcentury

lap splayof178 { TheF atherofanOnly

se " His headislikeNew - ork onMayday

g. 2 TheprefacetoDav idL ongworth s

o f 17 6 i s s ig n ed J u n e 11 1 7 6 . 26 I n t h e

s17 7directory there isareferencetoanagree-

dStatesandtheSpanishconsul in

17 727sothedirectorymusthavebeen

itw ouldhavetobeready intimeforJ uly

eforeshowsthetheaterasit appeared

17 7. Thetheaterw asthenstillunder

fule aminationoftheengravingrevealsthat

ve aroof:thesunlightis hittingthein-

ow w hentheroofw asputonthePark

kmerchantWalter R utherfurdwrotetohis

r d on O c t o b er 2 1 7 6 s a yi n g " O u r g r e at

ress....TheP layH ouseisroofedandthe

hundredmenatw ork onit " 28w hichsug-

w ingantedatesOctober17 6. Theengrav -

eaterunderconstruction asitwasin the

sistheNew Theatre w hichlaterw ascalled

ark Theatreattribution proposedby J ohnand

yWalterB reen iscorrect andtheJ ohnStreet

posedbyD oughtyandrevivedbyH odder

rencesbetweenthetokenandthe

bhasbeenfa irly fa ithful particularly inhisdepic-

haschangedtheCorinthianpilastersto D oric

tedthe ironwork ontheba lcony butgenera lly

vish copy.

thetheaterinL ongworth s17 7New

stsinatleasttw oversions. TheNew York

f thedirectoryhastheearlierversion w hich

av it e tsc ulpsit . Thisparticularversion

yStauf fer( Stauffer.3258 . 2 TheA merican

yofthedirectoryhas whatisprobablythe

issigned" J . A llensc ulpsit T isda lede l in-

nsthatthepicture isbyT isda le buttheengrav -

.50P resumablyTisdalefirstdidboth

ving buttheengravingwasfoundtobe

ponAllenwascalledinto redoit.

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le apainterandengraver whospentmost

utwaslivinginNewY orkCityatthis

ew asborninL ebanon C onnecticut about

ve in1834 a lthoughthisiscontradictedby

whichleadsmetobelievethat hewas

dby1810. lTisdalecamefroma family

icut w hotradit iona llygavethe irmenfolk

tamentbeginningw iththe letter" E . The

T isda lehouseho ldsinLebanon Windham

li ahT isdale w hosehouseho ldhadseven

eenandover includinghimself f ourf ree

en andsevenf reew hite females E bene er

withthreefree whitefemales andE liphalet

withtwofree whitefemales.P resumably

li ah oneof thefreew hitemalesabove

household.Thesepeculiarnamesbeginn-

thusafamilycustom a lthoughOldTestament

ebanon.Therewereatleasttwoother

in17 0 otherremark ableP uritanO ldTesta-

a iahChappelandF lavelClark.Therewas

it iona lPuritanname: E x perienceB rew ster.

ebanon nineteenow nedslaves mostonly

eonee ceptionw asEli ahMason senior

rmorethan1% ofa lltheslavesinC onnec-

rLebanon C onnecticut showedE bene er

more livingwithafreewhite femaleaged

tefemaleaged45 ormore presumably

eddaughter thelatterawife.E lkanah

useholdinL ebanon:hishouseholdhad

10to 15 onefreewhitemaleaged16

itemale presumableElk anahhimself aged

tefemalesincludedthreeaged16 to25

s andoneaged45plus presumably

nahTisdaleappearstohavebeendeadby

wsonlyone Tisdalehouseholdin

headedbyWidow Tisdale aged45ormore

ged26 to44 twofreewhitefemales

ef reew hite femaleaged26to44 presumably

t w asagoodplacetobef rom someof the

mthere.I tdoesnotseemto havebeen

ve how ever. WhentheDuedeL au un

ereq uarteredthereduringtheAmerican

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i n 17 8 0 L a u u n c om m en t ed " O n l y S i be r ia

anon w hichismere lymadeupofsome

mmenseforests. 35I nthecolonialperiod

betweenNew York andB oston. The

ndtheopeningof theE rieC ana l w hiche -

othecompetitionofthe MiddleWest

town spopulationduringthenineteenth

forthef irstt imeinWill iamDuncan sNew

o1 7 4 w h ic h w as p r in t ed i n J u n e 17 4 . H e

Sreet andhisoccupationis" engraver.

lDav idL ongworth sdirectoryprintedinJ une

slistedat8J ohnStreetandhisoccupation

a inter. 37He isnotlistedinthe17 9 direc-

uentdirectories andbiographica lsources

nmovedtoHartford C onnecticut w here

dGraphic& B ank NoteE ngravingC om-

erfrontispieceforL ongworth sdirectory:

tyD irectoryhasaf rontispiecesigned

gtheTontineC ityTavern w iththetit lebe low

Ne w C T T A V E R N . E a r ly N e wY o r k di r ec t or i es

s ofthecityas anadditionalsellingpoint

directoriesdoeventoday.

rist butapoorengraver whichmay

sgiventosomeoneelse namely J oe lA llen

ticut.AboutJ oelAllenweknowvery

bornin 1755atSouthington Connec-

he latersettledinMiddletow n C onnecticut.

canWar ofI ndependence.Theonlytrace

minthecensusisinthesecondcensusof1800

Southington HartfordC ounty C onnec-

d26to45 andheadsahouseho ldincluding

er 10 anotherfreewhitemaleaged16

aleagedunder10 andaf reewhite female

ged26to45. 3

hemployedin makingtheengravings

GeorgeH enryMaynard stranslationof

osephus. ThisA mericanedit ion l ik emanyear-

sedthesamesheetsasthe B ritishedition

e(atleasttw ice: forNew York andfor

dsi tyengrav ings. 40I t ispossiblethatthatis

einto contact butthedirectoryandthe

emadefordifferentpublishers( Thomas

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ctories Will iamDurre llpublished

deceivedtheNewY orkCitytheater

GeorgeC . D. O dell amongstothers intobe liev -

. Thisisask etch orverypossiblyatrac-

nengrav ing w hichOdellcameacrossinthe

rk Historica lSociety. I t isclearly copied

raving becauseitusescross-hatchingto

ichareonlyneededonanengrav ing and

ildrawing.I tisalso slightlycruderthan

/Allenengravings.41

llydepictthetheater Theanswerisyes

8byMilbourneshow susw hatisnow P ark

heatre andw ecanseethattheeaglef rie e

heironworkonthe balconyisslightlymore

think theengrav inghadaddedto itsomeelements

rasi fitwerefinished:thefrie ewasadd-

andprobably theglassinthewindows. B ut

ons theengravingisafaithfuldepiction

n situ:acomparisonofthetopography

tto beaccurate.O ntheright ofthe

hesteepleofthe NorthD utchchurch

correct becausethestreetstotheeasto f

y tow ardtheEastR iver. 4

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hebiographerof thetheater sarchitect B rune l

Thecupo labyw hichitw assurmountedissa id

nParisovertheCornMark et w hile in

onandintheli ghtnessofitsconstruction

tistruethetheaterhadadome butitw as

tv isible f romoutside. B eamish saccountsof

nitedStatesarenota lw aysreliable possibly

yanecdotes.

orkTheatretokendepictstwoshipsat

chor andacornucopia w ithablank e ergue

tadate( f ig. 5 . Theonetypew hichoccurs

w ork isthecornucopia there isacloseparalle l

ydepictingtheH ouseofC ommonsof17 7

d . 173 f ig. 6 . O nbothobverseandreversethe

notwithpunches.Thisischaracteristic

minJ acob andisunusua lforthisperiod w hen

hes.Thereverseisfoundcombinedwith

od.ThisisunusualforB ritishtokensof

ry ( theC onderseries w heremulingisvery

urW. Waters w rit ingin1 54 tosuggest

tretokenwasactuallymadeupfor some

therthanj ustforcollectors.431shalldiscuss

ow.

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menreads " I P R O M S TO P A O N

E A R E R O N P E N N x " . A d if fe re nt s pe ci me n wi th

sauctionedas partoftheColonelW alter

manH. L ow inMay18 8. 44The51stsa le

t180 reportsthatreading.4 B ow ersand

arrettspecimenwiththatreading.46Stack s

imenasalsohavingthatreading.47B reen

e as " W E P R O M S T O P A O N D E M A ND

O N P E NN x " " asonotherJ acobstokens andsays

inorvarietiesremains unconfirmed. 48

en s I h a ve e a m in e d h o we v er r e ad " I P R O -

A NS C u tt i ng N e w Ne t he r la n ds G a rr e tt a n d R o p er

P R O M S . A t h ir d p ot e nt i al v a ri e ty i s t ha t

. Woodw ardaslot2463of theLev ick sa le:

beareronepenny . 4 A fourthpossiblevarie-

ed byH enryChapmaninlot5508of

w hereheso ldaTheatreatNew Y ork token

di ng " W E P R O M S T O P A T H E B E A R E R

5 0 U n t i l c on f ir m in g e vi d en c e em er g es i t a pp e ar s t ha t

is " I P R O M S T O P A O N D E M A ND T H E

P E N N x " a nd t ha t B r ee n W o od wa rd a nd C ha pm an

ges.

show slippageof theedgedies sothatthe

ttoor overtheD ofD E MAND. Thisslippage

ewY orkTheatretokens socataloguers

edgeerrors.

etyisa TheatreatNewY orktokenwith

ng I havefoundofthisis thelistingby

2 0 ( A d a m s. N . 8 3 5 1 B r e e n h ow ev e r c ou l d

nceof thistok en andca llsit" unverif ied.

ouldhavetoascertainthatitw asatruepla in

wn. SamuelH. H amercommentsaboutthis

eC o llectorw ho w henhefinds

rcevarietyofa coin bymeans

mmonimpressionofthesame

upan imitationofararevarie-

eev ilwhichsuchmendolivesaf ter

anunpublished" P la inedge inco l-

carefule aminationmayshow traces

ncethespecimenshouldbe

e theedgeofwhichhasbeen

napparentlygenuine" P la inEdge

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enproducedby" turning the

suchtreatmentwouldrenderthe

terthantheordinaryones a

truecharacterof thepiece.52

tesisthediea is. J acob stok ensshow

a es. Thediea iso f theA NSspecimen

tok enisj ustslightlyo ff si o clock w hich

that reportedfortheNorwebspecimen

anyotherdiea isw ouldbew orthyof remark .

matedthatthereare atleast14tokensstill

ok ensappearstohavee periencedanycir-

ee istenceofcastsandelectrotypes

seenafak eTheatreatNew Y ork tokenof

oken.ThiscombinestheNewY ork

AntientScottishW ashing. Thiswaslisted

o llection w rit ing

followingreverse:Awoman

etweensprigsofthistles.I n-

cottishWashing—* H oni. So it. Qui. -

hemeta lresemblesT in. Thisappears

chL evenpenny . Theedgeisplain

imenofauni uemuling. I thas

re.55

mW righttoF rederickC.C.B oyd and

einginthecollectionof J ohnJ . F ord J r.

nintheCondertokenseries— Conderhimself

mmick— andP eterSkidmoreissuedmany

meintothediesofThomasSpence andthen

hisdies o f tencutby J acob andthose

sua llymoreartful. (O nP eterSkidmoreac-

s e e Th e G en t le m an s M a ga i n e J u n e

bly themulew ascreatedbyP eterSk idmore.

kTheatrewasMarcI .B runel knighted

sconstructionof theThamesTunnel w hich

. F lee ingtheF renchR evo lution B runelar-

onSeptember6 17 3. 57WhenP ierre

es ardinsw entupstatetosurvey landforthe

settlementpro ectforF renchmenemigrating

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k

theyencounteredB runelinA lbany w hopro-

nce.Numismatistsarewellac uaintedwith

becauseof theveryattractivetok ensmade

rsforattendingboardmeetings( f ig. 8 ;

circulated be ingacceptedasthee uiva lent

edbyaNew Y ork merchant Thurman the

pervisedtheconstructionofa canalfrom

udsonR iver.5 B runel sbiographerssay

testtodesigntheUnitedStatesC apito l but

outbecauseofe pense.Thereisnorecord

mongthecontestentries noristhereany record

mpetition buttherecordsofthat first

ary.60I tispossiblethat B runeldidenter

sunlikelythathe couldhavewonitand no

amongthesurvivingdocuments.O n

runelsworeanoathbeforetheUnitedStates

stricto fNew York tobecomeaUnitedStates

edaschie fengineerof theC ityofNew York

nnonfoundry.62B runelwonanar-

nthenew theater hehadhisfriend

anlostout domuchof the interiordecora-

ewasopened onenewspapernamedas

lorPharou , buttheManginbrothers o f

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osw ouldlaterbeoneof thearchitectsofC ity

ck sC hurch(formerly theR omanCatholic

rincestreets. J oseph- rancoisandC harles

tsofthe StateP risonerectedinGreen-

7 locatednorthofChristopherStreet bet-

tandtheH udsonR iver. B y1803J oseph-

soserv ingasC itySurveyor anddrew amap

theseF renchemigrantsgotalongvery

he irw ork so it ispossiblethatallf ourmen

arou , andtheMangins hadahandinthedesign

e anderHamiltonhiredanotherF rench

E nfant todesignthedefensesof theNarrow s

edmuchof thew ork overtoB runel. 65L ' E nfant

nNew Y ork C ity w hichso impressed

eL ' E nfanttobethedesignerofWashington

hemigrantpopulationinNewY orkCity

F renchrefugeesincreasedrapidlyin

utbreakofthe revolutioninSaint-

inA ugust17 1. Wek now ofnofewerthantwo

aperspublishedinNewY orkCityinthe

eshort-l ivedJ ournaldesR evo lutionsde la

a int-D omingueof17 3. Thesecondbegan

1 7 5 u n de r t he t i tl e o f th e G a e t te F r a n-

w itha lternateco lumnsw ritteninF renchand

1 7 5 t h e pu b li s he r w as g i ve n a s J o h n D e l a -

17 5 itw asboughtandpublishedbyLabruere

y 1 8 1 7 6 i t c ha n ge d i ts n a me t o t he G a e t te

rw aspublishedw holly inF rench. F romJ u-

publishedbyC laudeP arisot& C o. w ho inearly

eek manStreet. The lastk now nissue isdated

67B runelw ouldnothaveapprovedof the

rtedtherevo lutionaryF renchR epublic and

differencesbetweentheU nitedStatesand

Y Z af fa ir. ( B rune lhimselfw asdesigningcan-

softheNarrowsbecausethe U nitedStates

evergeofw ar. TheGa ettew asrathertorn

butitw asa lsopro-slavery formanyof its

s.Aregularfeaturewasadvertisementsfor

asregularadvertisementsforat leastone

nfortunate ly itmak esnomentionofB runel

gof theNew Y ork Theatre preferringtocon-

anceandtheC aribbean w hichisw hat

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k

rs.Theywantedtoknowwhenit would

omes.I twouldhavebeeninterestingto

renchcontemporariesthoughtofhim. B runel s

ntionsthattwootherF renchemigresfound

Theatre. A nobleman B arondeR osta ing

ileabarrister M. Savarin playedinthe

ocationsof theirpastintoa gainful

therewasalargeF renchpopulation

17 0s manyhighlyeducatedandta lented

ectionofsk il lsfortheyoungUnitedStates.

nlyneededarchitectsandengineers.Many

eweachother andsharedtheworkaround.

twoyearsofNew Y ork C itydirectories

s d i re c to r y of 1 7 7 ( p u bl i sh e d in J u n e 17 7

runel s manufactory 17MurrayStreet " and

to r y fo r 1 7 8 ( p u bl i sh e d in J u n e 17 8 t h er e

e l s manufactory 38GeorgeStreet. 70B runel

factoryinNewY orkCitymakinguseof

butsoondecidedhemightsucceedbetter

try namelyB rita in. B rita ina lsohadthe

agingwaragainstB runel sownenemy

urtherreasonto leavewasthecollapseof

dtheaccidentaldrowningofB runel s

w hilecrossingthegreatfa llso f theB lack

esH arbor(nearw hatisnow Watertow n New

ity in17 9 , carry inga lettero f recom-

uary6 17 9 , f romAle anderH amiltonto

oubyMr.I sambardB runell

t- acobinbyprinciple andby

f I ngeniousMachines. H egoesto

oobta inapatentforone w hich

urposeofcopying.H ehasa

nandI be lieveourSecretaryof

forhimsuchpatronageas in

maybeproper.72

tosetuphisblock machinery w hichpro-

yalNavyinthestrugglewith Napoleon.A

atthewoodshavingscouldbe usedto

lbo es andheestablishedafactory forthis

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1808 o fw hichB runel sbiographerB eamish

micadvantagestothepublic

ationto B runelhimselfofbe-

hildren inthemanufactory.

adistinguishingandabiding

aracter andnow af tera few hours

spractice hehadthehappiness

genumberof thesespecia lob ects

videdthe meansofearning

ndsufficientlivelihood.73

tandSecondP arkTheatres

heP arkTheatrewasbuilt— Section

origina llyk now nasthe" V ineyards orthe

I t w as s u bs e u e nt l y ac u i re d b y J o h n W h i t e.

ntedandhisproperty forfe ited( presumably

duringtheR evo lution New York w as

epropertywasaf terw ardrestoredtohisw ifeA nn

ebruary17 5 w hodividedtheproperty into

veyances.Thenamesof theW hitesare

nStreet andoneblock north A nnStreet

eof thattoo lero f largecents Smith. O n

aacStoutenburghandP hil ipV anC ortlandt the

ture madeagranttoA nnWhiteof theen-

hbecamethePark Theatreare lots6 7

hepropertysurveyedbyE vertB anck er

7 amongtheNew York C ity realproperty

heaterasatrape o id w iththeparttoward

edC hathamR ow be ingrectangular butthesec-

henca lledtheMew s be ingatanangleto

he lotruns78feeta longPark R ow 130

5feetsoutherlya longTheatreA lley andthen

rk R ow . 76Will iamC . Youngcameacross

cturalgroundplanof thetheaterinthe

rk Historica lSociety ascribedtoB runel

ssecure: ineveryw ay I couldcheck it the

mensionsofthe lotandtowhatwe know

includingthenorthernanne w hichcon-

other roomsfortheactors.Thisanne

ontheT isda leengrav ingandonthetoken. 77

tenditsporticoto coverthesidewalk

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k

onC ouncilf o rthisonJ une1 17 5 but

d.78Ascanbeseen fromthetokenandthe

porticoasconstructedremainedflushwith

f theporticohadbeene tended thetheatre

ebuildingsontheR uedeR ivo li inParis

e tendoverthesidew alk w hichmay

sinspiration.Theplanforthe porticowould

ohnK. B eek manandJ ohnJ acobA storpetition-

w henthey rebuiltthetheater andtheStreets

nC ouncilre ectedtheplan.7 P ermission

erthesidew alk (notmorethanf ivefeet

uly1828 toE dmundSimpson. 80

are summedupinanindenturerecord-

ryF ilesof theNew Y ork C ityR egisteronMay

bly inthecourseof thesettlementof theEstate

deceased. Thisdocumente pla insthatinOc-

Ha llamandJ ohnHodgk insonproposedthecon-

chsubscriberw astoputup$ 375 w hich

cientforthe purposesofpurchasing

atre andprov idingScenery Machineryetc.

amaticenterta inments. Therewere115

scribercouldreceivea freeticketplusin-

eetick etandinterestat7% . $ 42 700w asrais-

acobMorton C arli leP o llock andWill iam

tedthetrustees. L ots6 7and8w erebought

5 0 0 0. O n J a n ua r y 1 1 7 7 b e ca u se o f d el a ys

dersborrowedmoremoneyfromD aniel

a d di n gt o n J o h n B . C ol e s J o h n Mc V i c k e r an d

ughtf romJ ohnHodgk insonhislo tfor

iv ingstonebecameanaddit iona ltrustee. B utsti l l

Thepromotersborrowed$ 20 000from

k forninemonthsat6% ; theyborrow ed

anchB ank of theUnitedStatesintheC ityof

inemonthsat6% . B utthetheatredidnotmak e

urthermore someofthetrusteeseither

nF ebruary10 1804 thepropertywas

eCoffeeH ousebyThomasCooper

dstruck of f toMcCormick Waddington

Shaw for$ 43 000.82They inturnso ldthe

nsonlottoJ ohnJ acobAstorandJ ohnK .

00onA pril21 1806.83

anuary2 , 17 8 withaperformance

t . I t w a s an n ou n ce d b y th e f ol l ow i ng

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Cisrespectfullyinformed theNewTheater

A R Y 2 , 17 8

A A D D R E S S t o be s po ke n by

NS O N

Mr. Milne ca lled

E , O r TH E N W H O U S .

pany.Afterwhichwill be

s C O M D Y o f

I T.

ofthe cast.

theMU S CA E NT R TA NM NT

R I CA NTA R .

w illbe leteverydayatthe

te et f r om 1 0 t o 1 o c l oc k a n d on

theafternoon.

theaboveofficeanytime

clock a f terwhichhourthey

T ick etO f f ice intheNew

c uaintedwiththe

mission byapplicationatthe

adies anddangerous

mokingsegars duringtheperfor-

verygentlemanw illconsenttoan

willpleasedirecttheir ser-

r horsesheadstowardsthe

andtakeupw iththeirheadstow ards

pectingthetakingof

e d in t h e B o O f f i c e f o r ge n er a l

five andthecurtain

si .

arere uestedtobepar-

earlyto keepbo es.

6 s . Ga l le r y 4 s . V i v at R e s p u bl i ca . M

orkshillings whichisavery logical

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k

auseoneshill ingisl21/ 2F ederalcents. In

stado llartosit inabo , seventy -f ivecents

hestra , andf ifty centstosit inthega llery

ntemporarynewspaperaccountsofthe

estodescribingtheinteriorof thetheater.

raturewhichhelpsustodeterminethe

f theP ark Theatre istheremark byThomas

co ldw eathertw obla ingf iresw erek eptupat

85Thiscorrespondstothe twochimneys

gwhicharevisibleon thetokenandthe

rmsofthe overall" feel ofthebuilding

iststodaywhichbestconveysanidea of

e( andofNew York C itypublicedificesof the

ofSt. Mark s- in-the-B ouw erie w hichisan

orary: itw asbegunin17 5andconsecrated

pleandtheporchare how ever nineteenthcen-

nthetheateropened B runelconstructed

inw hichheandaf riendhid thew indmill

dthef riendthenrecitedvarioussatires w hich

wledgeofthefoiblesofNewY orksocie-

andtheaudienceadvancedtodestroythe

maneuveredthemachineoveratrapdoor

enddescended andtheydepartedthat

7Unfortunate ly thisincidentisrecordedby

aterhistories(suchasO dell , w hichare

f thisincidentdidtak eplace itmusthave

therthanJ anuary2 , 17 8.

anuary17 8 thetheaterw asstil l inan

sonly inNovember17 8 w henthetheater

sslightly delayedbecauseofayellowfever

thatthe interiordomewasfinishedby

atscenepainterofhisday.88

the NewTheatre 8 andwason

edtoC hathamS uare( namedforWill iam

arlo fC hatham w hohadhadtheStampA ct

aparto f thecityw hereevery thingunw anted

B ridewell , theA lmsHouse andthe

ericans.Thiswaspartlybecauseofthein-

undingtheF reshWaterP ond( F o leyS uare

yeventoday .D evelopmentwasfurther

it le tothisarea becauseJ ohnWhite the

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k

htwoplaysanevening lastingf rom6: 30or

hete tsof theplaysw ereof tencutinaquite

swerenotturnedout intheauditorium

tbygasaf ter1827 andtheaudiencecouldand

nly returningforthegreatsetpieces. I ta lian

ccountofthisfoible includingariedi

heaudiencecouldgo outforicecream.

il lthishugetheater thetotalpopulation

nhattanonly in1800w as60. 48 , 9 5w hich

ntain3-3% ofthepopulationoftheci-

thetheaterstagedoneplay foroveramonth

ryman w omanandchildinthecityw ould

eWill iamDunlaphadsomesuccessw ithhis

nplayw right( andR ussianagent A ugust

t D u n la p e nd e d a ba n kr u pt . 6 S t ep h en P r i c e w h o

unlap filledthetheaterbyresortingto the

system importingbignamesf romE uropesuch

o v em be r 1 81 0 a n d E d m un d K e a n ( 1 8 20 . I n

asL earatthePark Theatre opposite J ohn

gar. 7A taveryearlydate inNew Y ork C ity

gworldclassactors.B othCookeandK ean

heycametoNew Y ork hav ingabused

buttheygavesomebrilliantperformances.

riceforthis say ingthatthestarsystem

ompaniesinNewY orkCity butitseems

havef il ledhistheaterotherw ise . Thesi e

the hadtoshow.

rkTheatrewhichI wouldhavelikedto

rk performanceofMo art sD onGiovan-

w ithManuelGarcia scompany includingMaria

erlina.W hatmadethisperformance

ne attheurgingandin thepresenceof

oD aP onte w ho hav ingprovenhimself too

V ienna andL ondon hadto liveouthis

C ity . 8

arkTheatreatnighttimewasagreat an-

whocomplainedaboutparkingproblems.

815 theneighborstothetheatercompla ined

outthehackneycarriagesparkedon their

natthePark Theatre. 9

06w asdictatedmorebyhisloveof the

prof it infact itw asanunusua ldeparture

propertyinvestment whichwastobuy

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fA storthathe" se ldommissedagoodper-

ysof the ' O ldP ark , " andevenonthe

sshiptheTon uinhadbeenlost hestil l

notw ishingtoabandonhisfavoriteevening s

ooper anactorwhosebestpartwas

eaterf romA storfor$2 100quarterly w hich

sothathissurety StephenPrice w asof ten

iciency . In September1814 P riceto ldA stor

upthetheaterunlessthe rentwasreduc-

ouldgetoutofhisleasebecauseof theWar

considerit.100

ntheaters andthePark Theatrew asat-

eCommonCouncilwasawareofthis

establishedF ireE ngineHouseNumber4in

ornerofthetheater depositing30buckets

orningonMay25 1820 adisastrousf ire

Theatretotheground andw asthusdescrib-

eningP ost:

eo clock thismorning ourin-

ythedreadfulcryof fire and

romthetremendousglareoflight

emotepartsofthecity that

ildingofuncommonsi e

eatre.Noeffortcouldcheck

ossibleto doanythingmorethan

thecompletedestructionofthe

erythingit contained.Afterall

beenmadeit isimpossibletotell

ichit originated.I thas

ctorilyascertained thatthefirstap-

ar theridgeofthe southeast

itcouldnot therefore havearisen

yedinthecourseof theenter-

of theevening ashasbeen

upposed.Noristherethe least

wasdesignedlysetonfire but

accidentornegligence.

stantbusinessithasbeenfor

ery thingissafe bygo ingaboutthe

aftereveryonehasdeparted

everylight ise tinguished

lastnight asusua l andla in

ohes f romwhichhew asrous-

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k

f ire andlookingupsaw the

sappearanceattheplacew ehave

oinsurance onthebuilding

esceneryor otherproperty.

allsupon individualsconnected

whosenumberweunderstandto

ns includingmechanicsand

oncehadthetheaterrebuilt . Thisa ltruist ic

tleast oneofthewitsof thetown who

veningP ost:

hoeverhavebeenknown

whentheirown

t andoftrade

—w henthey rew ellpaid

nisrebuilt

a tly carv dandgilt

vas lathandplaster

* * * * andJ * * * J * * * * a * * * .103

he SecondP arkTheatre continuedto

sign forthenumberofwindows o f stories

edthesame.Thesuperficialappearance

echangein architecturaltaste:thetops

cosw eres uare ratherthanround. The

mained.104

P ricesponsoredtheappearanceofE dmund

nthonyStreet andw assosuccessfulthatin

reatenedA storandB eek manthathew ouldbuild

ycompliedwith hisproposalsforthe

rk . I nMay1821 how ever P ricesigneda

k Theatreatarentof$ 13 000ayear. H enry

ephew remark ed " TheTheatrew illbebeautiful

supportsuchanenormousrentcharge. B ut

ed:in1823theP arkTheatrewasassessed

on S e pt e mb e r 1 1 8 28 i t w as l e as e d to E d m u n d

tanannualrenta lo f$ 16 000 thetheater

w orth$ 150 000. Thetheaterw astota lly

terwhichitw asva luedat$ 200 000. I n1846

wersvalueditatonly$ 60 000 a lthoughthis

atefor ta purposes.105Astorhimself

48 andheleftmuchofhisfortunetoestablish

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l lybecametheNew York P ublicLibrary .

nageruntilhisdeathonJ uly31 1848

sleasedto ThomasS.H amblin whohad

eryTheatre.B uttheSecondP arkTheatre

eearlyeveningofSaturday D ecember

alistf romtheNew - ork EveningP ostrea llyap-

rit ing

clock thescenew hichw as

housandciti enscongregated

onehundredthousandonthetops

tthecity wasoneofthe

theflamesleapedandfrolickedto

ehundredfeetfromtheground

ichenabledpersonsatthe

thefinestmanuscript.The

nowmuch increasedbythe

ht.

nsuredfor$ 80 000.U nfortunately

isfire: afiremannamedAndersonfrom

uck byapieceofburningtimber andk ill-

nrefreshmentsofmeatandcoffeeand

ndatthe" Shakespeare onP ark R ow . There

mB .Astorwouldnotrebuildthe theater

hotelonthesite w hichrumorhadbegun

.Thisrumor turnedouttobetrue in

edidnotrebuildthetheater buttheydidnot

preferringtosellthe irinterestinthe lots.106

rkablyindulgentlandlords.I nthesum-

riblecho leraepidemicragedthroughNew York

astemporarilyclosed.Threeconsecutiverent

psonbouncedasaresult butWill iamB . ( son

cidedtooverlook theproblem andw rotetothe

ek manonA ugust4 1832:

avorof the30 U lto : A ndwill

ogetthe alterationinthe

de. —Since I w roteyouMr.

t hasbeenreturnedasunpaidand

ck fromhimwhichisunpaid

makegoodina dayortwo:

thercheck sothatunlesshe

alreadyhavein thecourseof

eeunpaid.I presumeyouare

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k

stressedstateof thecityto

urgehimatpresentwouldbeI

eposittoday the$ 1000toyour

ew Y ork . My fatherhasbought

nottorebuild thetheateragain andsplit

e l ot s ( S e ct i on 1 b l oc k 9 0 l o ts 6 7 a n d 8

eF irstandSecondP arkTheatresarenow

buildings.TheAstorE statesoldmostof

around1850 buttheycontinuedtohave

etwentiethcentury.L atertheaterswere

w butthey tendedtobecinemas not

suchcinemaw astheP ark R ow Theatreat

M a y 1 3 7 t h e P a r k R o w T he a tr e w as s h ow i ng

enceNightingale in" TheWhiteA ngel " w ith

otto " Shespurnedoneman sarms.. . to

108

eremainedforlot6. O nJ anuary17

recordingagrantf romthePark R ow R ealty

othschild A lf redC. deR othschildand

o f l ot s 4 -6 2 2 1/ 2 a n d 25 . O n J u l y 10 1 0 ,

nthe sametransaction onlyinthereverse

note aminedthesedeedsindetail butit is

entoftheR othschildsisrelatedtothe

erboroughR apidTransitC ompany w hich

thschilds U . S. agent A ugustB e lmont J r.

rmanof theboardof the I nterboroughR apid

eR apidTransitSubwayConstruction

Tw ouldhavebeenhurtby thePanicof1 07

epropertytransfersarean emergencyin-

othschildsintoapropertysubsidiaryof the

Ta live. Someof thesub-basementsonPark R ow

e tenda llthew ay totheB rook lynB ridge-

o f theeastside I R T 111so it ispossiblethat

tenditsstationsortrackseastwardtoPark

ow arecurrentlyoccupiedbybranchesof

so fcomputersandothere lectronice uipment.

econdP arkTheatreshavelongdisap-

rememberedbythenameofthe streetwhich

ndB eek manStreet: TheatreA lley . ( U n-

herstreetscommemorateearlierproperty

ndJ ohnK. B eek man. Thisstreetappearson

dpublishedin17 7 butisthenca lled" The

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palsoshowstheNew TheatreandtheOld

atplanswerealreadyafoottochangeits name

ebruary6 17 5 betweenA nnWhiteand

to" TheatreL ane. 113Ona mapof1808

ngworth itsnameis" TheatreA lley " w hich

versince.114B yanindenturerecorded

nnW hite describedasthew idow ofThomas

ick songrantedTheatreA lley totheMayor

tyoftheCityofNewY ork.115

acobs. Thisisprobablyidenticalto aB en-

ssuedhisow ntokenf romB irminghamin17 8

rw icks. 31 f ig. 9) . 116Thetok enappearstohave

ettersratherthanwith punches which

rk butJ acobusedparticularcareonthistok en

se ofthefinalS ontheothertokens

ve: " Thisismyw ork oritmaybean

whenlastnameswerebynomeansas

y en aminJ acobmayhavebeenJ ew ish the

w ishone butthere isclearlya J ew ishcon-

sues:theCabbageSociety( D alton-

a l t o n- H a m e r. Mi d d . 1 0 05 D a l t o n-

t h e bo e r D a v i d Me n do a ( D a l t o n-

D a l t o n- H a m er . Mi d d . 7 85 - 78 ) L o r d Ge o rg e

er. Midd . 775-782 Da lton-Hamer. Dublin. 12 ,

stoyw arehouseofL ondon(D alton-

. 1 7 T h e L o n do n m ag i st r at e P a t r i ck C o l u h o u n

ti-Semitic( andanti- rish , blamedmostof the

ntheJ ew s w ritingin17 6

finethemselvestothecoinage

w hilethe I rishw omenarethe

sofbase silver.... tis

ken

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k

gtheJ ew s a lthoughmanycases

obe coinersofcoppermoney

tent yetscarceaninstancecan

any concerninthecoinage

silver:neitherarethey e ten-

basemoneybutcopper.118

spre udicesdiminishhisva lueasasource

ewishpresenceinthetradein private

nce.

eterSkidmore whofrom17 7until180

herJ ohnSk idmore inSk idmore& Son

astheson whobranchedoutintothe

whichweresoldfromtheirshop at123

madeatthe irw ork sat15 C oppiceR ow

54thattheTheatreatNew York tok en

nyotherC ondertokens itsreverse isfound

wasissuedforcommercialpurposesmade

ter.120DonTa aysuggesteditwasused

sim ilartotheR ick ett sC ircuspiece. 121This

er.Weknowfromcontemporarynewspaper

hI havequotedabove thattherew erethree

r: 8shil l ings(onedo llar tosit inthebo es

tosit inthepit( orchestra ; and4shil l ings( 50

ry ( ba lcony . A nadmissionticketw ouldhave

uishingthese threepriceranges andthe

hasnosuch distinction.Thetokenalso

uldbeessentialifit weregiventosubscribers

bytheseason.Theearliest documentation

k C ity forplacesinbo es( inthiscase

atre foundbyD unlapwasinthesummer

wingnoticeappeared:

pectfullyinformed thatonac-

plaintsrelativetounfair

manyofwhichhavebeenlate ly

pied themanagers everready

e accommodationoftheir

aveadoptedamodetopreventany

urebyhavingticketsfor the

iveredby thebo -k eeper onpay -

ntak ingbo es w iththenumber

ameasurew hichthey f latter

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generalapprobation.H allam

paper. B y1826 itseemsthatsomeone

atthePark Theatrewouldgotothebo

ownonaw rittenlist. Loren oD aP onte

theforenoonandfoundhisname

allocations and therebeing

amebo , I hadmyname

ewasalreadyinhis chairwhen

yselfa thisside. 123

tergoerwouldsign upforabo , but

ecific seatwithinthatbo .

how ever thatthedistinctionbetw een

tors and" co insstruck forcirculation "

ist inctiontoday didnottrulye istatthe

ntury . C onsidertheTa lbot A llumandL ee

suredlyweremadeforcirculation andeven

fcentsandafew largecents.Although

tion numerouswildmulingsoftheir

onewiththeprisonreformerJ ohnHow ard.

ystruck forcirculation thenbecomesamul-

etthisverymulingis alsoknownwith

theB aptistforcirculationontheIslandof

bot AllumandL eetokensfluidlymove

culation and" struck forco llectors and

tion aga inshow sthatthisisnotthehard

day whenitisnearlyimpossibleto spend

co ins. B en aminJ acobandP eterSk idmore

rculationnor forcollectors butsolely

heywouldsellintowhatevermarketwasat-

mayhavethought thattheycouldgetsome

nguptokensdepicting thetheater.After

n& C o. hadobtainedanorderf romTalbot A llum

centsandO badiahWestw oodw astry ing

sco inagecontract. 12 I f thespeculationfa il-

se ll ittoA merica theyk new theycerta inly

elocalcollectors market.B ritishcollec-

thingAmerican therewasagreatcult

partlybecauseofthehorrors oftheF rench

ngtonprov idedagoode amplethat

conductrevolutionina civili edfashion

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k

ableL atins. Thisintense loveaf fa irw asend-

nthe17 0s how ever any thing" A merican

maticitemsassociatedwiththe P ark

the threevarietiesoftheenigmaticAD -

k ensof1817(f igs. 10-11 . Theearliestdescription

whichw ehavefoundisinWill iamE . Wood-

ohnF . McC oyco llectiononMay17-21 1864

s " P a r k Th e at r e ch e ck ' A d mi t ' 1 8 17 c o p-

ldtoHof fmanfor40cents.126Thene tlist ing

sto fNew York statestorecards w hichw as

ector sJ ourna lo fMarch1885. This

manH. L ow says: " Thistokenisgenera lly

iontick ettotheo ldPark Theatre P ark R ow

bletoobta inno informatione itherforor

127ThePA D tok enwasnotlisted. Lyman

cesinhisauctionof thecollectionofB en-

er o f C ha r le s W . B e t t s , o n J a n ua r y 11 - 12 1 8 8 :

T t o ke n a n d on e e a m pl e o f th e P A D

40cents be ingso ldtoD anielP arish J r.

ecestotheA NS(accessionnumber18 8. 4 .

s " U n u e st i on a bl y P a r k T he a tr e N e wY o r k

standingotherplacesofamusementin

. S. havebeencreditedw ithit. 128L ow did

attributionotherthanhispersonalstate-

ithhis statementisthedate:thetoken

ndtheF irstP ark Theatreburneddownon

slaterdatefortheuseof thetok enisunlik e ly.

atreattributioniscorrect weshouldre-date

lliamE .W oodwardmaybecloseenough

thathisattributiontothePark Theatreshould

setokensbytheNewY orkCitytheater

buthe isusually concernedwithplaysand

ms

kTheatre

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atrerananadvertisementintheNew - ork

ghtithadaperformance andintheadver-

1817 anew phrase isadded: " L adies

estedtopurchasethe irt ick etsattheB o -

K eepersarestrict ly forbiddentorece ivemoney

sphrasedoesnotshow upearlierintheyear

vertisementafterwardforthene tseveral

wh e n th e s ys t em o f " A D M T a n d " P A D "

perhapsbecauseoneofthedoorkeeperswas

z lingthefunds. Thisisonlycon ecture

butnotP A D , waslistedbyW rightinThe

18 8. 130EdgarH. A damsalso listedthe

n ot t he P A D t ok en ( A da ms .N . 4l . 1 T he

setokenswhichI havefoundisinW ayte

earlyNew Y ork storecardsintheC oinC ol-

u n e 1 3 4 w h ic h s ho w ed b o th t h e AD M T a n d

. 132Thetok ensw erea lsodiscussedbyMelv inand

Tok enC ollector sP age inTheNumismatist

ere listedinDonaldMiller s1 62catalogueof

cethenhavebeentakenupintoR ulau s

uded( butdidnotdepict ordescribein

esof theA DM Ttok en. ( The lotsoldtoDanie l

natedtotheA NS. A ne aminationof thespecimens

acomparisonofthephotographsin R ay-

gsdistinguishesthesetwovarieties.Thefirst

aymondphotographof J une1 34 isf rom

atusedtomak ethePA D tok en w ithsmall

theA DM Tdoesnottouchtheova lo fpearls.

ichistheonein theF uldphotograph( and

isf romadif ferentpunchset: thepun-

mallserif sonthe I so f thedate the7islarger

etymayeasilybedistinguishedbecausetheT

ouchtheova lo fpearls. I havenotnoticed

kens andsofarhavenoticedtwovarieties

r om t wo p a ir s o f di e s a n d on e va r ie t y fo r P A D ,

es. Thereversedie forPA iseasily

falargediedefect intheovalof pearls

f irsthadtheA D M TandP A D tok ensmade

outofA D M Ttok ens sotheyputinanother

turerusedadifferentpunchset fromthe

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k

ot rare andsincewehavea goodidea

eenstruckto beginwith( twothousand

asold-outtheater , thatisnotsurprising. I ammore

these tokenswereissuedbytheP ark

y Woodward sandL ow sauthorityforthis.

sassociatedwiththeSecond P ark

estraightforward.Thisisa 17 9 dollar

6 B ow ers-B orck ardt. 158 thephotographsare

ateaccurately butitmightbe diestate

theMauriceM. Gouldcollection w hichhasengrav -

ymourHarris/ P ark Theatre / No. / N-Y

ndengraveduponthereverseWR ( cata logued

- N - 4 2 . 1 6 I t i s h ol e d at a b ou t 9 o c l oc k o n th e

e wornwiththescriptletters readingcor-

sthebusto fL iberty soshefacesdow nward.

be thenameofaleadingactor atabenefit

e isnoSeymourHarrisl istedamongthecast

ewhichhavecomedowntous. Thematter

iousinthatI couldfindnoSeymourH ar-

k C itydirectoriesf rom1832to1840. D irec-

stedasmallfractionof theinhabitants

ourHarrise isted heshouldbe listedin

andthe indicestotheF ederalcensusofNew

1840shownoSeymourH arriseither.The

a mystery.

ark atthispo intw asopenforitssummer

rmingDanie l- rancois- spritA uber sopera

Mas ue , 137w hichisperhapsmorefamiliar

versionofGiuseppeV erdi U nB allo in

uldf indw asanadvertisementforthatnight sper-

rk EveningP ost:

E — S i t h a pp e ar a nc e o f Si g no r A NT O N O ,

dthemostsurprisingandelegant

i n t h e W o r l d— a n d w ho s e e t r ao r di n ar y

o lante asatmostof theTheatres

vegainedhimthetit leo f " The lit-

earthisevening. Thisevening A ugust

presentedforthe12thtime the

S T A V U S T H E T H I R D , o r t h e Ma s k-

Mr. Mason A nk arstrom Mr.

nh o rd J o n es M d e An k ar s tr o m M r s.

M r s. B l a k e A r ve d so n M r s. W h e a tl e y. —

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S S U L .

no rD I A V O L O A NT O N O ' S

n th e F L Y I N G R O P E .

oaF errero sB enef it .

nprecise lyat7. P erfor-

ha lfpast7o clock. 1 8

gP ostforAugust11 andAugust12 1834

gspecialhappeningatthe P arkTheatre

-

piecew aswornbyabo attendantatthe

dandholedpieceswereusedas tickets

buttheyalmostneverhaveane actdatewrit-

allyindicate whichpartofthetheater

t he r t he g a ll e ry t h e pi t o r a b o . 1 3 I t i s

soutwardresemblance thatthispieceserv-

hePark Theatre .

ngof theSecondPark Theatre in1821 ago ld

0andthefreedomofthe Theatrewasof-

ddress.This contestwaswonbyCharles

nk B oston. 140Wehaveno idea how ever

havebeen anditmightwellbe acom-

thnospecific referencetotheTheatre.

p hi c al T e ch n i u e s

eof J acob sothertokensrevea lshow he

acobsinkthediesfor hishalfpennyseries

gates.Acomparisonof thetokenofSt.An-

l t o n- H a m e r. M id d . 5 6 f i g. 1 2 s h ow s t ha t i t

teenthcenturycopperplateengraving.This

everalH istoriesofL ondonwhichwere

f oftheeighteenthcentury.141The

ndershaftaretooclosein designto

usedC hamberlain( 1770 , H arrison( 1775 or

heyareallviewsfromthe northwest , butthe

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k

pictedhereisa reproductionfromH arrison

Theengrav ing unfortunate ly w asratherinac-

fSt. A ndrew sU ndershaf tismuchnarrow erand

eengraving 143andJ acobcopiedtheseer-

w orkedf rome istingcopperplateengrav ings

hewouldsimplifytheseengravings

wedthemmoreorlessfaithfully theac-

o f theengrav ingdecidestheaccuracyof

here isno indicationthatJ acobeverbothered

buildingshe depictedonthetokens.

cesthehistoricalimportanceof thesetokens

pendentsources butdependuponthe

4If theengrav ingse ist—andof tenthey

edifficultto locate—it ispreferabletobase

uildingsupon them ratherthanupon

thetok ens( andJ acob sespecia lly simplif y

avingstheycopy.Thetokenscan be

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grav ings how ever. F ore ample atok en

nhall( Da lton-Hamer. Midd . 104 notby

mplif iesanengrav ingof theL eadenhall w hich

eventeenthore ighteenthcentury w hich

eadenhallasit look edmuchearlier. 14 The

eengraving how ever suggeststhatit is

ntury andthetokenwhichshowsthe

hehallw asbuilt in141 andtakendow nin

ysuggeststhatthe engravingdepictedthe

he17 0s j ustbefore itsdestruction.

firstofall manyofthediesinkersfor

rwentandlookedatthe buildingsthey

dengrav ings. F urtherresearchinB rit ishe igh-

uldbedirectedtowardidentifyingthese

oinsandtokensinthe modernperiodare

ownright becauseoftentheengrav-

vive.I foriginalpapyrusdrawingsofthe

heColosseumsestertiuswouldberatherless

principleoftheuse ofsourcesthatone

necango nofurther:theearliest

raditionshould bethebest( philologists

natiocodicumdescriptorum .146Since

dosurvive think thetask isnottouse

s butrathertofind theengravingswhich

toproduceiconographicalstudiesin-

hung.

S a ra h C o , K e n ne t h E d l ow D r . J a y M. G a ls t E d wa r d J a n i s

P . New man D onaldG. Partrick andD onaldScarinciforthe ir

ns. I amalso indebtedtothesta ffo f theNew York P ublic

oca lHistoryandGenealogy theMicro f i lmR eadingR oomand

mattheMainR esearchB uildingandtheB illyR oseTheatreC ol-

nterL ibrary thesta f fo f theY a leUniversityLibrary the

C o lumbiaUniversity thesta ffo f themapsandprintsroom

L ondon thesta ffo f theNationa lA rchives New York branch

A rchivesofNew York C ity andthestaf fo f theCityR egister s

hohasdonemuchwork onthearchitecturedepictedonco insof

overykindlysuppliedmewith slidesoftheColosseumsester-

lterB reen sC ompleteEncyclopediaofU . S. andC olonia l

8 8 , p p. 1 04 -5 .

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k

htywhosenameisassociatedwiththeold varietystudy

wasbaseduponthework ofDav idP rosk ey . Doughtyhimself

smatist hischiefoccupationissa idtohavebeenas" ahack

H ewasacorrespondingmemberofthe ANSunderthe

20 18 5 w henthenew C onstitutionw asintroduced

tateswerenotallowedtobecomecorrespondingmembers

e" grandfathered. He diedonOctober30 1 17. A NSA n-

p . 9 ; " P r o f i l es o f O l d - Ti m e Co l le c to r s an d D e a l er s " W a r r en

A . Stlberman eds. U nitedStatesLargeC ents17 3-1857. A n

M A 1 7 5 p . 5 80 ( b i og r ap h ie s c om p il e d by W . H . S h e l do n

o h n W r i g ht ; P e t er S m it h " N a me s wi t h No t es - P a r t Tw o " P e n ny -

p .3 43 .

ht y " S o me H i s t o ri c T ok e ns o f t he C i ty o f N ew Y o r k " P r o -

NumismaticandArchaeologicalSocietyofNew Y ork( New

- 40 .

" A u ct i on R e v i e ws " T h e C4 N e ws l et t er v ol . 1 N o . 2 ( D e c .

tP r i nt in g " p .1 2.

u i d e B o o k of U n i t e d St a te s C oi n s 4 8 th E d i ti o n 1 9 5 K e n -

a ci ne W I , 1 9 4 p . 57 .

A rrangementofP rov incia lC o ins Tok ens andMedalets

n I re land andtheC olonies w ithintheL astTw entyYears

o th e P e nn y Si e ( I p sw ic h 1 7 8 , p . [ v i .

eTradesmen sTok ensof theE ighteenthC entury (L ondon

SamuelH . H amer TheProv incia lTok en-C o inageof the

t ol ] , 1 1 0 , p . 1 1 0 R . C. B e l l T h e B u i ld i ng M e da l et s o f K e m p-

7 - 17 7 ( N e wc a st l e up o n Ty n e 1 7 8 , p . 9 1 .

7 -2 1 1 8 64 ( M c Co y , 2 1 63 .

6 -2 , 1 8 8 4 ( L e vi c k , 2 4 6 3 .

e c . 7- 17 1 2 1 ( J e nk s , 5 50 8.

ght " A mericanStoreorB usinessC ards " TheNumismatist

23 .

s e d . N e wY o r kC i ty a n d St a te S t or e C ar d s ( N e w Y o r k 1 1 3 .

orkstorecardswasprobablydonebyD avidP roskeyorL yman

U nitedStatesStoreC ards. A L isto fMerchants A dvertising

C heck s andKindredP iecesI ssuedfrom178 uptoR ecentY ears

TokensWhichP assedasMoneyandK now nasHardT imes

1 20 .

aymondcataloguethatI havefoundwhichliststhe

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lthoughthecata logueisfor1 34 itscopyrightdate is1 33

oguewasdonatedtotheSocietyonOctober23 1 33

anteq uern.Thecataloguealsoincludesaphotographof

graphwasreusedforall thelatereditionsofR aymond s

ayteR aymond StandardCatalogueofE arlyAmericanCoins

to n 1 3 4 ( N e wY o r k [ 1 3 3 ) . p . 1 3. C u ri o us l y a l th o ug h H . R .

ishTok ensR elatingtoA merica " TheC oinC o llector sJ ournal

l ishedbyWayteR aymond , mentionstheTheatreatNew York

sit" very rare hedidnotlist itseparate lyorreproduce

esofD ecember1 41andJ anuary1 42 eventhoughR ay -

hichhewas usinginhiscoin andtokencataloguesby

oughthe cracks.

t e d St a te s C oi n s ( R a c in e W I , 1 7 1 , p . 5 0 . E d w ar d J a n is

ork Theatretok enw asincludedintheR edB ook atthe

.

tabic C lassicNew York : GeorgianGentil ity toGrecian

ectureofNew Y ork . A HistoryandGuide vo l. 1( New York

yvo lumeof thise ce llenthistoryw hichhasappeared.

h a ng i ng N e wY o r k ( N e w Y o r k 1 3 ) .

S t o ke s T h e I c o n og r ap h y of M a nh a tt a n I s l a n d 14 8 - 1 0 - C o m-

rcesandI llustratedbyPhoto- ntaglioR eproductionsof

ans V iew sandD ocumentsinPublicandP rivateC o llections

5- 28 .

th , L o n gw or t h s A m er i c an A l ma n ac k N e w- o r k R e g is t er a n d

eTwenty-secondY earofA mericanI ndependence. C onta in-

naWork of theK ind. Embellishedw ithaV iew of theNew

17 7 .

thesplendidmapofNew York C itypublishedin17 7 drawn

edby J . R oberts w hichlabe lsthe J ohnStreetTheatreas" the

atbecametheP ark Theatreas" theNew Theatre ; it isreproduc-

nhoven TheC olumbiaHistorica lP ortraito fNew York . A n

ry inHonorof theTricentennia lo fNew Y ork C ityandthe

ba U n i v er s it y ( G a r d en C i ty N 1 5 3 p p . 10 4 -5 .

producesthecornerstoneoftheTheatre whichinhisday

wnrestaurant.I treads:" Thecornerstoneofthis Theatre

MayA D 17 5. J acobMorton W in. Henderson C arli le

er s L e wi s H a l l em [ s i c , J o h n H o d gk i ns o n m a na g er s . C ha r le s

New Y ork . I tsL andmark sandA ssociations( New York andL on-

.

istoryof theA mericanTheatreandA necdotesof thePrin-

k 1832 vo l. 1 p. 160. New Y ork erstendedtomoveevery

enomore reliableaboutpayingtheirrentin theeigh-

turiesthantheyarenow.

TheA mericanA lmanack New - ork R egister andC ity

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k

eTwenty- f irstYearofA mericanI ndependence. C onta iningMost

koftheK indandE mbellishedwithanAccurateMapof

pectiveof theTontineC ityTavern( New York 17 6 .

th , L o n gw or t h s A m er i c an A l ma n ac k N e w- o r k R e g is t er a n d

eTwenty-secondY earofA mericanI ndependence. C onta in-

naWork of theK ind. Embellishedw ithaV iew of theNew

17 7 , p.2.Thisis asettlementofclaimsoflosses byU nited

hewarbetweenSpainandF rance.AllclaimsofU nitedStates

weretoberegisteredat theofficeoftheSpanishconsul

y17 17 7.

furd F amilyR ecordsandE ventsCompiledP rincipa lly f rom

sintheR utherfurdC o llection(New Y ork 18 4 pp. 171-72

1 , v o l. 5 p . 1 33 4 .

e B o o k s a nd M a nu s cr i pt s D i v i si o n N e wY o r k P u b li c L i b ra r y a b l ac k

raphisintheB illyR oseTheatreC ollection New York

h o to F i l e B , T h ea t re s U S : N e w Y o r k : P a r k D a v i d M . St a uf f er

on C o pp e r an d S te e l ( N e w Y o r k 1 0 7 , P a r t 2 C h ec k - i s t

l ie rE ngravers p. 537 MantleF ie lding A mericanEngravers

iographicalSketchesandCheckL istsofE ngravings

17 , p. 46—thissupplementtoStauf ferlistsyetathirdvariety signed

al e d el i n. e t s c. ( F i e ld i ng . 24 .

uarianSocietycopywasconsultedonits microfichesetof

es o fw hichtheNew York P ublicLibraryhasacopy. I am

theR areB ook R oomof theNew York P ublicLibrary for

anceofthesevariouscopies.

. 2 ) , P a r t 1 p p . 2 7 2- 7 3 P a r t 2 C h e c k- i s t of t h e W o rk s o f

s p p . 53 5 -3 7 F i e l d i ng ( a b ov e n . 2 ) , p p . 28 5 -8 6 G e ne H e s s l er

e:AnE ncyclopediaofP aperMoney& P ostageStampArt( P ort

9 3 , p .3 04 .

o f theF irstC ensusof theUnitedStatesTak enintheY ear

a s hi n gt o n 1 0 8 p p . 14 5 -4 6 .

00 , P opulationofConnecticut vo l2 WindhamC ounty

rchives R ecordsof theB ureauof theC ensus. C onsultedon

, P opulationofC onnecticut vo l. 3 New L ondon To lland

p. 586 Nationa lA rchives R ecordsof theB ureauof the

rof i lm: M252 R o ll3.

peutetrecompareeaLebanon q uin estcomposeequedeq uel-

esdansd immensesfortts. A rmand- ouisdeGontaut due

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rgan C onnecticutasaC o lonyandasaState orO neof the

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ic a ( C h ic a go 1 7 3 , v o l. 1 3 s . v. " L e b an o n " p p . 87 7 -7 8 .

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ce . C onta iningMostThingsUsefulinaWork of theK ind

nA ccurateMapof theC ity andaPerspectiveof theTon-

o r k 1 7 6 p r ef a ce s i gn e d J u n e 1 1 1 7 6 , p . 2 0 7

e wY o r k Ci t y D i r ec t or y f or 1 7 S u n pa g in a te d .

. 2 ) , p p . 2 7 2- 7 3 H e s sl e r ( a b o ve n . 3 1 , p . 3 04 .

n . 2 ) , p p . 6- 7 S e co n d Ce n su s ( 1 8 0 0 , P o p ul a ti o n of C o nn e c-

or d C ou n ty p . 3 6 N a ti o na l A rc h iv e s R e c o r ds o f t he B u r e a u

onmicro f i lm: M32 R o ll1.

completeworksofF laviusJ osepbus....Tr.fromthe

age.And diligentlyrevisedandcomparedwiththe

authors o fdif ferentnations onthesub ect. .. A lsoacon-

the J ew s f romJ osepbusdow ntothepresenttime.. . . B y

L L D . I l lustratedw ithmargina lre ferences andnotes. .. B y

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r thespecimensofearlyengravinginthe U nitedStates.

A n na l s of t h e Ne w Y o r k S ta g e ( N e w Y o r k 1 2 7 , v o l. 2

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Memoiro f theLifeofSirMarcI sambardB runei C iv il

residentof theR oya lSociety C orrespondingMemberof the I n-

c . & c . ( L o nd on 1 86 2 , p . 34 .

NotesonE ighteenthC enturyTok ens. B e ingSupplementary

sonthe" P rov incia lTok enC oinageof theE ighteenthC en-

t on a n d Sa m ue l H . H a me r ( L o n do n 1 5 4 , p . 1 2 .

May23-24 18 8 148. 1ow ethisre ferencetothecardindices

ctioncataloguespreparedbyW alterB reeninthespring

e 1 - 2 0 1 5 8 1 8 0.

G a ll e ri e s O c t . 1- 2 1 8 0 ( G a rr e tt , 1 5 2 .

, 1 8 3( R o pe r , 3 55 .

e di a ( a b ov e n . 3 , p . 1 05 .

2 6- 2 , 1 88 4 ( L e vi ck , 2 46 3.

e c . 7- 17 1 2 1 ( J e nk s , 5 50 8.

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10 , p . [ v i .

Tw oNew York TheaterTokensforSale : How ManyareR ea lly

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I wasrecentlytoldofapiece fromanoldNewY ork

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di a ( a b ov e n . 3 , p . 1 05 .

r i gh t " A m er i ca n S to r e or B u s i n es s C ar d s T h e Nu m is m at i st

r i g ht 1 13 0A .

to findbecauseofthee tremelyhelpfulguidebyH ar-

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s h Nu m is m at i cs v o l. 2 P a r t 1 A r ch a eo l og i ca l ( L o n do n 1 9 3 ,

T h e B r u ne l s: F a t h e r an d S on ( L o n do n 1 3 8 , p . 1 2.

n . 4 2 , p p . 23 - 24 N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 , p . 1 5 V i c to r M or i n

B u l l e ti n d es R e c h e rc h es H i s t o ri u e s 1 3 8 p p . 22 5 -3 2 V i c to r M or i n

Numismatist1 42 pp. 717-20. R idde llca llsI tthe" F ranco-

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ell A Monographof theSilverD o llar GoodandB ad( New Orleans

butR idde llgivesacata loguenumbertoa llco ins theC astorland

57 , p . 16 .

n . 4 2 , p p . 32 - 33 N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 , p . 1 7 G l e n n B r o wn

tatesC apitol vo l. 1 TheOldC apito l 17 2-1850( Washington

n . 4 2 , p p . 36 3 4 1 ( A p p en d i A . T h er e i s no r e co r d of t h is

ethScott E arlyNew York Natura li a tions. A bstractsof

dsf romF ederal StateandL oca lC ourts17 2-1840( B a lt imore

n . 4 2 , p p . 34 - 35 .

n . 4 2 , p p . 33 - 34 N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 , p . 1 7. R o b e r t H a r ri s on

yofNationa lB iography (L ondon 1886 s. v . " SirMarcI sam-

5 , saysthatthetheaterw hichB runeldesignedwastheB ow ery

beright.TheB oweryTheatredidnotopenuntilO ctober

mC . Y oung D ocumentsofA mericanTheatreHistory vo l. 1

yh o us e s 17 1 6- 1 8 9 ( C h ic a go 1 7 3 , p . 7 6.

1 , v o l. 5 p . 1 34 ; J o h n A. K o u w e nh o ve n T h e Co l um b ia

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ew York . A nessay ingraphichistory inhonorof the

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1 5 3 , p . 1 03 A l an B u r n h am e d .. N e w Y o r k L a n d ma r ks . A S tu d y

ctura llyNotableStructuresinGreaterNew York ( Middletown

33 -3 4 7 0 -7 1 3 5 7 3 66 H u t ab le ( a bo ve n . 1 ) , p p. 6 4 1 2 6. T he

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equotedbyStok es " Greatcredit isduetoMessrs.

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theL oca lHistoryandGenealogyDiv isionof theNew Y ork

n . 4 2 , p . 3 6 .

n . 6 4 , p . 3 3 W i l l i am S c al e T h e P r e si d en t s H o u s e . A H i s to r y

8 6 , v o l . 1 p p . 1 -2 1 R i c ha r d W . S te p he n so n " A P l a n W b ol f l y Ne w .

f an t s P l a n o f t he C i ty o f W a s hi n gt o n ( W a s hi n gt o n D C 1 9 3 .

ongere ists butagoodengravingsurvives theNew

ye ample isreproducedinPhil ipL . Mossman Moneyof the

nfederation.ANumismatic E conomicandH istorical

( N e w Y o r k 1 9 3 , p . 2 5 5.

H istoryandB ibliographyofA mericanNew spapers

te r M A 1 4 7 , p . 64 4.

J a n . 24 1 7 8 c o ns u lt e d in t h e mi c ro f il m s er i es " E a r ly

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e onecanunderstandtherationalebehindtheA lienandSedi-

n . 42 , p . 33 -

N e w Y o r k Ci t y D i r ec t or y f or 1 7 7 p . 1 35 L o n gw or t h N e w

r17 8 unpaginated.

n . 4 2 , p p . 35 - 36 M o ri n ( a b ov e n . 5 8 , p . 7 20 .

o n F e b .6 1 7 9 t o R u f u s K i n g i n L o n do n H a r o l d C. S yr e tt

s o fA l e a n de r H a m i lt o n v o l. 2 2 J u l y 17 8 - Ma r ch 1 7 9 ( N e w

7 5 , p . 46 5.

n. 42 , p. 104. A laterbiographerofB runelw rites" I t isa lmost

w B e a m i sh s s m ug r e ma r ks i n 1 86 2 . N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 ,

a l P r o pe r ty F i l e s f or S e ct i on 1 B l o c k 9 0 O f f i c e of t h e Ne w

Manhattan.

glici a tionof theL atinw ordforbook ishow lega lvo lumes

tinNew Y ork State .

tweenA nnWhite w idow grantor andWill iamDick son

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pertyF iles l iber52 pp. 276-80.

n . 6 3 , f a ci n g p. 5 2 .

Councilofthe CityofNewY ork1784-1821 vol.2

n e 12 1 80 1 ( N e wY o r k 1 1 7 , p . 1 50 .

nutes vo l. 11 March6 1820toA ugust20 1821 pp. 557

tes vo l. 17 March10 1828toA pril6 182 , pp. 235

numberas 115.D unlapgivestwofigures:130and 113.

a lmostcerta inlycorrectly that130w asadictationerrorfor

dby*375resultsin113wholesubscribers and86and2/3hun-

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subscriberswereinarrearswiththeirpayments 115maybe

and113thenmisheardas130. Dunlap H istory ( above n.

1 0 O d eU ( a bo ve n .4 1 , p .4 .

May16 1850 Grantors: ThomasC ooper( Masterin

Morton C arli lePo llock W ill iamH enderson Grantees: D aniel

a dd i ng t on J o h n B . C ol e s J o h n Mc V i c k a r J o h n C. S h aw O f f i c e

M a nh a tt a n R e a l P r o pe r ty F i l e s l i be r 5 3 , p p . 4 1 - 6 .

J uly8 1806 Grantors: D anielMcC ormick J oshuaWad-

ol e s J o h n Mc V i c k a r J o h n C. S h aw G r an t ee s : J o h n J a c ob A s to r

a n O f f i c e of t h e Ci t y R e g is t er M a nh a tt a n R e a l P r o pe r ty F i l e s

J a n . 27 1 7 8 p . [ 3 ; T . A ll s to n B r o w n A H i s to r y of

r o m th e F i r s t P e r f or m an c e in 1 7 32 t o 1 0 1 ( N e wY o r k 1 0 3 ,

de ll( above n. 41 , facingp. 6. Thereareslightdif ferencesin

mentasit appearedinthevariousNewY orkCitypapers.

erdidnotprintthe ticketpricesinits firstadvertisement

conta inthem: C ommercia lA dvertiser J an. 31 17 8 , p.

nthemicro f ilmseriespublishedby theA mericanA nti uarianSocie-

ew spapers.

n . 8 4 , p . 1 2.

n . 6 4 , p p. 6 2- 63 3 5 ; H u t ab le ( a bo ve n . 1 ) , p p. 1 8- 1 .

n . 4 2 , p p . 33 - 34 .

a b ov e n . 2 5 , v o l . 2 p . 8 0 .

n . 21 , v ol . 5 p . 13 4 ; " P a r k Th ea tr e " P h y l li s H a rt no U , e d. T he

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t h e Th e at r e ( O x f o rd 1 5 1 p p . 60 2 -3 .

p O n B r o ad w ay . A J o u rn e y U p t ow n ov e r Ti m e ( N e w Y o r k

n . 2 1 , v o l. 5 p . 1 47 0 q u o ti n g th e N ew - o r k E v e ni n g P o s t of

sephN. I re land R ecordsof theNew York Stagef rom1750to1860

v o l. 1 p p . 17 2 -7 3 n . 1 . Th i s is a n e p a nd e d ve r si o n of a r ti c le s

ntheE veningMirror 1853-57.

n. 91 , p. 172. WeshouldrememberthatI re landw roteatleast

e i sorigina lbuildinghadburntdown. I re landisthesource

nB reen " D esignedby thearchitectB runel thisbuildinge -

chlikehisconception. B reen E ncyclopedia( above n.

n . 41 , v ol . 2 p . 8 S to ke s ( a b ov e n . 21 , p . 14 70 q u o t in g th e

osto fA ug. 28 1807. B reena lsoq uotesthisf igure: B reen E n-

. 3 , p. 104. B ecausetheaudiencesatonback lessbenches 2 372

ew oulde pect.

nteriorviewof theSecondP arkTheatrefrom1821

above n. 63 , facingp. 53 a lthoughtherethepicture isin-

irstP arkTheatreanddatedaround1805.A comparison

scriptionof theopeningintheNew - ork EveningP ost

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e inH artnoll( above n. 8 ) , isa lsovery informative .

susOf f ice SecondC ensus 1800. R eturnof thew holeNumber

vera lD istrictso f theUnitedStates accordingto" A nA ct

ensusorE numerationof the I nhabitantsof theUnited

bruary thetw enty -eighth onethousandeighthundred

1 , p. 32. Thisw asconsultedonmicro f iche intheseriesEarly

n . 41 , v ol . 2 p p. 3 8- 7 .

t er a ry N e wY o r k ( a b o ve n . 2 4 , p . 7 2.

o me M em oi r s( N ew Y o r k 1 5 ) , p p . 44 6- 54 A pr il F i t L y on T he

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thatC astleGardenw as" thef irstrea lhomeofopera in

ct. C harlesH emstreet Nook s& C ornersofO ldNew York ( New

.5 .

Mi n ut e s v o l. 8 J u l y 6 1 8 14 t o J u l y 27 1 8 17 ( N e wY o r k

t e r J o h n J a c o b A st o r B u s i n es s M an H a r v a rd S t ud i es i n

o. 1 ( C a mb ri dg e M A 1 3 1 , v ol . 2 p p. 9 8 - 0 .

utes vo l. i une22 1801toMay13 1805 pp. 187-88

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n . 6 3 , f a ci n g p. 6 3 .

n . 10 0 , v ol . 2 p p. 9 9 0 - 1 .

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theatertoHamblin andthendied iscontradictedby the

d mu n d Sh a w Si m ps o n " H a r t n ol l ( a b ov e n . 8 ) , p . 7 42 .

n . 1 00 , v o l. 2 p p . 12 1 6- 1 7.

eC ollection New York P ublicLibrary C lippings Theatres:

k .

turesforSection1 B lock 90 Of f iceof theNew York C ity

havenote aminedtheorigina ldeeds.

A me ri c a( C hi ca go 1 4 3 v ol . 1 1 8 7 -1 4 2 p . 81 . Th e " B e l -

aborate itemsare il lustratedinGeorgeS. C uha " Medals

ork Subw aySystem: Part2 " TheNumismatist1 7 , pp.

fromsomeonewhohasmanagedthepropertyonP ark

yB . Tay lorandengravedby J . R oberts. See

n. 23 , pp. 104-5. There isa lsoaphotocopyava ilable inthe

ea logyDiv isionof theNew Y ork PublicL ibrary.

F e b r ua r y 6 1 7 5 r e co r de d D e c e mb e r 16 1 7 7 G r an t or : A nn

amD ick son R ea lP ropertyF iles O f f iceof theNew York C ity

l iber52 pp. 276-80.

thismapinaphotocopyof theG. Hayw ardcopyprepared

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cLibrary .

property libersforSection1 B lock 90 O f f iceof theNew

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g r ap h ic a l D i c t io n ar y o f Me d al l is t s ( L o n do n 1 0 7 , v o l. 3 p p .

f someof J acob sw ork s. F orrerspe llsthe lastname" J acobs "

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houn , A TreatiseonthePo liceofL ondon Conta iningaDeta il

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eF irstA mericanEdit ion( P hilade lphia 17 8 ; prefacesigned

1 7 6 . D i c t io n ar y o f Na t io n al B i o gr a ph y ( L o n do n 1 8 87 ,

as s e , " P a t ri c k Co l u h ou n " v o l. 1 1 p p . 4 03 - 5 w h er e C ol u h ou n s

erinsilence.

ins A D ictionaryofMak ersofB rit ishMeta ll icT ick ets C hecks

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beC omprehensiveC ata logueandE ncyclopediaofU nitedStates

r e vi s ed b y J o s ep h H . R o s e an d H o w a rd H a e l co r n ( N e w Y o r k

y ( a b o ve n . 2 5 , p p . 1 1 - 2 0.

ve n . 9 8 , p . 45 2.

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op e di a ( a b o v e n . 3 , p p . 10 2 -4 1 3 7- 4 1.

17 - 21 1 8 64 ( M c Co y , 2 2 4 .

ok ens O therThanThoseof the ' C opperhead Series I ssued

k T b e Co i n Co l le c to r s j o u rn a l 11 2 ( 1 8 85 p . 4 1.

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v e ni ng P o s t S ep t. 1 8 1 81 7 p . [ 3 .

" T h e Am e ri c an S t or e o r B u s in e ss C a rd s T b e Nu mi s ma t is t 1 8 8

eomissionof thePA D tok enindicatesthatWrightcopiedthe

or sJ ournal( above n. 127 , andhadnotseentheentries

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oe C ar d s ( a b o ve n . 1 6 , p . 2 7.

d " E a r ly N e wY o r k St o re C ar d s T b e Co i n Co l le c to r s J o u r-

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uld " TheTokenC ollector sP age " TheNumismatist

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n. 135 , p. 45-Thecoinw aslistedinthef irstedit ionandthe

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neteenthcenturyin earlierversionsbyAuber( Gustave

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e ni ng P o s t A ug . 9 , 1 83 4 p . [ 3 .

nd A W . W a t e r s T i ck e ts a n d P a s se s o f Gr e at B r i t a i n an d I r e la n d

Metal I vory etc. forUseatTheatres P ublicGardens Show s

Societies SchoolsandC olleges a lsoTruck T ickets C o ll ie ry

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10( 1 73 , pp.18-20.

e ni n g P o s t A u g . 23 1 8 21 p . [ 2 ; H . N .D . " R e c o l le c ti o ns o f

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lection C lippings Theatres: U . S. : N. . : P ark Stok es( above

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dtheirP lates( L ondon 1 83 .

A New andUniversalH istory D escriptionandSurveyof the

estminster theB oroughofSouthwark andthe irA d acent

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s B eautifulP rospects andC aptivatingSituations B esides

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nglishTradeTok ens. TheI ndustria lR evo lutionI l lustrated

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d. B e ll( above n. 10 , p. [ 4 : " They formavaluablerecord

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f ( a b ov e n . 1 43 p . 2 4.

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geCents

erstamps

onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

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writea largeandwide-rangingbookon

ts.I nfact thisbook-to-behasbeenlonger

ngI haveeverw ritten forin1 55 w hen

erstampedlargecentswas afreshsub-

f irstdreamedofwrit ingaboutthestoriesbehind

parto f thisbook hasbeenw ritten intheform

nograph TheStrangeC areerofDr. W ilk ins:

87 andthebook - lengtheffort TheWater-

ms ma t ic I n u i ry ( 1 9 2 . I n a d di t io n I h a v e

onthesub ectforTheNumismatist

orld andotherforumsinprint. Someday the

w thisstudyoutliningfeaturesof thisinteresting

secretswell andunlikedateandmint-

nitedStatescoins whichareforthemost

ortsand correspondenceandotherwise

pedpieceshaveleftapaper trail.

mismaticscholarstostudy thepiecesand

fteninconnectionwithlookingthroughnine-

s new spapers andothersources. What

neates anotherbuildsupon. F rank G. Duf -

K e n ne t h L . H a l le n be c k R u s s e ll R u l a u a n d

aveeach inthatorder tak enthew ork of

pforward.D oubtless anothergeneration

stswilllearnmuchwhichis presently

ces iswhatmakesthemsointeresting.

ndanameinadirectoryorothersource

erstampseenonacent.SometimesI have

a ldays lookingthroughnineteenthcentury

coveringathing.B utthishasspurred me

dn tbeha lfasmuchfuntoco llectthese

nownaboutthem.MyW aterfordWater

ook s eachaboutonespecif icissuerof

eachoccupiedseveralmonthsofmylife

months I hastentoadd.

shouldhaveitspurpose.I proposethat

avebeeninterestingformeto ownand

hisbrief studyistoshare withyouthe

argecentcounterstamptypes andgive

entativeissuers.

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Cents

rstamps

redasetofmonthly issuesofTheNumismatist

ndastimeoutf rommyhighschoo lstudies

spermitted sk immedeachissue paus-

est.P artwaythroughtheissuesof the

eredinthe J ulynumberanarticle

untermark edU. S. L argeC ents bearing

ne. 11readthearticlew ordbyword then

eI encounteredGould sarticle I hadapass-

hesub ectofcounterstampsingenera l most-

nedf romreadingF rank G. Duf f ie ld sseria l

whichbeganinThe Numismatistin1 1

1.

ntsseemedtobeincrediblyfascinating

a ldo enof themhereandthere largelyby

hoadvertisedin TheNumismaticScrap-

Numismatist.Aspart ofthesearchI

andherespondedbysendingmea selec-

eaverageofadollareach. I simplyhad

tampedlargecentsI couldfind

studiedthecentsinmy ownpossessionand

list ingsinthe1 47Gouldarticle. U pto

eenwrittenconcerningthe

ves.L istingswerecomprisedoftheinscrip-

andlittlee lse .

yw ouldsomeonecounterstampacent and

nthe" how w ouldtheydo it " category

a long-agocounterstamperw ouldhavehadtohave

todothework.As makingapunchor

tsomethingtobedonecasua lly j ustto

theremusthavebeenanotherpurpose

typeofactivitiesduringthe earlynineteenth

entera-re uiredtheuseof ametalpunch

usiness

gni edthatcerta inpunchesof theha llmark

s thatI hadseenonlargecentsw eresim ilar

usedbysilversmithsandj ewelerstomark

dishes andothermetalw are . I contacted

tionedthisconnectionto him andhe

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gatefurther.Apparently noonehadever

area.

eralguidestosilversmiths marks andw as

do enormoreonlargecents A ssimple

toagenerationofnumismatistsschooledin

mps tok ens andothermerchants pieces

tion. I nafo llow-uparticle inThe

5 7 G o ul d n o ti n g th a t I w as a " w e ll - kn o wn

8yearso ld w hichhedidnotmention ,

g.I wasthrilledbeyondallmeasure

uired

Gouldofferedmehispersonalcollection

hhehadbeengatheringfor over25years.

iringhisho ldingenbloc pay ingsomething

t. Notlongthereafterthecollection

ormedoveralongperiodof timebylarge

bodyw asof feredtome andI ac uiredit

5 myholdingofcounterstampedcentscom-

eces including25e amplesofcents

rmiths. A stheyearspassed ac uired

s probably turningdowntw icethisnumber

stray letters etc. w hichdidnotf itmy

e ac u a in t an c e of R o y H . V a n O r m e r a n d in

ementstopurchasehisco llectionof

w hichhadbeenquiteafew yearsinthemak -

everalhundredtrulyoutstandingpieces

nterest. I n1 84and1 85I ac uireda

ampsf romJ ohnJ . F ord J r. w hohadpur-

fromthecollections ofF .C.C.Boyd and

addition J ohnhadhisow ninterestin

umerouse ampleshadbeenac uiredhereand

especia llyduringthecourseofhisinvo lve-

ntoftheNewNetherlandsCoinCompany.

anenbaumwasanothersourceformany

s includingaco llectionofcentsstampedw ith

o encentsstampedw iththemark ofDr.

rstonthesceneandtoac uireanunsorted

uchanopportunitypresenteditselfin

fnearly200piecesw asputupforbidsin

w hichhadneverbeene aminedbyaspecialist

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Cents

j umbledtogetherloosely inabo andhad

periodof yearsbythelateD onCorrado

of theWorthyC o inC ompany inB oston w hich

c viaprintedpremiumpriceguides a

oardy ie ldedsevera lsilversmiths stampsand

mepieces. Therew ere o fcourse q uitea

includingthosewithstrayinitialsand

oughscarcevarietiese istedtomak ethepur-

chasewaseffectedbyMilesCogganof

go r y G. B r u n k a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e U n i ve r si t y

edmeaboutmycollectionofcounterstamped

towritea bookonallAmerican

entsandallotherdenominations andwanted

ewhatI had.Arrangementswerecon-

summerGregspenta weekinourconference

ouplethousandlargecentsandtak ingdeta iled

ngpiecesfor photography.Releasedin

sA mericanandC anadianC ounterw ork edC oins

thehobby andservedtocondensebet-

ofwhat wasknownonthesub ect.

rstamps

pecialfascination. I amw ritingnotof

butof " ordinary piecesbearingdatesf rom

lliamH . Sheldon inE arlyA mericanC ents 2

hestatedthatsooneror laterthee -

lturnfromotherseries evenonescon-

ndreturntothec ollectingofhumblelarge

cordingtoSheldon seemtopossessana lmost

litynotencounteredinanyother metal

ngmorethanoldmoney lookatahand-

15 whentheycontainedrelativelypure

hshadesofgreen red brown andevendeep

ndingsofthesenot elsewherematchedin

autumnleaves.

ntsgoonestepfurther.Thesurfacesof

rntobeginw ith w eredamagedorenhanc-

urv iew point bybeingstampedw ithaper-

ersmith sha llmark oratradeslogan.

mintedin17 3andlastcoinedin1857.

gseemstohaveoccurredfromthe17 0s

hatmostactivitytook placefromabout

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otuntil j usta few yearsagothatI evensaw

nterstampedlargecentdated1857.

terstamped

rtamplargecents Tobeginwith cents

ywereeveryw here atleastinthenortheastern

s.Centsdidnotcirculate activelyinthe

w eretheypopularintheSouth andthisiswhy

designby thistime w erenotco inedattheSan

08andnotattheD enverMintuntil1 11

y andNewO rleansfacilities.H owever

oMaineandsouthtoaboutV irginiathecop-

nusedineverydaytransactionsinvolving

Substantialnumbersofcentscirculated

anada particularly inO ntarioandQuebec

s.

centsbya latergeneration a f terthe" small

edesignreachedcirculationinMay1857 cir-

theywerecarriedintoeveryareaofA merican

ousetothemosthumblefarmdw elling f rom

et. E q uippedw ithahandfulo fcentsin say

ercouldbuyagoodmeal completew itha

rnightinatrave lers stop travelonaturn-

mittancetoa circus.Centswereavitalpart

ofeverydayAmericanlife.

d fromvillagetovillage thetypical

ings. I tw asbuta logica lstepfora

ethatanadvertisementstampedona cent

gtoproduce wouldlastalong time

ndwide.

pica lsilversmith sshopof theearlynine-

wereoneor severalhallmarkpuncheswith

fork s ladles chaf ingdishes porringers and

intheshop orpurchasedfromamanufac-

lmarkwasasymbolof pride themark

thesametime cents usua llyw ornby the

rece ivedandspentacrossthecounter and

pocketswhentheyboughtlunchorstabled

hebusinessit tookbutamomenttotake

faceupw ardonaf irm levelsurface posi-

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Cents

refully andwhackitwithahammer.

ours ordayslater thecentw asonitsw ay

ustasleavesfa ll inginastreamarecarried

s evidencedbythemany

ow ntoday thevastma orityofw hich

scarefullypositionedontheobverse.The

ecarefullyandwithan eyeforposterity.

estion: I f youhaveyourchoiceofoneof

ts whichwouldyoupick

0grade w ithattractive pleasing

ade q uitew orn butbearingon

m p r ea d in g S TO N & B A L /

. h a vi n g be e n so s t am p ed c i rc a 1 85 3 -5 4

elerscomprisedofSeymourH .

fthese two

rade attractive ina llrespects.

rly smooth butcounterstamped

U T T S / M T R O P O L I T AN / CO F -

3 3 - B d W A , a s o uv e ni r o f a lo n g- f or g ot t en

City.

goneof these

0grade attractive ineveryw ay.

0 c o un t er s ta mp e d V O T T H E L A N D

he F r e e So i l P a r t y in t h e el e ct i on o f 1 84 8

dthatAmericashouldbe free

achinstance youk now precise lyw hy

unterstampedlargecentsyearsago andw hy

boutthemtoday.

sj ustmentionedhavebeenattributedto

ernumberremainasmysteries althoughyear

rksare identified.Who wastheperson

G Scarefully inahori ontalposit iononthe

nts What wastheoccupationofthein-

N. . TR A C nameonalargenumberof

a te n t me d ic i ne ( i f i t wa s o ne w as O I L O F I C ,

s andwhatclaimsweremadefor it

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dentifiedthroughresearchinolddirec-

orisevidentfromthe addressgivenonthe

thenthisq uestionarises: Whate lsecanbelearn-

per

veaw ell-w orncentof the1836erastamped

nscription: WM. GR U MB I N / C O A C H /

E R , P A . I k n ow n ot h in g a bo u t Gr u mb i ne a p ar t

e.I cansupposethatthelogotypepunch

centwasmade forotherpurposes perhaps

ornamentationonhiscoaches ortomark

hatathril l itw il lbe if insomedark barn

m acoachbyGrumbine isfound andit

R oyH . V anOrmer. H eow nedalarge

hthe inscription: J . Y O U S otherw ise

knownaboutY ous andpublished

ereofnohelp.ThenR oyhadastrokeof

heidenticalstampon arifleknowntohave

ous w hopracticedhistradeasagunsmith

sylvaniafrom1854to1861.Allof thesudden

undistinguishedandunidentified came

hemselvesintothreemaincategories.I n-

onhasbeenpaidto thesecategoriesbypast

ultthatasurveyof literatureonthesub ectfa ils

erecounterstampedwithwhatI call

chweremadewithhallmarkpunches.

sfollows:

unches: Centsstampedf romthesepuncheshavethe

ein thesurface.Thevastma orityof

recreatedbyusinglogotypepunches.A

metalhadtobe displacedtocreatea

e andtheresultwasthata lightblow

tea distinctivenotationonacoin.The

elengthy asev idencedby theM SC HU TT S

T AN / CO F F E E R O O M / 43 3- B d W A m en ti on ed

e-popularU S / G. G. G. / & / G. G.G. G.

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Cents

usedincommercebymanydifferent

rticularlythosewhoworkedinhardermetals

hecommoncounterstamp C A STST E L ,

ations wasoriginallyusedtomarksuch

ters too ls agricultura limplements and

eofsinglenames sometimeswiththe

orinit ialsa lone butof tenw ithj ustasur-

chlogotypepuncheswithinitials aloneinclude

hilecounterstampedcentswithinitialsandasur-

SH , J . D O D G , C .C .D Y E R , H . R E E S ( a

whoalsomarkedhiswareswiththisstamp ,

E T T a m on g t ho u sa n ds o f o th e rs . I n n o mo r e th a n

nterstampsisthe firstnameofa

tedbymorethanasingleinitial.R aree -

A C B A R N S ( a B r i d g ep o rt C o nn e ct i cu t

whousedthisstamptomarkhis output

a mo ng o th er s.

nches: C entsstampedf romthesepuncheshave

smalldepressedrectangleorother

hema orityofha llmark punchesw ereoriginal-

workedinsofter metalssuchassilver

wter.Thesewerethepunchesoriginallyused

a m pl e s in c lu d e J . F I S H E R ( N e w Y o r k ci t y

L & E L T O N ( G en ev a N ew Y o r k si l ve rs mi th s , a nd

( S yr ac us e N e w Y o rk j e we le rs .

t ifpunches: C entsstampedf romthesepunches

agles dogs andothermotif s sometimesin-

ll.E aglesaremostoftenseenand areoften

edtomarkguns andothermilitaryand

nterstamps alsoasub ectwhichhas

canbedividedintoseveralstyles:

tters: Thisisthemostoftenseensty le w ith

ppercase. Ex amplesincludeD R A E , O &

nd R . N E .

perandlow ercase: Thissty le ismuchrarerand

irstlettersofa nameinuppercaseand

w er c a se . E x a m pl e s in c lu d e T. . F i s k D . .

eney .

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ew countermark sarek nowninita lic( orslan-

ybe inuppercaseoracombinationofupper

plesofitalicnamesin uppercaseinclude/.

. P O L L A R D , a nd S.S .J A C M AN.

few countermarks theseusua llybe ingof the

k now nw iththenameof themak ere pressed

theha llmark of J . N. Ha lle pressedinf low-

turestudentof theseriesw ille amine

measuretheheightandwidthofthe in-

irgeneralcategories perhapsusinganoutline

A counterstampof the2- sty lethusw ould

andhaveami tureofuppercaseand

h y

eduponlargecentsformanypurposes.

hatcometo mind:

dvertisetheirtradeto awideaudience

sinessesstampedcents makingthemvir-

P atentmedicinecompounders hote lowners

restaurateurs andothersmarkedcentswiththe ir

y withtheiraddresses.Someadvertisersused

yforthepurposeofcounterstampinglarge

. Suchstampsw eredesignedsothatthe in-

theboundariesofacent ssurface and

atit seemsthatadvertisingoncentswas

atingsuch apunch.W ell-knowne amples

L K I N S ( a P i t ts f ie l d N e w H a mp s hi r e de n ti s t

tureshisnameina curvedarc soasto

dofacentinf ronto fMissL iberty sface

/ B O L T O N / MO N T R E A ( d ru gg is ts w ho a dv er ti s-

dianandA mericancopperco ins .

hs j ew elers gunsmiths munitions

sof tools stencilmak ers andothersw hous-

nchesinthe ordinarycourseofbusiness

msoftenemployedthesesamepunches

memetalsmithsundoubtedlyintendedto

rgernumberofindividualssimplymarked

the manyknownstraystampingsofCAST

enoncents w ithoutanaccompany ingname in-

s prevalent.R elatedarestraystampings

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centdecadessomeenterprisingindividua lshave

hmodernpunchespertainingtoW ells

esternsa loons etc. tocreatepiecestose lltoco l-

alueorinterest totheseriousnumismatist.

redincirculationin17 3 andit ispro-

certainpieceswerecounterstamped.The

ngcoinswasinvogueby thattime and

arkedbysilversmiths goldsmiths

.Someoftheseindividualsalsomarkedlarge

evalentinAmericancirculation.

sseenone tantcounterstampedcents and

thefactthat earlier-datedcentsarein

ater-datedones itisstill obviousthat

tivitytookplaceafterabout1830 with

blybeingin the1850s.

dcontinuously f rom17 3to1857 w ith

f theyear1815. TheA ctofF ebruary21

eplacementofthelarge centwiththenew

heretirementofearlier-datedcentsbeganim-

probablethatmostcounterstampingoflarge

7 andasev idenceof thisI po inttothe

aminingappro imately10 000

tsovertheyears I haveonlyencountered

edate1857 I n1857 thepublicw asaware

withdrawn.Thus therewasnopoint

andpassingthemalongin circulation.

terstampedcentswasconductedbythe

theory thenumberofcounterstampssurv iv-

shouldbeinproportionto thenumber

hatyear sdate butinpracticethereare

wouldseemtoverifythatdie datingwas

Mintintheearlyyears anditwascom-

nhandfrompreviousyears untilthey

wellbeof interesttolargecentcollec-

ore ample thef indingsontherarityofcents

survivingcounterstampedcentsinthis

ngdistributionofdates:

7 3 ( 4 , 1 7 4 ( 8 , 1 7 5 ( 1 2 , 1 7 6 ( 6 , 1 7 7

4 , 1 7 9 ( none .

centsincludedtwoChaincents andtwo

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Cents

ngthesi eof thesample thedistribution

a s e p e ct e d e c e pt f o r 17 3 f o r wh i ch

rgernumberof17 3centsmaybee pla in-

amplesw ithcounterstamps eventhough

nsidered" damaged w eresavedf romcir-

cradledaysofnumismaticsinthe1840s

earliercounterstampswouldhavebeen

0 ( 1 8 , 1 80 1 ( 3 0 , 1 80 2 ( 6 1 , 1 80 3 ( 1 0 1 ,

1 6 , 18 06 ( 1 ) , 1 80 7( 3 3 , 1 808 ( 8 , 18 0 ( 4 .

othemintagefigurespublishedinthe

ns thefo llow ingq uantit iesw ereorigina lly

1 7 5 1 8 0 1: 1 3 6 2 8 3 7 1 8 02 : 3 4 3 5 1 0 0 1 8 03 =

4: 9 6 5 00 1 80 5: 9 4 1 1 16 1 80 6: 3 48 0 00 1 80 7:

0 0 7 0 0 0 a n d 1 8 0 : 2 2 2 8 6 7. T h e ra t io o f s ur v iv -

otmatchthepublishedmintagefigures

mintagefigurefor 1806inparticularis

bemoreplentifulthan1805-Centsdated

imes moreplentifulthanthosedated

notref lectedby thenumberofsurv iv ingpieces.

publishedmintagefor1808includedcents

rdates with1807beingaglaringlyob-

mesincreasinglyapparentthatthesurvival

entsmaybea guidetooriginalmintages.4

0 3 1 , 1 8 1 1( 4 , 1 8 1 2 1 1 , 1 8 1 3 6 , 1 8 1 4

, 1 817 ( 8 4 , 18 18 ( 9 1 , 18 1 ( 53

osurpriseshere.Thereisa nicecor-

er-mentioned180 , withamintageof

ngcounterstamps andthe1811 o fw hich

andofw hich4counterstampsw erea lsoseen

unlikesurveysthatmightbemadeofun-

s hands theprecedingdataarenotaf -

housandsofR andallH oardcents( dated

wascounterstamped.

0 ( 4 4 , 1 82 1 ( 2 8 , 1 82 2 ( 6 5 , 1 82 3 ( 1 8 ,

2 7 , 1 82 6( 3 5 , 1 8 27 ( 5 6 , 1 8 28 ( 6 2 , 1 8 2 ( 2 8 .

datedcounterstampse istthanthelow

w ouldseemto imply suggestingthatco insdated

dedin themintageof1822orlater years.

18 2 1 ( m i n ta g e: 3 8 , 0 0 0 as n o te d 2 8

and1825( mintage: 1 461 100 27

donots uarewitheachother.Additional

n.

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30 ( 4 2 , 1 83 1 ( 1 1 0 , 1 83 2 ( 5 6 , 1 83 3 ( 3 5 ,

8 1 , 1 836 40 , 1 83 7 1 33 , 1 83 8 1 37 , 1 83 ( 6 5 .

fsurvivingcounterstampsandthe

emtobefairly consistent.

0 ( 6 5 , 1 84 1 ( 3 3 , 1 84 2 ( 7 1 , 1 84 3 ( 4 8 ,

6 3 , 1 84 6 8 6 , 18 47 1 0 ) , 1 848 15 1 , 18 4 ( 1 00


emtobefairly consistent.

0 ( 8 3 , 1 85 1 ( 1 8 , 1 85 2 ( 8 3 , 1 85 3 ( 1 7 2 ,

( 3 8 , 1 85 6( 6 2 , 1 8 57 ( 1


eemtobefa irly consistent e ceptforthe

ts ofwhichtheauthorhas onlyseen

arityof the1857maybee pla inedby tw o

the333 456reportedmintedmayneverhave

2 B y early1857thepublicw asawarethato ld-

wouldsoonbeathingof thepast andtherew as

nterstampingthemforadvertisingor

y-datedcounterstampscannotbe

umberofknownlater-datede amples

nedincirculation themoreopportunities

ped.Thusacentdatedearlyinthe 1800s

manydecadesbythe1850sandhad been

portunit iestobestamped. On theotherhand

idespreadcounterstampingoflargecents

856 thenacentdated1851 fore am-

ustf iveyearsofopportunity forstampingby

e ceptionstothepreceding andamongthem

ounterstampsinNorthAmerica.The

ins o fP ittsfie ld New H ampshire isbe liev -

ostlyfrom about1857throughtheearly

tedlargecents andthestampofDev ins&

gists w asprimarilyappliedinthe1860s dur-

n abundantsupplyofU nitedStateslarge

sonCoins

tsthathaveastampj ustononeside have

ndcounterstampedlargecentsyielded

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Cents

verseonly:81%

everseonly:10%

verseandreverse:9 %

eliminated andtheseco insareaddedtoboth

categories thefo llow ingdistributionemerges:

verse( somehavereversestamp

everse( somehaveobversestamp

u nk d i d a si m il a r su r ve y b u t on e i nv o lv i ng a l l

st la rgecents , andlim itedj usttocountermark s

vertising.H isdataareas follows:

verseonly:86%

everseonly:11%

verseandreverse:3%

rpercentageof obverse-onlystamps

orpiecesspecificallycounterstamped

Suchpiecestendedtobe stampedmore

raynames.

ssuers

TT S/M TR O P O L I TAN/CO F F E E R O O M/

eandcontainsmany letters. Thestamperfound

asbestimpressedupon well-wornlarge

rfaces asisevidencedbysurviving

dhavethecounterstampsharpbutthe

oth indicatingthatthestampwasap-

adthestampbeenappliedto asharply

entyearsin circulationafterhavingbeen

rstampw ouldbew ornaw ay toagreatere -

edtw ostampsw ithhisname D R . G. G.

rvedinanarctomatchthespaceontheobversef ie ld

rontofMissL iberty sface andinthatloca-

ma orityofhiscounterstamps. V O T THE

w ascreatedonastamptof itnice lyonthesurface

eseveralotheradvertisingorpoliticalpunches.

anysilversmithstoplacetheirpunch

facent rightontheheadofMissL iber-

thickestpartof thecoinandthus wasthe

eeplyimpressedhallmark.Also inthisposi-

better seenbysubse uentownersofthe

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R G SandB .P AR K E R usuallywereplaced

ontheobverseofcents a lthoughB urges

placed someofhisdiagonally.E achwas

h andcarehadtobe takensothatthe

placedacrossthecent. TheH . R E E S

enryR ees aP hilade lphiablacksmith w as

heobverseofa centatthetop ofMiss

ooperCollection

cetoca llany thing" f irst " fo rthemoment

meonediscoverssomethingtoantedateit.

nlycorrecttostatethatE douardF rossard sO c-

u e of t h e Co l le c ti o n of J o s ep h H o o p er E s .

da conta inedoneof themoste tensive list ings

entstoappearin asalecatalogueupto

wt erlandin1837 cametoA merica in1858

erofthenumismaticcollectingfraterni-

eeditoro f theCo inC o llector sJ ournal

ttStamp& C o inC o. I n1877hisownhouse

adeitsdebutandq uick lybecameapointo fcon-

asF rossardgavehisunvarnishedviewsof

ntemporarynumismaticscene allofthis

w ere invogue. Hisf irstauctionsa le bear-

r6 1878 inauguratedaseriesw hichw ould

uchevents including15conductedby

sdeathin18 9 . F rossardisrememberedto-

fhisera particularly inthef ieldofU nited

asacompetentcata loguer. B y18 2 w hen

ereconducted F rossardw asamongthe

professionandwaswidelyrespected.

ephHooper aprominentnumismatisto fhis

p e O n t a r io C a na d a a n d wa s a f re u e nt c o n-

st his" H ooper sR estrik es co lumnat-

.H elaterservedasP residentofthe

sociationfrom18 8untilhewas succeed-

nP . W right aprominentco llectoro f tokens in

erco llectorsofhisera H ooper sinterestsw ere

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

oncatalogueinq uestion P artI I ofthe

sF rossard s113thsa leonO ctober6 18 2

econsignor snumismaticinterestsand

sed:

ada go ld silverandbron eco ins

me silverco insofB runsw ick

untries fore igncopperco ins E nglish

en spennyandhalfpenny tokens

da lsandtok ens B o len s

edStatesdollars cents ha lf cents

dcoinsofF erdinandandIsabe lla

mismaticw ork s co incabinets.

atedtobe" withoutreserve " wascon-

A . L eav itt& C o. auctioneersw ith

B roadw ay New Y ork C ity at2: 00inthe

ctober6 18 2. L otscouldbee amined

heday ofthesalefrom9 a.m.to1p.m.

ry . I tw asthecustomof thetimeforapro-

suchasF rossard topreparethesa lecata logue

obeheldby aseparateauctiongallery.

pedcentswasdescribedas follows:

S . C N T S. O l d c o p pe r i ss u es 1 8 16 - 18 4 5

dates , punchedorre lief

latedbyfirmsin theStatesand

nalphabeticallistof names:

& P o t te r N e wY o r k 1 8 3 5 B o s t o n

ll W . H . B ai le y H . S. B u rg es J . B r us o W .

A . Ch ap in C as t St ee l J . W . Ca rr A . .

D . O . D a n f o rt h D e v i n s & B o l t on M o n-

E v a ns O l d C ha ng e L o nd on E . .

A th ol M as s. I . . G er ri sh G re en G . .

. G u il d C .N . G il b er t G l yn n J . W .

l C . G. H a y e s A . C. H i l t o n C . H a l l

ne I . K i ng E . . L i gh t E . L e ac h J . C.

m i s C . O . L o n gl e y G . A . L e a r n ed M e tr .

y N . . E . S. M ea d J . . M c e n n y

. C. M a rc h M o se s G . W . Mi n ot t C .

a g e C . C. P a i g e C . W . P a y ne M . P e r -

J . D . P o w el l P u t n am C as t St ee l P . M .

J . H . R o o t G . St ar bi rd S ti ck le r J . H . S mi th

s A . D . S we e ts e r S W . M . St u ar t L . .

o r W . T ay lo r N . . T ra cy T ry on A . .

U seG.G.G.andG.G.G.G. D r.G.G.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

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n e r A . D . W e b s te r A . N. W h e e le r

a lso letters tw ovarietiesofeagles

ni ueco llection highly interesting

kensand coinsoftheJ ackso-

struckonveryfairto fine

33pes.

piecesreali edfivecentsper coin for

ceconsistentw iththeva luationofunmarked

therw ords thecounterstampingneither

mthe value.I nthesamesalefour die

26cents GoodandV eryGoodgrades fet-

asdidthreee amplesofnon-stamped1837

od.

tcarelessinhiscataloguing orperhapsin

ehadw ritten for" J . . Mc enny should

e n ne y " E . C. M a rc h w a s re a ll y E . C . M ar s h

asgiveninsteadof thecorrectA . D. Sw eetsir and

correctlyas" A . . Tutle. E ightyspecif ic

merated plus" letters ( apparentlyco ins

s , tw ovarietiesofeagles ahound ashie ld

. Whichcounterstampsappearedonthetw o

tdisclosed.

oopercounterstampsisnotknown.

nedasa lotandremaintodayinsomedusty

asafedepositbo , unnoticedandforgot-

theyw eredispersedande isttoday inscat-

sotherthan counterstampspecialists.At

vebeenforgotten fortheywereunknown

allenbeck andB runk a llo fw homw ereap-

ssard scata loguelisting. F ore ample B runk

T H E / M A G C A N s ta m p on a n 1 84 1 d im e

donSpanish-Americansilvertwo-realpieces

butnotona largecentasownedbyHooper.

ccumulation

nterstampedcentsis representedby

o llector sB lueB ook w hichcontainedin-

rB . Gould o fWinterport Ma ine. Thew riter

atedtwobushelsof largecents andby

heeditorhehad found" between80and

unkonthem. 8Thefollowingstamps

edfrom1818 to1855:

. B . A r el l F . B a s c o m C as t S te e l ( t h r ee

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

ol le tt F . . D a m on P a t e nt G . D e la no

o n tr ea l J . M. F a r dy O . . F i t ch P .

er E . B . G i l ma n T . . G or ge rs G ri sw ol d

E . W . L o om is E . M c Na ma ra J . O . M eg -

N e wY o r k N . N e wt o n N o r m an

( f ou r e a mp le s ; P a t t en O r r en P e a ve y

. . P o rt er C .R i c h E . . R o bb in s J . H o yt

a l W . . S co tt A .B . S e ym or e C .A .

ge F r a nk E . T h o m ps o n B o s to n 2 3

U s e G .G .G . & G . G. G. G. L . N. W a tt s N .B .

er L . S . W h e D r . G .G . W i l ki n s M .

o o d s . ( T o t al : 5 2

lyby f irst init ia l :

. B . B . D . N. D . E . & R . E . B . H . E . N .D .

G .C. C. H . .C .& H . . C. I . .B . & J . .G .

. J . . G. J .R . B . J .W . T. . S. S. S. . & C.N. C.

U .S.D. W.A. W.D . . W.H . andW W .

operandGouldholdingswerethese

e D ev ins& B o lton Montrea l UseG. G. G.

G. G. Wilk ins. Thisf itsinw ithlogic fortoday

gecentcounterstampsarethosebearing

nimprint w ithDr. G. G. Wilk inspiecesclose

isanimprintk nowntothee tentofdo ens

.Gould scoinsisunknown butunlike

oinscataloguedbyE douardF rossard the

asbeenincorporatedintothewriting

MauriceM. Gould co-ownerw ithF rank

C oinC o. inB oston w astheonlyperson

aspecialtyof collectingcounterstamped

nfar-rangingcorrespondencewithdealers

aticsocietiesatthetime andnooneelse

aimaninterest.

althananintensecollector butover

daccumulatedseveralhundredpieces

nd collectorswhoknewofhisinterest.

w ho likeGouldcontributedsevera lart icles

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

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umismaticpress w asby the1 60s and

acollectorofsuchpieces.

beckformedcollectionsofseveralhun-

darrangedtheminorder. In the1 80sR oy

undredsofpiecesand wasprobablythemain

centsinauctionsandmail bidsalesdur-

ecade.SteveTanenbaumformedadate

ndotherco insw iththeDR . G. G. WI L K I NS

andthemuseumcollectionoftheB ank

dholdingsofcounterstampedlargecentsand

mp r in t : D E V I N S / & / B O L T O N / M O N -

ealerW arrenB akerinformedmethattheB ank

ctioncomprisesover300piecesattributed

erstampedcentsmentionedinthepre-

i l ly e r C. R y d e r F . C. C .B o y d J o h n J a y F o r d

k e J u l es R e i v e r a n d J o h n G i lb o dy a mo n g ot h er s

dlargecentsasasidelinebut notastheir

Ama orboostinappreciationfor

nthe1 80sw henK rausePublications

sseriesofpriceguidestoearlyA mericantokens

dcoinsamongthem.Thepublicationof

dC anadianCountermark edC oinsin1 87

rther.

ccounterstampedlargecentsaregiven

ftheresearchthatbeckonsto theinterested

ed theG. G. G. andWashington- afayette

the" tobecontinued category .

cine

ingcounterstampedlargecentsin1 55

ac uiredwereseveralpiecescounterstamped

U S / G. G. G. / & / G. G.G. G. Whata ll

anyone sguess. Thecon ectureofMaurice

nadvertisementforGoddard sGreat

the abbreviatedcounterstampsometimes

representedGoddard sGooseGrease. Thiscon-

usse llR ulauinhisbook A mericanMer-

860.

goosegreaseisamatter fordebate but

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

wasapparentlypopular atleastincer-

ary -si ehardboundcata logue Mc esson&

urent 1883 indeedlistsnon-brandedgoose

ceof 75centsperpound.I tseems

namedGoddardmighthavesoldgoose

sson& R obbinsdid andimploredA merican

hebenefitso f thegreasebystampingU nited

gestion" U S / G. G.G.

thatoneofthe Gsstoodforgonorrhea

pandedcousin G. G.G. G. w erecuresfor

nthedaysbefore penicillin.

earlyas17 8arek nownw ithoneorthe

mps mostcentsandotherpieces including

mallasthethree-centcoin arefromthe

icularly the1850s w iththe latestk now nco in

1857. NoF ly ingEagleandI ndiancentsare

ons.I tseemsprobabletomethat the

S / G . G. G . " a n d " U S / G .G . G. / & /

ook place inthedecadeof the1850s until

dprobablyoccurredmainlycirca1854-57

arlier-datedcoins.

k v isitedmyof fice inconnectionw iththe

is bookoncounterstamps( hepreferred

amongthesub ectsw ediscussedw asthe

G.G.G.Neitherofushadany newideas.

iptw ascompleted andtheprintingdeadline

patedthata lphabetica llyunderthe" G

okwouldappearalistingfor G.G.G.and

thenotationthatthe meaningofthese

ndthatatheoryor twohadbeenpropos-

G.G.counterstampswerewellknown

orof counterstampsbeyondthedilet-

veralpieces itwasindeedunfortunatethat

entified.

aC a lifo rniacollectoro fcounterstamps w ho

stbeforethebook w enttopress—locateda

idedtheanswer.The mysterywas

k A mericanandCanadianC ountermark ed

ntin1 87 onpage75thisnotationw as

C r e a



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N S GR A N D GR E A S J U I C . F o r on e

avearguedaboutwhatwas

S G. G.G. MauriceGouldad-

thattheinitials mean" God-

w hileothershavecla imedthatthis

bertSagershassolvedthepro-

the pressestoincludehisiden-

tfounda largecentw itha longer

G O O D W I N S / GR A N D / G R E A S

T H E H A R / G.G .G .

correspondedwithmeabouthisfind and

ctober1 8 , I receivedacataloguefrom

oinstobe offeredinamailbid saleclos-

andbehold L ot2 83w asdescribedas

N S /G R AN D /G R E A S J U I C / F O R TH E

nf ive linesonobverseofan1840large

5 ) . A p pa r en t ly t h e se c on d k no wn

te co inV eryGoodw ithfull

" w asinadvertentlyomittedf rom

onthe lotfor$300plus10% buyer sfee

w orld srecordpriceforan1840centw orn

ever thea ll-importantGoodw in snotationw as

andthismadethedifference. Herew asthe

apieceslightlyfinerthan theSagercoin

dhere butitdidn t.Atthe Coinage

ceonOctober2 , 1 9 4 fo llowinga

spresentarticle therewasaq uestion-

GeorgeF uldcommentedrathercasuallythat

oratioStorer sbookpublishedmore

Medicina inNummis. 12WhenI returned

opybymailf romtheA mericanNumismatic

o loradoSprings. Loandbeho ld Storeriden-

446 " Godwin s[ sic GrandGrease Juice

A . T h is g o es t o s ho w t ha t h is t or y a n d o f te n

goesincircles

eofthe markonalargecent dated1836

1876. I nv iew of latersurveys I cannothe lp

tewasrecordedinerror andthatawell-

rdatewas intended.13

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

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Cents

se J uicemusthavebeenapomadeoro il

ayversionof " greasyk idstuf f . A sunap-

mayseem today inthenineteenthcen-

nostrums.Goodwin sGrandGrease

w ithG. G.G. andsolvedtheriddle e ceptw hy

n a s G. G .G . . o r w as " j u i ce a g e ne r ic

atthegreasew asinj uiceform A ndw hat

G. product w hatdidthee traGstandfor

r

of Goodwin.Whowas he F rom

thefieldof researchforpatentmedicines

otionsand lotionswerecompoundedin

States. I nparticular thestateof

edofactivityin thisregard.Ayer sSar-

casedpostagestamps.L ydiaP inkham

ionwidewithadvertisementsforher cures

erveF oodclaimedtohea lj ustaboutevery

d.TheyallhailedfromtheB ayState.

otedtoNewE nglanddirectoriesof

ry andbeforecheckinglistingsforNew

easternlocationsI headedfortheNew

eew hatI couldf ind. F irst inhandw asThe

heyear1852. In k eepingw iththeera spen-

mbellishment I shouldmentionthatthe

venonthetit lepageisTheB ostonDirec-

E mbracingtheC ityR ecord aGenera lD irec-

ndaB usinessD irectory w ithanA lmanac

o J u l y 1 8 53 p u bl i sh e d in B o s t o n by G e or g e

hingtonStreet 1852.

locatedonpage107some41dif ferent

ston. B en aminGoodw in agrocer l iv -

l ishaGoodw in abrok er didbusinessat17

edinC ambridge etc. P i uingmy interestw as

oodw in Geo. C . chemist 9 7U nion h. at

asaGoodw inw how asachemist( thenomenclature

aryorpharmacist andwhomightindeed

s.Nearlyallpharmacistsdid.H isbusiness

on andhemadehishomeintheB ostonsuburb

asintimeI foundthatTheNew E ngland

rtheyear1856 a lsopublishedbyA dams listed

npage217thefo llow ing: " Goodwin G. C . 99

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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


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asingoodcompanyw ithH olman sNature s

catedat77C ornhil l , P utnam sE radicative(456

gh t s I n d ia n V e g e ta b le P i l l s ( 4 3 H a n o ve r , a n d

s.

ectoryinmylibrarywasdated I 860andcon-

y 1 1 8 5 - H e r e I h a d so m e re a l lu c k f o r on

agenoticereading:

Nos. 11and12MarshallSt.

t . Haveonhand andof ferfor

ices themoste tensivestock

n P A T N T M D I C N S P e r-

arations To iletandMiscellaneousA r-

ew England. DepotforGoodw in s

D r . L a n g l ey s R o o t a n d H e r b B i t t er s

a li a n H a i r D y e a n d Ge n er a l Ag e nc y f or

dw in& C o. se llero fpatentmedicines

ed" ha irpreparations obv iouslyane -

ourceofGoodwin sGrandGrease J uice

ly notradenamesofGoodw in sha ir

ned soI canonlysurmisethatG.G.G.was

e1860directoryitwas statedthatGeorge

w nedbyWill iamB . H ibbard w ho lived

171it wasstatedthatH ibbardboarded

C.Goodwinhimselfwasnottobe found

. Perhapshehadrelocatedtoanotherplace

ftheSubscribersto theNewMapofMaine

uconta inedaone-thirdpageadvertisement

n locatedat11Marsha llStreet B oston

mpletestockofAmericanand

hairdyes hairpreparations

ry soaps brushes rubbergoods

cigars andapothecaries art iclesto

landStates andatthevery

allistof nostrumsmadebyotherfirms

asasa lesoutlet: B randreth sP il ls Wright s

s M of fa tt s P i l l s H e r ri ck s P i l l s L a n g le y s B i t te rs

rs B u r n e tt s C o co a in e M r s. W i n s lo w s S o ot h in g

uf f P a r so n s R a t E x t e r m in a to r W o o d s H a i r

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

a Sa l ve M c a n es V e r mi f ug e a nd P i l ls A y er s

er s S a rs a pa r il l a K e n ne d y s D i s co v er y B r o w n s

iment Schenck sSyrup P eruvianSyrup B in-

o l fe s S ch na pp s F a h n es to ck s V e r mi fu ge L y on s

s B a l sa m W i s t ar s B a l s a m a n d P i n -W o r m S yr u p.

reofG. G. G. G. G.G. G. oranyotherpro-

in.15

tinthesamepublicationbyD r. J . W.

prietorsofTheWhiteP ineC ompound named

ributionagent.16

nessD irectoryfor1868listedGeorgeC.

anover anentrywhichw asalsoseenin

1875 and1877( I donotpossessdirectories

.The1875and1877 directoriesnotedthat

Colton sselectflavorsusedfor cooking.

my library I locatedacopyofF orB itters

nR ing w hichdescribesvarietiesofpatent

sbitters typicallyconsistingofflavoring

k e sP lantationB ittersbe ingaprominente -

forI ndianV egetableandSarsaparil laB it-

eli irwasproducedbyGeorgeC. Good-

uthorhadlocatedthef irm sadvertising

gin1846 andcontinuinguntilabout18 0.

ngsa id hadbegunhisbusinesscareerin1840

hewholesaledruggisttradein the1850s.

by1860thef irmw asownedbyWill iam

he1870- 0periodtheow nersw ereC harles

bster. ( Go ingback tothe1860B ostonDirec-

orF . B . W ebster w how ork edat11Mar-

ress andboardedat41Hanover thesame

ill iamB . Hibbard.

40-60

indnessofA nneB entley I spentadayatthe

a lSociety w here I consultedB ostondirec-

40through1860.Ayear-by-yearsynop-

saf f i lia tedwithB yam& Goodw in a

ithEz ek ie lB yam atUnion cornerof

ewasat17Minot.

n agentoftheNorthAmericanP atent

ithbusinesspremisesatUnion cornerof

C r e a



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notlistedin1841 butitw asnotunusua lfor

k ipaperson slist ingforyearortwo even

hangeofaddressinthe meantime.

isthesameas1841. Ez ek ielB yamislisted

tystoreat76U nion.

n agentoftheNorthAmericanP atent

6Union. B yamisnotlisted.

sellerofdrugsandmedicineat 76

s thesameastheprecedingyear.

adruggistat76U nion. Hishouse isin

druggistandf rict ionmatchdepot. His

dresseswereunchanged.

medicines. Addresseswereunchang-

vertisementw ascarriedforE . B yam sMatch

eet " manufacturero f theA mericanP atent

ard block anda llk indsof roundw oodand

Thef irmalsomadeB yam& W ashingtonmat-

184 , B yamadvertisedmatches" w ithand

n 1 8 50 B y a m B r u c e & C o . s M a r c h D e p ot w as

et B oston w ithabranchat37L ightStreet

sted.

achemist(druggist a t76Union w ith


achemistat9 7U nion w ithhishome



sellerofmedicineandfancygoodsat

s ho m e in L e i n gt o n.


sbusinessisoperatedbyWill iamB .

tedasmedicinesandfancygoodsat11and12

oorsf romUnionStreet. Goodw in shomeis

sthe sameastheprecedingyear.

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Cents

gis thesameastheprecedingyear.

sthe sameastheprecedingyear.

alsmightgetoutofhand proposetostop

nt andtosummari ethesituation:

e-centpiecesareknowntome onedated

stampedw iththe inscription" U S /

/G R AN D / GR E A S J U I C / F O R T H E H A R / G .G .G .

ecordedan1836-datedcentw henhedidhis

mmis.

ercoins areknownstampedwiththe

G . G. G . a n d " U S / G . G. G . / & / G . G. G .G . "

d1857.

f t he " U S / G . G. G . a n d " U S / G .G . G.

sprobablytookplacecirca1854-57.The

U S / G O O D W I N S / G R A ND / G R E A S

T H E H A R / G .G .G . p ie ce s to ok p la ce i n 18 40 o r la te r

therG.G.G.counterstamps.

w in sGrandGrease( J uice , apreparation

G.representsisunknown.

emarkedG.G.G.andothersaremarked

w ever nocounterstampse istw ith

mpanyingG.G.G.Thus itseemsthat

e twopreparations andwhenG.G.G.G.

ate thetwowereadvertisedtogether.

th moreo lderdatesarestampedw ithj ust

C o. o fB oston w asase llero fha irprepara-

duringwhichtimesomeonestampedcoins

S / G . G. G . " a n d " U S / G . G. G . / & l

hatGeorgeC . Goodwin& C o. w asthe

runk

sbook A mericanandC anadianC ounter-

ollowingknownspecimensof

7Manyofthesepiecesareinmy

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_ u s e # c c - b

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c me ns : 1 7 8 ( 1 , 1 8 03 ( 1 , 1 8 12 ( 2 , 1 8 17

, 1 832 1 , 1 834 1 , 1 835 1 , 1 837 1 , 1 838 1 , 1 842

1 84 6( 1 , 1 84 7( 1 , 1 84 8( 7 , 1 850 ( 1 , 1 85 1( 3 , - B E -

3 , 1 85 4( 2 , 1 85 5( 1 , u nk no wn da te ( 1

1 : 1853( 1

35 ( 1 , 1 836 1 , 1 837 1 , 18 38 1 , 18 3 ( 1 ,

1 , 1 853 ( 3 , 18 54 ( 1 , 1 856 ( 2

1 , 1 8 32 ( 1 , 1 8 37 ( 1 , 1 8 41 ( 3 , 1 8 42 ( 1 , 1 8 43

1 85 3( 1 2 , 1 854 ( 2 , 18 55 ( 2 , 1 85 6( 1

1 85 3 ( 2 , 1 85 4 ( 3 , 1 85 5 ( 1

eyedbyB runk:8

G. G. G.:

7 8 ( 1 , 1 80 3( 1 , 1 81 0( 1 , 1 81 4( 1 , 1 82 3( 2 ,

1 , 1828 2 , 182 ( 2 , 1837 1 , 1838 3 , 1840 1 ,

1 , 1 84 4( 1 , 18 45 ( 1 , 1 84 6 2 , 1 847 ( 2 , 18 48 ( 3 ,

3 , 1 85 3( 2 , 18 54 ( 3 , 1 85 5( 4 , 18 56 ( 2 , 1 85 7( 1 ,

1 85 3 ( 2 1 85 4 ( 2

4 ( 1

eyedbyB runk:5

N S /GR A ND / GR E A S J U I C / F O R TH E H A R

83 8 ( 1

eyedbyB runk:1

n-relatedcounterstampssurveyedby

per

e& B allwasfoundedinSyracuse New

ungmen C a lv inS. B a llandS. H. Stone w ho

pofNorton& H otchkiss. 18Stone& B a ll

a f terwhichB allcarriedonthetradea lone

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Cents

essin1 03byse llingouttoStetson&

businesstheentrepreneursaresaidtohave

ofadvertisingbycounterstampingq uarter

n: S TO N & B A L / S R A C U S / N . .

e H e r al d J u n e 27 1 8 7 b a se d u po n a n

all notedthatquarterdo llarsstamped

comeback lik ethecat somehavek nock -

erestamped andthework

sttwoyearsofthe partner-

heseq uartershavebeenheardf rom

e pectedw ays.

break ingoutof the[C iv il w ar

anditisthe opinionofMr.

enawaydownSouth andnot

begintomaketheirreap-

hasabout$10w orthofstamped

nreturnedtohimbybothac ua in-

allparts ofthecountry.Agreat

ved allofwhichheanswers

ormationisasked....

nthestreetwhohandmeoneof

forpeopleto f indus asI be lieve

rh an t e c e pt i ng S . . O r m s b ee w h o

kandpaperbusiness whohas

nessin thiscityduringthe44

e& B a llw asfounded the ideaof

snotnewtoat leastoneofthepartners

ar k C . S. B A L w as u s ed b y C al v in S . B a l l e ar l ie r

gecentsdated182 , 1837 and1838 as

Canadiantokens.20

ne& B all saidtohavebeenappliedonly

3 areofatleastthreetypes: ( 1 STON

an gu la r ha ll ma rk p un ch ( 2 S TO N & B A L i n a

3 S TO N & B A L / S R A C U S / N . . i n t hr ee

tainedtheaddress anditw asquarter

werethesub ectof the18 7reco llec-

tthatnumerouscoinsotherthanquarters

cludinglargecents dimes q uarters ha lf

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



eigncoins. How ever j udgingf romthef re-

eenonthenumismaticmark ettoday q uarter

ofC.S.B A L andthelaterhallmark

A L aretypica lo f thoseusedbymanufactur-

smiths how ever modernauthorityD. A lbert

21

ratureonsilver marks

silversmiths. A sagenera lrule

he nineteenthcenturyis

smark.Thispracticewas

rstorestamping.Thepractice

usioninidentifyingtheactual

nthcenturysilver.I ntermsof

a llonly so ldit. Theyw eretrained

andrepairedclock sandw atches. The

eepingtheschoolclocksin

erectedthefirstilluminated

oftheirstore.

rica

tiveissue

deL afayette F renchheroof theA merican

AmericaandwasproclaimedbyCongressto

st. Numerousprinted medallic andother

ngthecourse ofhisstayin theU nited

dedintotheyear1825.

ngnumismaticitemsassociatedwith this

- afayettecounterstampmadefromthedies

essedontheobverseand reverseofcon-

s.Theobversediehasthe inscription

S H I N G TO N i n a p a r ti a l ci r c le s u rr o un d in g a p or t ra i t

t w hile thereverse isinscribedG N R A

w i th t h e da t e 18 2 4 be l ow s u rr o un d in g a p or t ra i t of

x amplesofcounterstampedcentsseenby

gtonontheobverseofthe hostcoinand

e.

arilyinsilver butatleastonewhite

.Counterstampsaremoreplentiful but

liststhefollowing:

6 1 8 1 7 1 8 18 1 8 20 1 8 22 ( 2 ,

ow ndate. D imesdated1820

o llardated1824. Spanish-

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

datenotstated.Spanish-

ated1824.

ettecounterstampissaidtohavebeen

C harlesC . Wright w how asq uitepossibly

plishedofall Americanengraversofthe

erisengagedinresearchonthenumismatic

s1824-25v isit andthebiographyofWright.

dingamanuscriptbiography hasbeen

er but so far notasinglecontemporary

edWashington- afayettecoins.H opeful-

mayseeaC OA C presentationonL afayetteand

perhapsevenamonographonthesub ect.

pedCents

sues

ssrepertoireofcounterstampedlarge

ga llery o fpiecesil lustratingthediversity

smerchantsandother entities.

d.U nlesstherewasanumismaticreason

unterstampedsideofthecoin isshown.

ectionoftheauthor.

avebeen B R .

c r ef u ll y p ut h i s

f this17 3

neaglemotif

probablynot

yleof the

waspro-

ta l a

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

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eobverseofan

dly this

nottelephone

50s presumably

d

gindustry.

hinto

lddisclose

L i n t wo s e pa r at e

an 1848

n butpro-

ectionof

t isw here large

despitethe

.So farasis

erenotusedin

tarState .

L E , a n i

A D E L P H I A i de nt if ie s

obably the

s munitions.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

E T N A on t h e

resumably

be ingthenameof

sreferredto

onor

waspro-

omark

w in& J ones

ustcent.

osedofJ abe

n B . J o n es w a s a c -

nddecade

C B A R N S o n

17 8cent.

rerof

eplatesand

C onnecticut.

ampw asused

s although

arked—

erado endif -

stencetoday.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



17 3cent

a n d is b e li e ve d t o be

ayley

whowasac-

native ly the

A le ander

Y ork C ity in

S / CH O C O L A T

t h e ob v er s e of a n

ntis

oneof

dicatingthat

ebeen

1870s at

eplentiful

dlongsince

rceinthe

C a n d N.

me r b ei n g th e m ar k o f

practicedinthat

gh1841.

edtomark

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

o have

hedifferent

smissing NG -

S ( s eem ing ly E x -

/ B O S T O N /

n d an e a gl e m ot i f.

MA N /

/ NO N R E C O I L / & i P A -

/S R I NG I E L D /MASS.

onthereverse

madef rom

s carefully

oned. A sthe

e uired

robablymade

ece rather

ising.J ohn

o r k C i ty i n -

sbe lievedto

byC.B .Allen

rated

anufactured

revolver

N G R / P H I L A

eofan1817

dbythis

rearmsto

ofw hichw as

sidentAbraham

rf irm ow nedby

slocatedonF ront

n181 , thead-

ntStreet.The

about1806

ringer s

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



S / G. G. G.

verseofan

ertising

uthorona

stime large

m andthere

gthemfor

le itis

forGood-

aha irprepara-

atthee -

G.represent.

k ins P ittsfie ld

ro lif ic

ithinthe

msof theentire

honorsgo

O L T O N M on tr ea l

vemarkedtens

he1860s.

largecents

border

mprint.The

te

marked

bverseofan

win sGrand

arsnoton-

merous

cointypes

iantokens.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

I L E / S A V E / W AR -

R E / . H . D . n ic el y

fan 1843

ampindicates

especifical-

oncents.

ispiece isagreat

gw asthe in-

eevermade.

he stamp

printmetal

ct.U n-

w a s t he

R U M B I N

/ H A N O V E R , P a .

frompun-

kbrass fit-

actured.

nedthathe

.

N S/ T P TO P / P E N

heobverse

chmayhave

l nibofan

or

kthe

trecords. P ro -

0s.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

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ark sof

dcrisscross

n 1818

versmithing

hesecond

f the1 th

D D E R S / F AM L Y

o n t he o b ve r se o f a n

hisA merican

rked

s. Kidderof

o f feredvegetable

the1840s.

ew asthedoc-

lsisnotk now n.

f ic

overado enof

arek now ntoday .

ersofC.W .

c a re f ul l y pu n ch e d on

tyonan181

ingw asa

ch

themselves

smalltobe

verageuser

mayhavebeen

enclosing

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

L I N G /

E L K H A R T I N D .j e wel er

centof1856.

s circular

donwatch

N Y / G U N SM T H on

nt using

enneywas

ithand

iddeford and

heastsectionof

mprints

binations

hesusedto

winteresting

rif lew iththe

N Y / GU N SM T H /

4 usingthree

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



S / M T R O P O L I T AN

S / CO F F E E R O O M /

obverseofa

aprolific

always

othathis

be imprinted

twouldbe

offeeroom

nthe

TTcounter-

obverseofa

heearly1800s

/ A R T S T p ro ba bl y

edtheobverse

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

C i mp ri nt ed o nt he

he specific

uitepossibly

e ludedthe

sofsomeday

stuf f and

sameim-

nsin-

withthe

. H . / P A T N T o n

centw aspro-

smanufac-

cerecordsmay

imprintB .

o b ve r se . T hi s i s on e

terstamps

asWalter

o llectoro f these

astencilmark erin

dnotedthathe

A R K E R a s

s.Today

knownwith

hathisoriginal

n

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



e wo r d P O R K

heobverse

horhasseen

entU nited

nsofCanada

1870s.The

h i la d el p hi a

f ic

andmust

avebeen

edium.

efoundpun-

ssL iberty

t.Thesame

omarkhis

a i ne D R . S H A T -

terCure which

atientswho

ere.I m-

coins

hhalf

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0





of theN. .

1850cent.

5 cent

M O N T / H O U S

mpusedto

nection

q uite

ags.Tre-

arnamefor

ngonein

B ros.&

edonencased

mousofa ll

arietiesis

ND / F R E E , h er es ho wn

cent.This

eF reeSo il

dtohavebeenus-

on of1848

ofdateslater

htheparty remain-

1850s.

gthe ballot

romslavery .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

George

andGenera l

seenonan1822

amousofall

theissue

believed

brated

ght fora

coinswereim-

entsandhalf

avebeenincon-

sreturnv isit

ate1824

te sbust.

T T N S /

E c om f or t ab l y fi t s on

cent in-

yhave

advertising

nderof

hittenof

ts ca . 1850-60s.

w ellw asagermina-

cnes and

. C . A yer s

ieNerveF ood

ere.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

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c - s

a - 4 . 0



din four

S O N /G AS F I T T R / 3

a n d fr o m se p ar a te

teprobably

estomark

herthanfor

eof fourdif -

acent not

oftheorder

avebeentoo

. G .G . W I L K I N S

cent. Ofa ll

ampers

New Hampshire

eur w asthe

cedbyhun-

ngtoday.

byW ilson

av ingJ . G.

I T T R f a ci ng i n on e

N TR E S t /N . .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



Cents

heimprint

obverse . The late

nenthusiasticco l-

foundthis

oyedw henhe

k onarif lemade

mheidentif ied

eencastle Penn-

ofKentuck y -

wasactive

7 p p . 4 4 - 7 .

E a r ly A m er i ca n C en t s ( N e wY o r k 1 4 ) .

piecesw ithsurnames advertising etc. piecesw ithstray

w erenotincluded.

rresearchis thenumberofdiesknowntobe usedoncents

er thisisfraughtwithdifficulty asthroughoutnumismatics

fcommondatesknownto bestruckfromonlya fewdies

ousdiepairs.

fNorthA mericanA dvertisingCountermark s TA MSJ our-

p . 12 4.

oF rancisD . C ampbell A NSL ibrarian foracopyof the

hy isdeta iledinJ ohnA dams UnitedStatesNumismatic

N i ne t ee n th C en t ur y A uc t io n C at a lo g ue s ( M i ss i on V i e o C A 1 8 2 ,

chsourcethisinformationise tracted.

nmybook TheStrangeC areerofDr. W ilk ins: A

( W o l fe bo ro N H , 1 8 7 , p p. 9 - 1 2.

onby thef irst init ia lfollow sthesty leusedbyGregoryC . B runk

ca l asifastampweretobe identif iedasto issuer information

ldbefoundunder theperson ssurname notfirstinitial.

nstance iftheinitialsJ .Q . .werefoundona cent andif

thenchancesarediminishedforcross- re ferencingitto the

. P u b l i c . I t r e a l ly s h ou l d be l i st e d as " P . J . Q . t o f ac i li t at e f ur -

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



nd Washburndissolvedthe business.Gouldmovedto

cameaprominentfigureandspeakeron thecoincluband

mehe contributedacolumntoCoinW orld.O veraperiod

iscounterstampedlargecentstome.

A mericanandC anadianC ountermark edC oins( R ock ford

.75.

M .D . ( c o py r ig h t by M al c ol m S to r er B o s t o n 1 3 1 .

ethemotto I NGOD WE TR U STonthereverse( usedin

it isnotk now nw hetherHoratioStorerw ouldhavecheck ed

ornnearlysmooth.

h ac e J r . & C o. e t a l P o r tl a nd M ; s e e pp . 3 18 3 3 1 a n d o ne -

onp.338.

swerealso advertisedonencasedpostagestamps:Ayer s

o co a in e A y er s S a rs a pa r il l a a n d B r o wn s ( B r o n c hi a l T r oc h es .

plarremedy originatedbyDr. P o landin1855 atGof fstow n

ire w asatf irstdesignedonly forco lds coughs hoarseness

esofthethroatandlungsgenerally forwhichcomplaints

afew monthsafteritw asf irstadvertised tw opersons

art andusingitforacough discoveredthatitw asaw onder-

mmation....

A mericanandC anadianC ountermark edC oins( R ock ford

p p. 75 -7 6.

mationaboutStone& B allistakenfroman article

" i n T he S y ra c us e H e r a ld J u n e 27 1 8 7 r e pr i nt e d in t h e TA M S

1 9 0 p p . 1 6 5- 6 6.

w nthatsilverco insw erehoardedby thepublicbeginninginthe

oinsmadeofthis metaldidnotactivelycirculateuntil the

ciepaymentsina largew ayca. 1876—" D ow nSouth had

ounterstamps: B runk p. 22 B runk No. 2130 fortheStone

s B runk p. 170 Nos. 38520 38530 and38540.

be r t H o e ff l in g q u o t ed i n T AM S J o u rn a l O c t o b er 1 9 0 p . 1 65 .

ndL . D. Satterlee A mericanGunMak ers p. 36.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



pression

onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0





Medalproclaimingthecessationofslavery

ofGreatB ritainbyActof P arliamenton

edalcontainedamessagetothe peopleof

l ud i ng i n i ts l e ge n ds A V O I C F R O M G R E A T

M R I C A ( f i g . 2 . 3 T he t e t o f t he a r ti c le d e sc r ib i ng

rgeThomsonofB rita inv isitedtheU. S. to

gardtocontinuationofslavery inU. S. and

ayersandgenerousaidinpromotingaboli-

rt icle inTheNew Y ork Evangelistw ascopied

heE mancipatorinitsJ anuary6 1835issue

edforsale at25centseach.The saleof

emsinAmericawasfollowingasimilar

f ig. 3 .

37 TheEmancipatorpublishedthefo llow-

hasmanufacturedsomeAnti-

M D A S s i mi l ar i n a pp e ar a nc e t o ne w

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



eavyand aremadeofpurecop-

maleslave incha ins inanim-

hemotto " A mI notaw omanand

utionisadmirablyw elldone. Onthe

ce nt er t he wo rd " L I B E R T " , s ur -

ndoutside ina circle " U nited

semedalscanbehadat theAnti-

43NassauStreetinanyq uantity at

merelycovers theactualcost.

sim ilarmedals w ithaman

hthemotto " A mI notamanand

cew illbethesame. Thef riendsof

ernowtoputa medalinto

n thecountry withoutcost

mmensevalue.I tisa tractthat

itfa llsintothehandsof the

il l" readandcirculate .

mallpartso f thecountry post

tothecauseofliberty arere-

ngof theadvertisementhasbeenfound

TheEvangelist. I nspiteof theof fertoother

thecauseofliberty topublishtheadver-

chinsertions havebeenlocated.Theadver-

themattersconcerningthe tokens.I tgives

maleslavetokenaspriorto itsactual1838

es.I tpointsoutthat thefemaleslave

New J erseyartist. I tshow sthatthe

cietywasprimarilyinterestedinthe" im-

ava lueof the iruse. A ccordingtotheorgani a -

nlycovering theiractualcostwhichinclud-

nywhereintheU nitedStates.Thesale

stheirintendedcirculatingvalue.E ither

was obviouslyprofitingonthematter.4

opperperpoundfortokenswith amean

hmakestheintrinsic valueofthemetal

3 1/2cents.5Thetokensarespecifical-

erthan asmoneyinorderto attemptto

admissionthattheyare" sim ilarinappearance

vebeenaharmfuladmissionina criminal

rnishesthefirstevidenceofthe

maleslavetok en( L ow 54a R ulau82 . 6I t

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



a tokenwas" proposed onNovember

fore itse istencehasitsf irsthistorica lsupport

mentindicatesthemaleandfemaleslavetokens

the illegalityoftheissuanceofthis

beenstronglyassertedunder U nited

othtokenscarried awreathsimilarto

Statescents: the legendU N T D STA T S

ncircularformwasinthesamegeneralposit ionas

ce n ts a n d th e w or d L I B E R T 1 8 38 i n t wo

reathwasin adeceivinglysimilarposi-

N C NTintw olinesinthecentero f the

scents. I nadditiontotheforego ing the

amediameter weightandthicknessas

alogicalconclusionfrom thethreatof

elargeissueof thefemaleslavetoken

nthattheNinU N T D isamirrorim-

eoftheN improperlyrisingfromlowerleft

kemighthave beendeliberatelyleftun-

mstances.R ecuttinganewdiewouldhave

udtry ingtomak eacorrectiontoane -

asprobablydeterminedthattimewasof

butionof theanti-slaverytokenshadto

ritmightbe preventedaltogetherbythe

dtoe plaintherarityof theAmerican

ken( L ow 54a R ulau82 . Thefemaletoken

nq uantityfirst.Thefemaletokenshad

dforsa letothepublic. Whilew ait ingtosee

e femaletokenswastakingplaceand

sourceto payforstrikingaq uantityof

ns thethreatoflawenforcementcould

ssuersfromorderinga substantialpro-

ti-slaverytokens.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



leanti-slaverytokenwasadvertisedin

followingnewsitemappearedintheNew

merce-.

O P P E R C O I N S — W e a r eg la d to s ee t ha t

doptedto putanendto the

chhasbeenso boldlycarried

hecoppercoin. I thasbeendone

andtocompletetheassortment

p themanufacturingofcents

hem—andpoorfe llow hew ill

inspiteofany thinghisespecial

erance.Someofthemarket

sinessofbuyinglight centsand

antity atadiscount andpassing

nts.Theanti-slaverycoinwe

The wholebusinessisdoing

ghttobestoppedforthwith.

al oftheanti-slaverycause.H edoes

ght.H ereferstotheslave onthetoken

hef igureasanegro asapoorfe llow anduses

maleanti-slaverytokenwasmentioned.

thereforehadbeene amined thusprov-

amplesofithadbeenstruck byNovember

maleanti-slaverytokendiescouldhave

husthere isananswerto thechallenge

iscoveredastow hyL ow 54ahasremained

. 8Therewasapparentlynoproduc-

amplesofthe1838maleanti-slavery

dbynumismatistsduringthenineteenth

anmaleslavetokenwasobviouslyadapted

17 6 B rit ishanti- slavery tok ensw hichcon-

I N O T A M A N A ND A B R O T H E R a n d M A

P P R E S S O N C AS TH R O U G H O U T TH E W O R L D ( fig.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



erseydiemakerandcoineroftheanti-

choices astheadvertisementsspecifical-

ndthemanufacturerarethesame.Two

theninB ellev il le onthePassa icR iver

ew ark E sse C ounty New J ersey.

e llevil leandNew Y ork C ityw asatok en

eedattributedH ardT imesTok ens

112 113 125and126. Mof fett issuedhis

sNew Y ork C ityaddressat121Prince

dprobablynothave beenreferredtoina

aNew J erseyartist.

lew asthefoundingmemberof thef irmof

k n ow n a s th e " B e l le v il l e Mi n t ( f i g. 6 L o w

i bb s w as b o rn i n B i r m in g ha m E n g la n d i n 1 80 ,

erehe j o inedJohnGardnerintheproduc-

uttons meta lstorecards metaltok ensand

untries.Thatenterpriseobtainedits sheet

omas & F uller abrassroll ingmillf irm

llevillepropertysotheycouldeasilywork

nsofthatfirmwasanE nglishtrained

ingstruckthe1833L iberianonecenttoken

rselectionto makeanti-slaverytokens.

ceseemstocorrectaspeculationthat the

ov il le sic ManufacturingC o. ; anassertion

dbyE dwardH ulsemanwhoworkedin

ets andNew York C ityandw hose init ia lH

Tok ens andacommentthattheTok enwas

12The NewY orkCitydirectoriesfrom

ulseman13andforthe1837directorythe

eredinl ate1836.ThusH ulsemancould

dingtotheadvertisementinThe E man-

erseycraftsman.Thedelicacyoftheslave

hlyskilledengraver( inspiteofthe let-

eE nglishtrainingofStevensswingsthe prob-

e llevil leMint ( Gibbs Gardner& C o. j o intly

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0



F uller be ingengraversandmak ers. The

ndicatethat thediesforboththe female

ensweremadebythesamedie cutterand

whentheadvertisementofthe anti-slavery

ewspapersintheU nitedStateswererun-

s editoria lsanddiscussionsof themurder

P a r i sh L o v e o y ( 1 8 02 - 37 a P r e sb y te r ia n mi n is t er

w asthefirstA mericanmarty rto f reedomof

ouslybeenforcedoutofhispulpit inSt. L ouis

rbe ingeditoro f theSt. L ouisT imesandthe

bothofw hichcontinuouslypublishedstrong

nkingthatitwouldbehelpfulto movefrom

acrosstheMississippiR ivertoaf reestate

nsferredhispresstoA lton I l l inois w herehepublish-

econtinuedtopromotetheanti-slavery

ldiatribesagainstslaveryandinflamed

ery.H isanti-slaveryfeelingswerebased

rounds.E achofhisfirst threepresses

ssippiR iverbyhisopponentsandon the

mobsetfire tothewarehousewherethe

oadedfromariverboat.I nclimbingto

hef lamesLove oyw asshotandk illedon

tisaco incidencethatduringtheperiodofpro-

tokenstheanti-slaverymovementtook

andama orsetback f romhismartyrdom.

ns

spensionofspeciepaymentsbyAmerican

7 14resultedinthewithdraw alf romgenera l

ver andgoldcoinandthe emergency

ndiv iduals businesses cit ies andcoun-

ata premium.Thepapermoneyconsisted

sofa dollarandthelowerdollar

derisive lyca lled" Shinplasters atermw hich

edtoContinentalCurrencyandother

doubtfulvalue.CopperU .S.centsand

ins a lthoughremainingincirculation could

ransactionswithoutthepresenceofU .S.

uartersandSpanishandSpanish-American

ventheU. S. Mintw assometimesreluctantto

eriodas evidencedbythefollowinglet-

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ntheOctober26 1837Philade lphiaPublic

generallybelievedthatour

rgo ldorsilver coppersf romthis

entlysuchhas beenthecase.

iredof disbursingthislatter

shtocheck thedemandforit w e

it isthatthey refusetogive" pen-

essdenominationthan

s ontheauthorityof the" fo lks

hesitatingly re ected. C ananybody

nsw erourq ueries— W hy andby

ursued? Wepauseforareply .

eforprivateintereststo cointokens

urtherstimulatedbecausetheintrinsic

coinwasfar belowitscirculatingvalueand

fitavailablein coiningcoppertokensof

totheU. S. copperco inage. I naddit ionthere

nessadvertisingaswell aspoliticaland

thefacesof thetokens.

tokensinthe fallof1837causedcom-

1837U. S. Ga etteofPhilade lphia describ-

2 0 ( f i g. 7 :

percoin aboutaslargeasacent

nB oston. O ntheoneside is

T T U T O N w i th t h e le g en d

ed it , " c u rr en t , " 1 8 34 , — O n th e

wr e ck o f t he s h ip E X P E R I M N T

B u r e n , " m e ta l li c , — " c u r r en t ,

hibit ionof thesignsof thetimes.

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etheintroductionand saleoftokens

ngthemat adiscount.Thispracticewas

r14 1837New Y ork J ournalo f

greatq uantitiesofcopper

circulate ascents butwhich

rallytoolight buttheworst

thebadmetaltheyaremade

enttendency tobecomefoul. Worst

ebasementof thecurrentco in by

y improperly mak ea largeprofit

the irspuriousco insbe inggenera lly

0to60centsthehundred. They

deviceother thanthatofthe

onthat w ouldsub ectthe

cesnotprofitable . I t isq uitetime

istrasha ltogether. * * * Wehope

bepursuedwiththedirty" no

mptedtobeputforthso

TimesTokensalsoledto newspaper

s atleastinB a lt imoreandPhilade lphia

verytokensinNewY ork.

altimorecommissionmerchantwhoroutine-

peradvertisementscoveringeachtypeof

a le suchasB ritanniaTeaP ots silk w oo l

ands boots shoesandbrogans pins bone

ps t a pe e t c. O n O c t ob e r 30 1 8 37 a n d fo r

heplacedthefo llow ingadvertisementinthe

lD ailyAdvertiser( knownasthe

s k 1 5 0 0 0 Co p pe r C ou n te r s

yE. H . Merrill

dthatanewlyarrivedcaskof

d15 000pieces butnopricew asindicated.

coppertokenstheywouldpass foranag-

wouldhaveatotalweightof about340

d " CopperCounters wouldordinarily

er struck withadesign intendedtobe

rcountingboardca lculations andbetter

orj etons.Nosuchmeaningwasactually

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ment.Thepieceswereidentifiedin a

mmentinTheSunonDecember2 1837

L I O N S F O R D E F E N C a nd NO T O N C N T

T ( S uc h ty pe s ar e kn ow n as L o w 2 1- 36 [ f ig . 8 , 3 ,

6 - 7 1 an d 9 5 - 7 a s w el l a s R u l au 1 6 3 5 - 6 0 an d

eobv iouslyHardT imesTok ensstruck e itherin

cut orA ttleboro Massachusetts orboth.

C E intheMerrilladvertisementwasto

meansgold andsilverbutdoesnot in-

a lt imoreA mericanofO ctober11 1837

dthew ordS E C E w henof feringtobuy

uarterdo llars atapremium.

wasdeliberatelydeceptiveand

derthattheauthoritieswerepromptly

kensin generalwereillegalandwere

blishedin theNovember2 1837

edger:

ereceivedacoppercoinof the

e abouttheweightofonecent on

alehead resemblingthatof

w iththeneck ofabullandthe

rroundedby thirteenstars the

luribusU num ontheother

andsurroundedbya laurel

otonecentfortribute . C ongress

d regulatingthevalueof

yestablishedtheco ins andpro-

o fcounterfeit ingthem but w e

ecit i enf romcoining. I f so

gal.Theremust besomecheat

theyw ouldnotbemade. Wecau-

m.

chareclassifiedas L ow21-36and6 -71

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nd58-60.

opperonecenttokenswerebeingpro-

rt isementfortheF euchtwangercent( L ow

hilade lphiaonO ctober6 1837 w hichread:

R C NTS

ustreceivedandforsa leby

N

angerhadre uestedC ongressonSeptember

is" invention o fameta lnamed

omposit ion forU . S. centco inageinasmall

ig. 9) . U . S. MintD irectorR obertM. P atterson

w roteSenatorThomasH artB entonofMissouri

dywellknownunderthe namesGerman

kfongandwasimpracticalforcoinage.16

uchtwangerencouragedpublicityforhisone

by thefo llow inginsertsintheU . S. Ga ette

tmber11and12 1837:

anger o fNew York hasissuedaGer-

edattheedge ontheonesidea

ereverseaw reath w iththewords

snameonthecircle . I t iso f the intrin-

ndaboutthesi eofadime. They

orsmallchange.O nehundred

erday w ithasampleofM.

of " onecent tow hichwerefer-

paper. I tw asabeautifulpiece

a llow edsuchtit le muchmorecon-

ecoppercoin andshouldsilver

n fashion wethinkthiskind

verye ce llentattendant.

C S

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htw anger scentsmightbeusedinplace

dinTheSun B a lt imore O ctober30 1837:

ecountryisfloodedwithcop-

si eandw eightofcents most

dinscriptionsdefamatoryof

butmanyaremereadver-

resincopper.There aretwo

oston andahundredaremade

ordingaveryfairprofitto the

sionofGermansilvercents might

utthe circulationofH ardTimesTokens

t standby.TheadvertisementofE .H .

hesaleand circulationofcoppertokens

owinglettertobewritten:17

T H E SO L I C TO R O F T H E T R E ASU R Y

ryof theTreasuryhasreferredtothis

ceivedfromB altimore

coppercoin.I tisstatedto be

e tensive lyputintocircula -

sedinthenewspaperby acom-

retailingthemto anyonewho

etore uestthatyouw illcause

thetruthof thesestatements and

tuteproperlegalproceedings

sectionoftheact of8thMay

ocopperco insorpieceswhat-

aidcentsandhalf cents be ingthose

nitedStates sha llpasscur-

lbepa id, oro f feredtobepa id

oanydebt demand cla im mat-

andallcoppercoinsor pieces

ndhalf cents w hichsha llbepaid

rrece ivedinpayment contrary

d sha llbeforfe ited andevery

mshall havebeensopaid

orreceivedinpaymentshallalso

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ars andthesaidforfeitureand

covered withcostsofsuit

onorpersonsbywhominfor-

reofshall havebeengiven.

urs

F TH E T R E A SU R Y

imore

onunderSection2ofthe ActofMay

uotedwasasubstantialerror. Theomitted

ustpriortotheq uotedportionre uired

publishedaf ter% 50 000inU. S. coppercoin

tomakethelaweffective.Thiswasnever

e lawwasneverinforce.18I naddition

Section25of theA ctofMarch3 1825

anillegalpieceas being" inresemblance

coin whichhasbeenormayhereafter

eU nitedStates. How everthe law also

efraud ; andthiswouldbeadecisionforthe

enverydifficultfor theprosecutiontoprove

ntbyeitherthemanufacturerorby those

twasanobviousand openmoney

timoremadeseparatepurchasesofthecop-

. H. Merril lonOctober30-November1

chsuchpurchasewiththeir nameonthetag.

fiveseparateprosecutionsresultingon

inf ivef inesfor110eachoratota lo f$50. C om-

widely.Since theconstableswereentitl-

untofthefinespersonallytheywereac-

tion.O ntheotherhandthe verdictwas

fluentialmerchant" abovethereachof

es* w hichmak esourlaw slikespiders

rgeflies tobreakthroughwhilethesmall

oured. O therscomplainedinthepress

ascondonedwhileprosecutionfor

enswasenforced. SincetheU. S. P ostOf -

out thetokensitwassuggestedthatthe

ownagency.1 Thustheproprietyorim-

rwassomewhatcloudedbye traneous

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ber25 1837 therewasameetinginNew

partsof theUnitedStatesw ho af termany

postponedtheirconclusionsastowhen

resumed.Thetokensbearing

R S H I N L A S T R S an dt he da te No vr 18 37 ( L o w

6-57and66-67 hadbeenpreparedaspro-

tokenmoneyandconfirm thedateof

ribution( f ig. 10 .

37 P attersonw rotethefo llow ingletterto

ev iWoodbury outlin ingthattherew as

eanddistributionofcoppertokensin

si ingthatthe law sofMay8 17 2andMarch

hebasiso faprosecution: 20

d1837

esometime agotoput

culation inP hiladelphiaand

sedforsalebyone ofourmer-

eedingwas however prompt-

rD istrictA ttorney Mr. R ead

etheGrandJ uryof theU. S.

ttendingto therepresentations

myself madeapresentmentupon

waspublishedinsomeof the

ensehasbeencommittedat

avecandidmeasuresto betaken

seof callingyourattention

w hich asI havereasontobelieve

rculatedin NewY ork.A

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oughtmefromtheretendif-

fthemsuchimitationsof thelegal

mightbebroughtunderthe Act

nstcounterfeiting.Allofthiscomes

cto fMay8 17 2 Section2.

purious coinsareevidently

hmentastheyhavethe same

ht somenote ceedingthree

ecent forwhichtheyarepass-

of thesespuriouscoppersmay

heyhavehadtheiraddressesmark-

o ins— oneisEz raB . Sw eet

— A notherisSmithC lock

74 B o w e r y N — A n ot h er i s R o b i n-

A n o t he r N ew Y o r k J o i nt S t oc k E x -

6 TontineB uilding WallSt.

ghttometheNew York O bserver

ollowingStatement:

o f spuriousC entsare incircula -

rnalofCommercesaystheyare

dby thehundered( sic at62cents

arketwomenmakearegular

ntsand" nocents by thequan-

ingthemoffinplace ofreal

cipatoro f lastw eek advertisesanew

earancetonewcents — nearly

recopper forsa leattheA nti-

treet.Theyhaveanti-slavery

oppercoins arelargelyincir-

utI havenoe actinformationon

heonlyoperationoftheMint

e andifthisill egalinterference

edthe profitwillbeso con-

blytoreducethe e pensesof

t te r so n

ury

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to thesa idA aronP otter him

veanddef raudasaforesa id a ll

i l l iamH. Scov il le sic w ere

and GovernmentoftheU nited

ofandcontrary totheform

ofCongressofthe U nitedStates

prov idedandofevile ample

ending.

issuedacopperstorecard ortoken

vertisinghisow nbusiness(L ow 130[ f ig. 11

u105and107 butthe indictmentw asfor

whichweredeceivinglysimilarto U .S.

8NewY orkD ailyE x presssupported

copperpiecesweremadetoorderand

otas coin asevidencedbythelegend

answertotheScovil l indictmentw asf iledin

w henScov il lposteda$ 1 000bond. B ecause

eprosecutionScovillletthe bondforfeit

0 bynotappearing. I nF ebruary1842 af ter

wer thecasewasdismissedbythe

rer( Connecticut ofO ctober4 1838 q uoting

w York E x pressaboutthe" notonecent

stated:" Thepublicatthattime demanded

tionwhichwouldbetakenby common

esw ere.

ymotivatedH ardTimesTokenshad

asedindue course.Noonewaseconomical-

tentandthepoliticalincisivenessof some

vebeenappreciatedbythose whohada

erWhigsinpow erorD emocratsoutof

ulationofH ardTimesTokensformany

onin1837 seemstohavebeenthebasis

onJ une26 1844 in uiringofC rockerB ros.

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utnopublicationresulted. Someof thecontent

sharedwithothers priortoits presen-

nageof theA mericasC onferenceatthe

cietyinNewY ork.

J r. andC lydeK eeler " A C onnectionB etw eenthe1838A nti-

5 4 a n d th e U n d e rg r ou n d R a i lr o ad " T A MS o u rn a l 1 7 4 p p .

ydocumentationregardingthistokenis lackingandthename

ssuedit isunknown....Hopefullyfurtherresearchwillreveal

nterestingtok en ; E rnestB eersteck er " TheDilemmaof

ei ng S l av e To k en " T A MS J o u rn a l 1 7 , p . 2 47 .

" H a r d T i me s T ok e ns P a r t of U . S . L e g ac y " C o i n W o r ld F e b .

r t W . J u l ia n " P o l it i cs o f 1 83 0 s I n f l u en c ed D e s i g ns o n M er c ha n ts

cNewsJ an.13 1 87.

l d " A n ti - Sl a ve r y To ke n s T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 5 7 p . 3 7

d " A n ti - Sl a ve r y Me d al s " T A MS J o u rn a l 1 6 2 p . 4 2 p l . 8.

H a r d Ti m es T o ke n s 2n d e di t io n ( N e w Y o r k 1 8 9 ) , p . 3 1

e n . 1 , p . 2 47 .

L i v e Am e ri c an N u mi s ma t ic I t e ms T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 1 2

a b o v e n. 3 , p . 4 3 s h ow i ng p u nc h t ri a ls o f L o w 5 4 a nd 5 4 a.

teduponbyC harlesI . B ushnell A nA rrangementof

P oliticalTokens etc.( newY ork 1858 , p.117 B eerstecker

. 24 5.

e n . 3 , p . 4 0 1 E r n es t B e e r st e ck e r " T h e Ge n et i cs o f L o w 5 4 a "

p.53.SeeTheNumismatist1 88 p.54and1 86 p.401 R ussell

T ok e ns 1 8 32 - 18 4 4 ( I o l a W I , 1 8 7 , p . 2 5. F o r t h e h is t or y o f th e

lavetokens( L ow 54a seeB ow ersandMerena Mar. 26-27

er t H u d s on C o ll . n o . 45 - S ee a l so R u s s e ll R u l a u S t an d ar d C at a lo g

s 17 0 0- 1 0 0 ( I o l a W I , 1 9 4 , p . 8 2 c i ti n g da t a pr o vi d ed t o

.

" H a r d T i me s T ok e ns o f t he L a r ge C en t S i e " C o in C ol l ec t or s

p . 16 2 1.

U n i t e d St a te s S to r e Ca r ds ( N e wY o r k 1 2 ) , N n o s. 5 8 5

2 7 .

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l fr e d Z . R e e d " B i o g r ap h ic a l No t es o n t he P r e si d en t s of t h e U n i te d

o r s J o u rn a l 1 3 8 p . 1 8 T h om as S c hw e ic h " H a r d T i me s

acksonianAmerica " TheNumismatist1 81 p.315.

e n . 3 , p . 3 9 ; R o b er t J . L i nd sm it h " E d w ar d H u ls em an " T AM S

17 .

ardT imesTok ens(L ow 47 48 .

er N ov . 25 1 83 7 p . 1 4 R e e d ( a b ov e n . 9 ) , p . 1 .

d g ar H . A d a m s " D r . L e w is F e u ch t wa n ge r " T h e Nu m is m at i st

i l l i am J . S c hu l t , " W h y t h e F e u ch t wa n ge r C om p os i ti o n Me t al C o in s

ko u t B l o w " T h e Nu mi s ma t is t 1 3 8 p . 9 4 ; N u mi s ma A u g.

s o f th e F e u c ht w an g er C e nt N u m. S c ra p bo o k Ma g . 1 5 7 p . 2 34 3

onMak ing3C entNick e lB lank s " Num. Scrapbook Mag. 1 63

outsoures TheI dentif icationofF euchtw angerC entsL ow 120

, 1 81 .

15 , p . 1 4 R e e d ( a b ov e n . 9 ) , p . 15 2 P h i l ad el ph ia P u b li c

8 37 .

" C irculationofP re-U . S. MintC opperC oinsinNineteenthC en-

rica sC opperC o inage 1783-1857 C O A C P roceedings1( New

p .1 03 .

mo re , N ov . 28 1 83 7 D e c . 2 1 83 7 D e c . 16 1 83 7 D e c . 20

37 .

nt C o rr e sp o nd e nc e 1 0 1 / 1 / 8 T r an s fe r B o 2 7 J u l ia n ( a b ov e

New York .

s " J . M. . & W . H . S co vi ll " T he N um is ma ti st 1 1 2 p . 23 3 R e e d

p . 1 .

o rr e sp o nd e nc e 1 0 1 / 1 / 8 T r an s fe r B o 3 5 .

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kensand

onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

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aionTokens137

w arda longF ourthA venuetoU nionS uare

rinceStreet. I tw asonthissoutherne ten-

id andonNovember14 1832 serv ice

passengercarsridingonrails andpulled

ach.Theserviceeventuallyrancarsevery

passengerscouldboardat anyblockalong

enyears ofoperationthefarevariedbet-

dahalf centsforasingletrip regardless

narek now ninw hitemeta l pew terandcop-

hthreedistinctcounterstamps arosette( f ig.

onthewhitemeta lissues andapa lmbranch

ularande tendeduse isindicatedinthat

amplesarew ellw orn. Thereasonforthe

notdocumented. The init ia lsB SN ,

associatedwiththe firmofB ale& Smith

leengraversandmanufacturersofthetoken.

tokenswerenotusedafter1840.

rlaemR ailroadwassplitin 185 whenthe

alwasplanned.Therailroadbecamee -

eamlocomotiveswhichendedserviceat

nal.Thetracks inthecitystreets south

ngotherroutes becamethe" C ityLine " us-

ly.

forNewY orkCityseemstobeginaround

ofomnibusoperatorsinacity directory

when22differentfirmsare listed

cles. Theyoperated27approvedroutes

and ahalftofourmiles. Allbuttwoof

of48th Street.Why thereislittlemen-

850in contemporarysourcesisnot

efirmslistedafter1850 matchthetoken

spopulationin1850had risento515.547.6

tages theyhadfiat notflangedwheels

de doors ratherthantherefinedrearen-

ompanieslistedin1851 only si issued

tok ensw erestruck inleadthesi thw asstruck

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hesi operatorsranmorethanoneroute

e legend" TransferT icket itseemsvery

he tokenswasforusebetweencom-

rsedepictsanomnibusoffourwindows

andstairsleadingfromthe reardoor.

st therouteorline nameandthe

meaddedornamentation.

etaltokensare:TheE ighthAvenueL ines

C o. w hooperatedtw oroutes( f ig. 3 . The

Street dow nEighthA venueto4thStreet

w nthroughC armine B edfordandHouston

oMaidenLanetotheF ultonF erry . Thesecond

andwentdownE ighthAvenuethrough

thendowntoWhiteha llandSouthF erry . This

stsinararevarietyw iththeSandersonname

ucktoken.

neofH asking& Wilkins operatedoneroute

nF ourthA venuetoB roadw ay thenon

landtheSouthF erry ( f ig. 4 . A nengravers

eoperator snameasHask ins w ithan" S

pp& B rownoperatedthreeroutes( fig.5 .

t southboundonNinthAvenuetoH udson

y anddownB roadway toB ow lingGreen.

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aionTokens13

t28th Streetandfollowedthesameroute

irdroutebeganat 31stStreetandwent

4thStreettoHudson dow ntoChambers

yP lace.

enueL inesofMarshall& Townsendoperated

eventhA venuetoGreenwich overtoSi th

roadwaythensouthtoF ultonandeast

f ig. 6 . Thediew asorigina llyengravedas5th

ietiesofthe tokense ist:struckwiththe

ded5th the" 5th scratchedoutonastruck

ngleblockingover" 5th&" inthedie. The

toaplura l" Marsha lls remaineduncorrected.

erunbyY oung& Ward operatedtwosimilar

bothstartedat34thStreetandprocededsouth

eturnedat8thStreet theotherat6thStreet

ay toWhiteha llandtheSouthF erry .

illiamTyson& Co.operatedfromthe

msburgF erry throughGrandStreettoanddown

throughC analtoGreenw ich dow nGreenwich

erseyCityF erryontheH udsonR iver( f ig. 8 . 7

ssuedin brassintheseries.There are

arieties:thefirst withthelegendalongthe

esecondwithanarched legendnearerthe

aredistinguishedbytheplacementofstops

.

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ngpointsof oneormoreroutesand

alongB roadwaysomewherebetween

l thusifa transferweretotakeplace it

beeninthatarea.H oweverthereisno

norastothe amountofthefaresharedbet-

nwhichtookin themoneyandthecom-

the transfertoken.

rodeon thetopoutsidefront.The

sidethef ront underthedriver w hohad

fromwhichhecouldsee thefare

w ntothepassengerthere uiredchangeor

nsin thisgroupwereissuedwitha small

be strungwhenkeptbythedriver.

st intheco llectionof thefare agrooved

riorwallofthecoach torolla coinfare

w hichremainedatthef ront.

groupsoftokensarea challenge asonly

elegraphL ineisreadilyavailable.Allthe

edie. Thusitissafe tosayallwerestruck

w edonotk now thatf irm snamenorwhy

n amoredurablemetalthanlead.

thefarechangedfrom2centspermile

o10cents andaf terbusinessw aslosttocom-

romisedat8cents.Cashwasthe methodof

ndchangewasgivenincash untilthe

usoperatorssubstitutedforchangecard-

2 3 5 and6cents goodforfuturefares.

the publicwithprotest andwere

64.8

thecornerofB roadwayandChambers

1852byoneJ acobSharp. Hereportedthat

035omnibusesand4 77 othervehiclespass-

62omnibusesand4 723othervehiclespassed

mnibusserviceata 13-secondhead-

ng. Quitecrowded. I ntime Mr. Sharpw ould

chise sothistabulationwasdonewith

rest.

companies B y1854 Will iamTysonno

e andby1857 a llo f theoriginal22

franchiseswerebeingoperatedbyother

rgedintoone ofthreelargercompanies.

sfertok ensremainedinuse orw hetherthey

rfirms isnotknown.Theomnibusroute

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aionTokens

eC ityDirectoryaf ter1862. How ever om-

entionedinnew spaperaccounts ande -

the1880s.

1853 theC ityCouncilha ltedthegranting

efranchisesandturnedtheir attention

df ranchisesonSecond Third Si th E ighth

railroads arereallywhatwetodaycall

ainthelucrativefranchises therailroads

Councilmembersby amountsbetween

oreachf ranchisegranted.10

s only theThirdA venueR ailR oadissued

our.All fouraremadeoflead.The firsttwo

tw ithacoachdesigndif ferentthanthatof

ues( f ig. 9) . Thesecondtw otokensdepict

eitherend aswouldbeusedfor ahorsecar

ra lq uestionsarise . Whydepictanomnibuswhen

ef irmname especia llywhenaddit iona lf ran-

ggranted andwhythereversedesigna-

arlem

teda5 centfareforanydistancebet-

61stStreet w itha6centfarefortherideto

lroadwasapprovedtolaytracks onThird

arlemR iver inactuality track sinitia lly

lle. Thee tradistanceseemstohavebeen

he ThirdAvenueO mnibusfranchise—

hoj usthappentobetw oof thetw elvedirec-

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ailroad.11Sooursetoffour tokenscan

nsfernorthboundorsouthboundfrom

ndthecollectionof thee tra fare.

theO mnibusfromthepreviousgroup

aneofglassineach windowandthefact

coachcomesj usttothebottomof the

ngthe railcarshowsingooddetail an

bepulled byhorsesonrailslaid inthe

elsandlackof adoubleandmoreornate

yin thepre-CivilW arperiod.

thobversedesigns inthegroundarea

mallletter" L . O ntheomnibusdesignit

thera ilcarit isundertherightwheel( f ig.

bv iousengraver sinit ia l C oulditbeaL ovett

ovett onemustberememberthattherew ere

graversinNewY orkatthistime:George

homas. 12Thisisane cit ingdiscovery andone

research. - .

eNew Y ork seriesistheDurk ee& C o.

2 . The1830CityDirectoryhasaNathan

3andin1835asahote loperator. Noother

acea D urkeenearanO mnibusfranchise.

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aionTokens143

nearthatofasmall cent mayplaceitin the

tthereareno listingsintheC ityDirectoriesof

ssueforthecollector butforthetime

mpaniescollected31.7millionfares in

arsand1 722horses. 14Thedriversand

12-to15-hourdaysand werepaidunder

owners theprof itw as1.7centsper5centfare

ar thecitygrew rapidly andby1870

f942 000livede ua llynorthandsouthof

mostofManhattanI slandwasservedby12

heycollectednearly167millionfares for

SteamR ailroadfranchisesbeganconstruc-

inga longSecond Third Si th Seventh

es.Nonewereto issuetokens.

6of theL aw sof theStateofNew Y ork ca ll-

t curtailedfurthere pansionofhorsecar

buta llow ede istingroutestocontinueopera-

esweree panded adiscussionofcable

tertained andonceagain theproposal

ddefeated.

ccessionofmergersofsmallerhorsecar

irdAvenueR ailwayCompanyorthevery

StreetR ailwayCompany.I nmostcases

ecarswerenot repainted andthusthe

ontinued( f ig. 13 . A mergerof the42nd

andSt.NicholasAvenueR ailwayintothe

edanowscarce whitemetaltokentobe

susthatit wasgoodat86thStreetto

mA venue. " B oulevard w asthetermused

thenstil l la rgelyundeveloped. B othof these

servedbythecarsof theThirdAvenue

tf irm.

erviceonthe streetsofManhattanuntil

ongo ingq uestforbettertransportation a f ran-

toconstructacablepoweredrailway

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B ow ery ca . 1880.

ssfullyemployedinSan F ranciscoin1873-

buriedconduitasacentral thirdrail.

horsecars itre uiredahighcapita le -

peration andvigilantmaintenanceofthe

ork.I tsutilityin relativelylevelNewY ork

afewyearsadvancementsintechnology

electricpowerand theintroductionof

orseand cableroutes.

yNewY orktokenwasforatransfer

a ilroadtotheCableLineforO neF areGo-

his23mmw hitemeta lissue isabito fapu z ler

ertransferringfromthe ThirdAvenue

vated w hichw asa lsooperating toacablecar.

erlydirection Whynotatransferinthe

CableL inetotheThird Avenueroute

ently reliablesourcesforanswers.

hasstressedthetoken andlittlehas

useof theticket. I ronica lly inthebegin-

stages andnow170yearslaterthere

techA mericaca llsit—F areC ards aga in. Stage

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aionTokens145

perators horsecars steamelevatedra ilroads

streetcarsandby1 04thesubw ay too a ll

ainfarecollectioncontroldevice.Many

consideredthemselvesrailroads andafter

ets.

mentsinprintingfrombasicletterpress

liowork ( f ig. 16 w orthyofbanknotes. T ick ets

18butmoreoftenthan notwereforone

eF if th

7.

cketof

k lyn

e non-refundable. P rio rtothetw entiethcen-

sj usta largecollectionbo . I tcouldaccept

arietyofcard ticketacompanywantedto

.Mostcompaniesacceptedcoins oronecol-

sold othercolorticketsingroups oftwo

adiscounttorew ardf re uentuse. A tother

dacardpassvalid foraweekora month

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aionTokens147

ricanA lmanac New York R egisterandC ityD irectory forthe

A me r ic a n I n d e pe n de n ce ( N e w Y o r k 1 8 31 .

NecessityofaSettledSystemforB uildingR ailroadsintheC i-

k Ti m es A p ri l 1 6 1 8 5 .

ad s " T h e Ne w Y o r k T im e s N o ve m be r 1 8 1 8 58 .

n . 1 .

erseded StreetC arMenF avoringtheCableMotor " TheNew

er 1 2 1 8 64 .

ank Dr. R ichardD oty forthe I nv itationtoparticipate inthis

nKleebcrgandNormandPepinforreadingvariousincarnations

elpful suggestions.AspecialthankstocollectorSteve

ftokensandticketsfrom hise tensiveNewY orkcollec-

anneSamelsonandStanleyDusek forthe loanof the irco llec-

ibrarymaterials toNeilSchaferforsomeearly tickets

phsandslides F rank Dcak of theA NS andatK rausePublica-

dandWayneC onner.

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natedAmericanssincethenation wasfound-

orationsofLew isandC lark furbuyersre-

gon. A tthesametime traderstook

Me icanterritory toe changeforgo ld

ater emigrantsusedthesetra ilstosettle inthese

migrationtotheF arW estincreased

eTra il openedin1821 ledf romIn-

t o S an t a F e N e wM e i c o o r — b y an e t e n-

panishTra il—toL osA ngeles. I tsaw anin-

verageofabout150peopleayear in1843

850s.B etterknownwastheO regonTrail

andOregonTrail. I t too beganinI n-

andterminatedinA storia O regon. The

ffbeyondtheR ockyMountainsandled

ngwithasinglepartymigratingto Califor-

er1 400people le f tforO regonin1844and

iththeGoldR ush over20 000people le f t

edafinecourthousein1855-

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nk nown. He f irstappearedintheP hilade lphia

compiledin1836. A tthattime inhis

asatrader l iv ingat342S. 2ndSt. A daughter

out1836 andason Michae lW. about1838

n1840 anotherson Morris w asborninthe

0w astak eninOctober( f ig. 3 , 4there

the Abrahamshousehold:A.Abrahams

Michael Morris thenanewborn tw ow omen

f F A Mi l. iR H .

« / I

. ^

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ms

oungersistersorservants andtw oelderly

ndfather bornabout1765 andgrandmother

imeAbrahamsresidedinthe1st Ward

ania . ( ThesuburbofSouthw ark w asincor-

hilade lphia in1854. H ew asstill l iv ing

36 w hentheD irectory for1840w ascom-

ccupationw aslistedas" w aterman " thatis

acrosstheD elawaretoC amden N. . The

vesthis occupation buttheAbrahams

o9 C atherineStreet onlyafew doorsf rom

ew aspossiblyassociatedw ithJ acobLarson

anotherwatermanwhoislisted twolinesbelow

see tinctoccupationsthatonefinds

.TheonlyinformationthatI havecome

ook TheB ook ofTrades publishedin

dreprintedmany times thef irstA mericanedi-

iladelphiain1807.Theoriginalwatermen

Thames beforethebridgeswerebuilt.The

" A w atermanre uiresbutlitt le toenablehim

. aboat a pa iro foars anda longpolew ith

tthe lowerend thew holecosto fw hich

unds.Sometimestwomenbelongto one

aboatbe longstoasinglew aterman. 6

anotherson w asborninP ennsy lvaniaabout

hisfirstwifeapparentlydiedwhileonly

wo later AbrahamAbrahamsmarried

2or23 w how asborninEngland. A roundthis

ork State w hereanotherson E liasM.

bout1846.

amAbrahamsmovedagain thistimetoSt.

inthetobaccobusinessforanumberofyears.

adaretaildrygoodsbusinesson8thSt. inSt.

brotherlivingthere inNovember1854 though

hertheyprecededhimthereornot. 7

hamslearnedof thehugeprof itstobemadein

1 8 4 o r e ar l y in 1 8 50 h e mo v ed t o J a c ks o n

hereheformedapartnershipw ithaMr. R osen-

to f re ightgoodsfromI ndependencetoSantaF e

. V anE pps tosuperv isethe irw agon

ysuccessful:theirfirstmentionin L ouis

ency inMarch1850 reported" J ewsdoa

medentirelygoodforanycosts they

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r d

f1850 tak eninA ugust hew aslistedasa

ship J ack sonC ounty Missouri( f ig. 4 , near

thetimeofthecensus therewereeightper-

sw ife daughter a llo fhissons aSarah

a s bo r n in L o n do n a n d a sl a ve M i ch a el M o rr i s

erea ll inschoo l. SarahL ev i possiblya

wasprobablyaservant.

romJ anuary1851 w asa lsopositive . On

nbought1/ 4gallonofmolassesf romthestore

dependencefor15cents puttingitonaccount

1852 A . M. A brahamscameinandsettledhisac-

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ms

roblemshadbeguntoarise . TheNovember

athew as" crampedforfunds. C ondi-

mber thereportersw rotethatR osentha l s

hadlefttheirbusiness" muchdisarrang-

thoughitw asrumoredthattheyw eredisso lv -

evertheless onD ecember16 1853

ndP hebeA brahams " hisw ife " so ldtwo

11and12inHenryR ubey sA ddit ion tothe

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locatedfourblock ssouthofhisstore( f ig.

rigina llypurchasedthese lotsisnotknow n. 14

heboughttheeastha lfo fL ot17innearby

f ig. 8 , 15andmayhavemovedhisfamily there .

4 itw asrecordedthatthe$ 2 000chatte lmort-

2 w assatisfiedinfull.

o rtgagew asrecordedonhislo tinWestport

ng t o M il e s W . B u f o rd a n d J a b e S mi t h a n d a

rthisamountby A.M.Abrahams.AD eed

uary18 1854 gaveassecurity theeasthalf

nofWestport a llthegoods w aresand

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ms

houseonthislo t anda llthegoods w ares

toreR oom" now k eptandoccupiedby

theCityof I ndependence. 16Soby

hehadasecondstore inWestport thoughhe

pendencestore. I amnotcerta inw hat

otheseveraldeedsthat refertotheI n-

Storehouse untiltheWestportstore

portisca lledaStorehouseandI ndependence

msunlik e ly thatsuchaprimelocationasthat

rew ouldbeconvertedtoamerew arehouse

dthere orperhapshej ustoccupiedless

insteadof thew hole" house. O nA pril

ft h e $ 4 2 0 0 lo a n of M a y1 7 1 8 53 -

Abrahamshadtwostoresandno debt

rtmortgageof$ 3 500 plusadvancesf rom

tthefirmof AbrahamsandR osenthalwas

few dayslater onMay1 they took out

chattelmortgageonhis lotinW estport

othWestportandI ndependence butw ere

140f romaWill iamR ice at6% interest.17

brahamsandR osenthalcontinuedtosend

goodstoNew Me icoandC hihuahua but

ouldnotgetreturnsf romMe icoandasked

creditorswerewilling towait butothers

andthecreditreporterbegantoe press

eplanningto cheat.18O nAugust12

lpaymentof$ 2 250toB ufordandSmith

ge.

hefallo f1854. In O ctober itw as

adleftI ndependenceforSt.L ouisaboard

r ostensiblytopickupa governmentdraft

demands.AbrahamsandR osenthal

12 000andunabletopay andthe loca l

toattachtheir80 mulesifnotsatisfied.

althenthreatenedtomakeassignmentsto

rthose inI ndependence if sued andthis—

omisestopay— stoppedthisaction.1

smortgageonhislo tinWestportfe lldueun-

hforeclosedforthebalance onNovember2.

ber25 1854 theeasthalfo fL ot17inWestport

shattheeast frontdooroftheCourtH ouse

o u i s V o g el f o r $ 1 6 7 0. 2 0

Abrahamssnote:of the$ 3 500bor-

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2 2 5 0 an d V o g e l $ 1 6 7 0 f o r a to t al o f

anenoughtocoverthe interestande pensesof

receivedsomemoneyback.B uthewas

W estportbyNovember25 1854.

andR osentha lhadnocreditby thispoint

oI ndependenceandstillpromisedto

uttoavoidattachmentofthe mules

aldrovethem150milesintoH owardCoun-

becaughtinf l ight. How ever A brahamshad

sbrotherinSt. Louis thw artinghis

epshadbeentakento shieldtheirholdings

heI ndependencebusinesscommunityhad

erunning" alargeswindling

54 thef irmofA brahamsandR osenthalw as

ntinuedtopromisethattheywouldmake

alldebts thelocalcreditreporterwrote

hataf raudisabouttobe imposedoncreditors

gdebtswerevariouslyreportedinNovember

2 000to$20 000. Therew ererumorsthat

12 000inSeptemberand$ 2 000more in

nied. B othA brahamsandR osenthalmoved

ber1854. The lastcreditreportonthem for

cinct: " B rok eup runof f putoutandgone

edebts andreputationofinfamousscoun-

endorseit. Thereporteraddedthat

rsin P hiladelphiathatthemuletransac-

2

senthalreallysetouttodefraudtheir

I tseemsunlikely.Certainlytheirbusinesses

topoormanagementonR osentha l spart. The ir

swaveredbetweensuspicionbasedon

sedongreed lettingthelattergetthe up-

to e tendcredittoa troubledopera-

ahamsshowedhisownwiliness ashetried

mhisbankruptcy.B utitis improbablethat

putationforgood characterandhones-

ssswindlerwithin18months.

ofoundintheSt. L ouisC ityD irectory

veoperatedTheP eoplesO utf itt ingStore

throughlate 1855oreveninto1856

ofhim inWeston. More lik e ly though

s forhew aslistedasamerchantintheSt.

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ms

or1857 tw oyearslater A brahamA brahams

nmerchantandtrader withsonMorris

aclerk andsonMichael 18 boardingatthe

ly 1860 w henthecensuswastak en the

nupstillanotheroccupation:Abraham

rea ll l istedaspaw nbrok ers. He w asthenliv ing

rdinghouse andev idently thecensustak erob-

mtheotherboarders sincehissurname

orrect asaretheagesof J osephandE lias

wnmerelyasU .S.H iswifewaslisted

nd buthernamew asgivenasMary not

shownasbeing10yearso lderthansheactua lly

erinaccurate information amre luctant

r athirdwife.

omtheB usinessD irectory for1863 his

andeventook outaquarterpagead( f ig.

edtotheDirectory thene ttw oyearsasaclerk

awnbrokers( e ceptforElias 17 w ho

sC ommercia lCo llege . A B en aminA brahams

sinpartnershipw ithhissonJ oseph. B y 1865

withothermembersofthefamilylisted

s.

S I t D H l N S H j .M i r. CTO H Y . j j j

n 1 i NM d Sr il S.

nlyamount onil l

f fi & B Y ,

na lP roporly

A H A MS

f i rs t d oo r f ro m F o u r th S t . L o u i s. M o .

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A K K F AM L Y S W1NU MAC I I N , 18tllO enslcitlearned

O .

NA H A MMX

G A N

rli

te l.

. l - i il H i m i il r . r em 1 2 10

h lirl . tt mrenmiil

i v

nllrcl- rlnle ii iall le rcnne

b i n n t

.M lr r. r. l . i l l vi -i . .

m. l onvent le t.

l v M r r im i lo f il r. ih l ni r c * r

. r. ( ' n i ue i ii l i d 3 1 a m i

r . T .l T S l. ( l i n l n

ll i hi f m i ll i i y K ' i n il i i. t i l. R W ,

i . h. n t l n t . ll c uu n in n t

r K T C l i. i r U - l l r ln - r r . 3 n .i

l i ii n ii A ( « . , l m U . K v c rr t t

pnw nliro lirr i- f l lmn. 3 l

. v in ( A l n Al ni mi A ( * « . , l nl u

( A . U . n n A K . l v lw i n A li r a .

l O n V r .3 17 O l iv e

| | . l I n * , m li lm mi * , i lr rm n n l cl nn k

n .4 l li r . m l . a i i i n. b e i.

v rie lt

mrnuk er 1111lira

lpon. nd». i. id in -h. ni

I l .r rb .r n an d D o tk r

er bd . R 13. S. ii i 1

iw in i yi n n r . wi . lh l. l l

t

t . | i le r 1 .1 00 .i i i. I M

k. r n . 1 1i i - V l l nn e r , r . l il l

* . i

n er ( 1 c t cr A c kc r nM n n , n

U g n n ii i nr . ic t ni y l i d

lor N. M. ll. l l . r. Sl

li ir < : . . M n. I i k. ew .H a

A c k k- y . li d U n l i r i ' .

l hi i , l l I ' I I I '

iddleN.rkrl r.

y '

.n .k e r M 7 O l i i . i f

8. W . rthmue 1MMV k -

lorgnn. l . l l ido iirr. H

v i S m in n cl l l . ri u i i y i .

n .y A l. T .1 3 13 \ V n > l i i n ; l n n r .

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ms

ookonmakersofB ritishnineteenth-century

s andheassuredmethat theywerenot

hamdiew ork .

suggestedthattheyweremadeinSt.

ew eresevera ldiesink ersthereatthattime

hams sseveralbusinessandfamilycon-

erylikely.W hereverthemintwaslocated

vebeenj uststartingoutwithtok enproduction

henicetiesof striprolling dieharden-

ssued Therearetw opossible

ta lstorecardorasatradetok en. D uringthe

rdtokensimitatedthe designofcurrentU .S.

0go ldpieces foruseasgamecountersorpok er

ef ferkornhasw rittenof thiseraastheSpie l

hamstokensarestruckin brass arethesame

ece andareevenmarkedw itha" 10 onthe

ey lack boththeLibertyheadandeagle .

s the" 10 muststandfor10cents. Though

his halfdimetokensofGermansilver

sGroceryofSt. L ouisaboutthist ime. C er-

of smallchangealongthefrontier:

A n na l s of P l a tt e C ou n ty M o . no t es u n de r J u n e

mallco inhasa ll le f tthecountryand'shin-plasters

redeemablew hen$5ispresented. 28

ea smallsumcomparedtothecost ofan

n Abrahamsmayhaveneededtokensto

eal etc.j ustastwentieth-centurygeneral

sMik eP fef ferkornhassuggestedtome or

purchasesby hisresidenttrade.Another

as ametalcoupon tobedistributedin

rantstoca llonThePeoplesOutf itt ingStore

scount.

late mypreference isfortheco inshort-

ation.ThoughsomeAbrahamstokensseem

e mightassociatewithgamecounteruse

e heavywearoftenseenonsuchpieces.

muchlikea goldcoin andtheydon tseem

sw emighte pectforcounters. I f theyw ere

thereoughttobemore I ndependencetok ens

eyshouldbefoundthere instead e amples

havecomefromthe I ndependencearea.

intheappendedcorpusof I ndependence

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out10years agoonpropertyoriginallyown-

ioneerD r. L yddallW. Tw yman w holived

erytimeAbrahamAbrahamskepthisstore

locationisw esto f I ndependence closeto

ilpassedonitsw ay totheMissouriR iver.

e la rgecent andearlyglassa lso foundin

D onP arish thoughtthatastoremayhave

50s.2 Thisfindiscertainlymore sug-

ielmarkeuse. Thetokenisinrather poor

mprovedbybeingcleaned withawire

.60 intheappendedW estoncorpus

oundinsomej unk anddonatedtothe

seumin1 78 byanon-co llectingcouplef rom

as. U nfortunately theyareno longeratthesame

78 andhavenotbeenlocatedsothatmore

hamstokensofI ndependenceand

te especia lly fortheWestontokens ita t

haminimumnumberofsurvivors. F orI n-

atleast10 andprobably11different

ppearancesshown ofcourse thereare

ncethanthis.Thiswill necessitatearevi-

estimateof f rom5to8surv ivors. J ohnF ord

tstherarity tobeHighR 6toL ow R 7 on

rabout10to20pieces. Thisseemstometo

ablytoocommontobe countedac-

asthis asmanyareheldin smallercollec-

missed. I ncompleteasit is thecorpus

ast41andprobably44 differentpieces

cesmentioned. Onceaga in B ruceSmith s

ne istenceseemslow thoughI cannot

pecimense ist. How ever otherspecialists

chhighernumbers:SteveTanenbaum

d 1 5 0 or m o re a n d J o h n F o r d R a r i t y 3 " a t

a le or201to500 Myow nguess sub ect

00to150 oraboutthreeto fourtimesthe

I thinkthatthehigherestimatesaredue

concentratein thehandsofafew

emingtobecommonerthanthey reallyare.

uitescarcecomparedtoothertok ensof theperiod.

almintagewithanydegree ofcon-

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ms

AssumingthattheI ndependencetoken

cteristicratio of2% wouldgiveanoriginal

0if10to20piecese ist. Thisw oulde ua l

00if thetokensw ere intendedasdimes

ome.W eareprobablyunlikelytoget any

I favor$ 50faceasamorereasonable

ereminted youmaywellask w hereare

I suspectthatA . M. A brahamsdestroyedthem

hisstore sendingthoseonhandback

w ithhisnew address. Thisw oulde -

highgradepieces.TheW estonpieces on

ostly le f tovers w ithvery few w ornpieces

open suchashorttime.The originalmin-

hesame say500.

ro ectI thoughtthatthehighgradepieces

1860s asthepriceofWestontok ensfe ll

2centsin1884. How ever asaresulto f

deteriorationfor specimensofvarious

atat leastonewell-usedpieceisfroma more

herpieceinnearly uncirculatedcondi-

allAbrahamstokensare originalstrikes

heuncirculated/aboutuncirculatedpieces

that isnotyetclearedup however:

estontok ens. A sstatedearlier there is

brahamsever beinginW eston.Thisis

sincePa ton sA nnalso fP latteC ounty lists

eston yearbyyearfromthe1840s through

msisnevermentionedatall.

rahamstok enshaveadiesink er serror

aregivenas" M. A . insteadof thecor-

t ly thediesink erw asa lsoabeginneratthe

rcarefully layingoutthename" A B R A HA MS

rovertheheadofWashington hene t

. M. sothatthey look edcorrectonthe

forgotthatthisreversedthem ontheactual

enmoreegregiouserror onthesecond

thatA brahamshadastore inWestport

o f1854. Westportistheclosesttow nto I n-

ston isaconsiderabledistancefartherup the

hmorefamousat thistime.Supposethat

C r e a



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eston asseemslik e ly butw henhe

store inWestporthedidsoora lly and

apshadneverheardofW estport—thought

perhapsthediesink ersimplyneglectedtomak e

der andj ustassumedthatWestonmust

nmeant.

thereareanumberofsim ilardiesink er s

tokenseriesofabout10 yearslater.And

tharecordof beingfoundinMissouri

heKansasC ityarea ad acenttoWestport

w allow edupbyKansasC ity Missouri but

. I f thistheory iscorrect then the" Weston

edinWestport Missouri betweenlate1853

omuchhelpinpreparingthispaperthatmyef fortsamounta lmost

ofothersratherthanan originalstudy.F irst anything

okensnecessarilybuildson theresearchofB ruceSmith

Censusof1850recordfor Abrahamsindetail.O fgreatvalue

ocalhistorianR ayMaiero fSibley MO, w hogenerously

sentmarkedcopiesofthe originaldocumentation pro-

SantaF eTra ilA ssociation1 9 3symposium andansw ered

ef ferk ornofSt. L ouismadeaspecia ltriptotheSt. L ouisPublic

ouiscitydirectoriesandcensusrecordsfor1860to18 0

inalsin manycases.SteveTanenbaumlookedupallthe

hiladelphiadirectoriesinhislibraryfor thetimewhen

havelivedthere.J oeL evinecheckedtheP hiladelphiadirec-

ofichefrom1837through1847 andprovideddataonauc-

ens.R ichardD otycheckedtheSt.L ouiscitydirectory

ahamslist ings. PatO ' B rien sresearchonL ouisTappan s

entedinhispaper " J ew ishTradersontheSantaF eTra il "

ssociationsymposium September25 1 9 3 provede treme-

A brahams sactiv it iesinI ndependenceandSt. Louis. Mrs.

ro f theWestonHistoricalMuseum prov idedquotationsf rom

photographs andinformationonthetokensin theircollec-

edmetoconsultthe SuperiorStamp& Coin/A-Marklibrary.

eofthesale ofanAbrahamstokeninone ofhisauctions.And

tors collectors anddealersinmerchanttokenshave

ationontheirholdings goingsofaras toweightheir

heneverpossible verifiedthesourcescited anda ll

myown.

ountainA dventures andaV iew ofOurW esternE mpire

. 2 , p p . 4 5 - 6 .

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P ennsy lvania 1stWard Southw ark C o. o fP hilade lphia

anA.Abrahams anAbrahamAbrahamsandanAbraham

adelphiaC ounty inadditionto f iveotherA brahamsfamiliesw ith

roughoutthestate.F romreviewingthecensusrecordsfor

onlyA.AbrahamsofP hiladelphiaCountyhadchildrenmat-

A brahamsof J ack sonC ounty MO, tenyearslater. Tocon-

Abrahamsofthecensuswith theA.Abrahamsofthe city

esofthoselistedbeforeand afterhiminthecensus were

340S. 2nd(1841directory ; A brahamA brahams 342S. 2nd

ndC has. B . A bernethy NW 2nd& German( 1841directory .

d. L itt leB ook ofE arlyA mericanCraf tsandTrades( New

s e e al s o T h e B o o ko f T ra d es o r L i b r a ry o f t he U s e f u l Ar t s ( P h i la d el p hi a

, p p . 14 - 15 .

reditreportso fL ouisTappan sMercantileA gency

B r i e n i n " J e w is h T ra d er s o n th e S an t a F e T r ai l S T A S ym p os i um

3 .

e n .7 .

0 M i ss o ur i J a c ks o n Co . p . 2 71 .

o ur i J u n e 5 1 8 52 R e g i s tr y o f D e e ds B o o k T p p . 80 0 -8 0 1.

s t J a c ks o n Co . M i ss o ur i M a y 17 1 8 53 R e g i s tr y o f D e e ds

ve n . 8 .

ve n . 8 .

e e d J a c ks o n M i ss o ur i D e c e m be r 1 6 1 8 53 R e g i s tr y o f

p p. 1 1 - 2 0 .

st J a c ks o n Co . M i ss o ur i F e b ru a ry 1 8 1 8 54 R e g i s tr y o f

p p. 2 38 -3 .

s t J a c ks o n Co . M i ss o ur i M a y 1 1 8 54 R e g i s tr y o f D e e ds

3 .

ve n . 8 .

bo ve n .8 .

teesSa leofR ea lE state J ack sonC o. Missouri November

o f D e e ds B o o k W , p p . 25 3 -5 5 .

ve n . 8 .

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el A nA rrangementofTradesmen sC ards P o lit ica lTok ens

Medalets & c. C urrentintheUnitedStatesofA mericafor

s ( N e wY o r k 1 85 8 , p . 6 , p l. 2 .

n . 23 , p . [ 5 .

en A D escriptionof theMedalsofWashington o fNationa l

s andofOtherO b ectsof I nterestintheMuseumof the

1 8 61 , p . 5 1 n o . 11 1 .

n s M e da l s a n d Se a ls A n ci e nt a n d Mo d er n ( N e wY o r k 1 8 61 ,

St o re C a rd ( c i ti n g B a n ke r s H o m e M ag a i n e , T h e

8.

n A nnalso fP latteC ounty Missouri f romitsE x ploration

7 w ithGenealogiesof itsNotedF amilies andSk etchesof its

i sh e d P e o pl e r e pr . e d. ( C a pe G i ra n de a n M O , 1 6 0 .

M i s s ou r i H i s t o ri c al S o ci e ty J o u rn a l S p ri n g 1 9 2 p . 4 c o n-

erSept. 24 1 9 4.

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onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

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piesauni ueplaceinAmerican

ubstitutefor money itfilleda specificneed

merchantsalike andusheredinanew in-

nganddeliveringthese tokensprobably

seventeenthcentury.R outesalesmen

tothe localmerchants tookontheline

ens( manufacturedbyoneof thema or

C hild sorStaunton . I f themerchants

imately18.50perthousandcustomtokens

of hisstockissuesfor$ 6.50orsoper

reali eadecentprofit.Thesewere sold

nitedStates( mainlyNew York andthe

heama ingsuccessofthis merchandising

000differentvarietiesoftokensbeing

ouringofw ellover25 000 000copies

centageofthesetokenswereissuedor

orprivateco llectors( suchasEdw ardGrohand

butthevastma orityof thesevarietiescirculated

eceivedaspecimeninhis pocketchange

chmayhavebeenanaccidenta llossf roma

manyinnovationsincoinageandcur-

ngvariousemergencyspecie.TheCivil

ducedtheC ivilWartok en butother

rmonetarysystem.Thepapermoneyof

partofoureverydaylifethat itishard

stemofpapercurrency ( basically thegreen-

nly135years. Thef irstf ractionalcurrency

ere issuedduringthew ar. Tow ardstheendof the

and nickelthreecentwerestruck.Thenow

dWeTrust w asintroduced eventua lly f in-

ceptthecent. Thef irstbron eI ndian

patterns in1863andachievedgeneral

weepingchangeshavehada lastingef-

arysystem.Wehaveonly mentionedcur-

TheConfederacyissuednumerousforms

rnment state countyandprivateissues.

e" emergency issueshaveneverreceived

cetheydeserve.E venthemetallicissues

houghverylimited areaveryimportant

aosthate istedintheSouth. O necan

kof tokensissuedintheConfederateStates

establishedprivateminterswerelocated

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Concurrentlybanksandmunicipalitiesissued

ndera dollar.Sincethesolvencyofmany

uestionable theyweremistrustedfrom

bettercurrency outofcirculationaccor-

. 4

sticform ofemergencyspeciewasthe

nimitativeofGovernmentcents theyfirst

NewY orkinlate1862.These coppers

earthew eightof thesmallbron ecent met

5I nthespringof 1863theL indenmueller

ork—amillion piecesbeingstruck.6

thenissuedtheKnick erbock erones( manyof

llowingparagraph inq uantitiesinmany

nswereissued— thepatriotictokens

rds. Thepatrioticseries mainly issuedinand

dpatrio ticslogansontheco ins andboreno

ents.Manyofthespecimenswereingeneral

t lypopularI ndiancent. Today a f terf ive

ograph thenumberofpatrioticvarieties

ver1 500toover1 800varieties. 7The

issuedfrom23 statesandalmost300towns.

it ionof " U . S. C iv ilWarStoreCards " 8

ieslisted.Anadditional180 orsonew

onH arrisf romstudiesof theA NSco llec-

hesecondedit ionofF uldin1 75. Others

heC WTSJ ournalovertheyears andw ill

omingthird edition.

fthesmallcent si e( afewwerelargecent

entsi e f lans w erecommonlyacceptedas

rtheva lue w hichwasa lmosta lw aysone

hasi edthatmerchantscouldmak eatidypro-

yswhena centcouldactuallybuy

hecopperva lue inthemw asonly23/100thsofa

ubtedlyasourceof greatreliefand

couldnotberedeemedinquantity forU .

problemthat soonattractedtheatten-

rnment. Hetrich& Guttagstatedthatthe

fNewY orkre uestedL indenmuellerto

okens whichtheyhadacceptedin the

tthishe laughingly refusedtodoso. The

anditisl ikelythatincidentssuchasthis

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vernment.Theoutpouringofbron ecents

restillnot sufficienttosuppresstheCivil

F ina lly in1864 anacto fC ongressfor-

lstoissueany formofmoney.Asfaras

ederalgovernmentdidnottryto press

ainstanyofthedie sinkersbefore1864.10

thathasbeenslowto berecogni edby

rMelv inandmyself contactedScov illMfg. C o.

osee if theyhadany informationontok ens

nineteenthcentury.F ortunately theyhad

dw ardH. D av is w hoservedashistorianfor

sla teninetiesin1 77. Hew asamember

Tandhadak eeninterestinScovil l shistorica l

ttons tokensandmedals.Severalarticles

nC iv ilWarTok ensw erew rittenj o intlyw ith

heNSMintheearly1 50s. D av isa lso

monographabouttheL afayettebutton

arlyScovillrecordsweredestroyedby

830 sandoneinF ebruary1881 D av isin-

mainingrecords werestoredatW ater-

totheL ibraryofC ongress.13I fmemory

eenandthew riterattemptedtov iew the

ry butw ereto ldtheywereunava ilable . R e-

nvener R ichardD oty e licitedthe location

ata thatwereinitiallyatY aleandnow

ssSchoo l sB ak erLibrary inB oston. Whena

w asobta inedinthesummerof1 9 4 there

umesofvariousrecordsofthe 1860-65

withtheaidoftheir researcharchivist

ltedinvo lumesofdecayedleatherdustbutlitt le

intheScovillcollection V olumes7 8 and9 ,

yinvoicingofvariousmerchandisefrom

Thisincludedsuchdiverseproductsas

lesandeagleplates re f lectors rivets buglesand

erprocessingincludedbrass( sof t scrap ova l

rmansilver lead silver springscrapandsheet

ncesto tokensormedalsintheperiod

0 0 0 pa g es .

mismaticentriesstatedthat300copper

o lenofWorcesteronMay5 1864( C OD

C r e a



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pece. D irectevidencee iststhatScov il lmade

oundabouteightdifferentcompletely

artokens wellstruckanduncirculated

enotedengraverJ arv isE. E ll isatthefac-

efo llow ing( a llpatrio tics F uldnos.

1 8 / 2 31 a n d 23 1 /3 9 . 1 6 Th e re w e re s e ve r al

edinthestorecardbook butadil igentsearch

allthem.This listisonlypartially com-

nceandbackgroundof theseuni uemuleshas

hed.Themulesmadenological sense

enfound andtheyareretainedas part

Scov ill . Whenw ee amineda llthere-

v il loverthecourseofsevera lyears it isob-

ro fpieces includingsomeE nglishmedals

etitivesamplesaccumulatedforcomparison.

ftheseScovill issuesarenotnotedin the

mined andw edidnotfee lcomfortableassum-

buttonsasadisguise. Wee aminedw hat

especiallyin1828-30period butfound

.I rememberthatD avisfoundarecord

rishtok enofNew O rleansandmintageatone

locatethisintheHarvardholdings. 17

mes somecompetitors appearrepeated-

cords:

ssilver

dpurchaseofscalesandparts

aterpartnershipwithScovillfor

cturing

se ll& E rw inMfg. C o. buttons

ostondistributorforN. Y . Store

m5 000setsof " w reath

ings[ madetwosidedbrassshe lls

ns B ostonbrassitems

at remainedatScovillinthe early1 50s

visthoughtthatmostwereuselesshistorical-

ghttobe late issues. I ntheearly1 70s B ruce

nsylvaniaH istorica lSocietyhe lpedtodistribute

asearlyas1840w erefound. B ecauseof the

st E . H. D av istriedto f indC iv ilWartok endies

singlediewas found whichmatchesF uld

relativelycommonpatrioticpiecewhichcir-

area . Thisw asamassivedie roundin

ly3 indiameterand4 high. Thetopw as

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ttachmenttotheco iningpress andthedie

ottomsurface— nocollarwasevident.

rik ings(orsplashers f romthedie inlead

thediedisappearedintheearly1 60s a f ter

ca llsee ingadietria lo f the174die inlead

otaw arew here itreposes( seeF uld174/ nc .

waspresentedtotheF uldswithcompany

about1 53- I tdidshow somediscolora-

esurfaceswere intact.

0a.U ndoubtedlya

yissuefromH unt-

t lerissue.

0A -la . Ex tremely rare

manticshowingan

ncoln.

b. A raresutlerissue

a. Scarcemidwestissue

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b

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0A- fo( enlarged . A . Weberissuef romL ouisvil lestruck over

.Arare Maryland

versedie( by

issuedabout1880.

115 - la . Popular

gandinscription

.

0 - 5 f. P o p ul a r

ork show ing

klinstruckinsilver.

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b

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30 - 4 fo . B r o a s P i e

erliberty seated

M s h ow i ng a c ro s s

a525A-le.Coindealer

rank linhead. I n

0 B - 4 e 6 0 C -l a

relatedmerchantissues

Nashv il le possibly

ia8 0G- la. Storecard

ngshow ingf lying

artokensuptothe epicpublicationof

24isinteresting butquitespotty . Thef irst

l ineyE. C hase inthe J ournalo f the

Society in1863. 1 I t l istedsevera lhundred

I nanirregularseria ll ist inginA Nf rom

onymouslist ingof " C opperheads appeared. 20

nauthoredby E dwardGrohorJ .N.T.

er anotheranonymouslist ingof " C iv ilW ar

ott sCoinCollector sJ ournalin1882and

E dgarH. A damspublishedoneinhisC o in

Thisappearedf romA pril1 16through

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ournalw asdiscontinued. TheA damslisting

eplates andte tweretheinitial basis

naddit ion therewereanumberof f ine

glemerchants inTheNumismatistf rom1 12

dgarA damsandWaldoC . Moore. Publication

nsceasedforthemost partwhenH etrich

pearedin1 24. 23Thisw asacomplete list ing

C ivilWarpatrio ticandstorecardsk now n.

eganagain20yearslater whenthene t

eliteratureas aserieswasagroup ofar-

ett inthe1 43and1 44issuesofThe

nginthe1 45NumismaticR ev iew 24

sedboththepatrioticandstore cardseries

wvarietiesandcorrectinglistingsof about

ittleadditionalinformationaboutCivil

aspublisheduntil1 5 w iththeappearance

25

ooksorarticlesa lludetoC iv ilWartok ens

son singleissuers manyofwhichwere

i edpublications.TheseincludeW .S.B aker

a rd K u r th i n 1 4 1 2 7 a nd a c o nt r ov e rs i al a r ti c l eb y

4 3 o n th e S to n er & S h ro y er t o ke n s 2 8 J . D o y l e

; 2 M el vi n an d Ge or ge F u l d ( 1 5 2 th ro ug h 1 5 6 ; ' °

s( 1 4 a nd 1 5 8 ; " R o be rt P . K i n g( 1 2 4

W . T .R . M a rv in ( 1 88 0 ; " a nd D o u gl as W a t so n

asi ethecomplete invo lvementof theCiv il

TS inthefurtheranceofC ivilWartok en

67 theC WTSJ ournalhascontinua lly

usauthors especiallyinregardtodetail-

dualissuer completewithbiographical

willnotdetailtheselistings butreferthe

e esforthe J ournal. TheC WTShasa lso

errataandcorrectionstothe fourthedi-

kina softcovercasing.Alsoincludedin

ie -a -grams by J ack Detw ilerusedfor

es( f irstpublishedintheC WTSJ ournal ,

fmetalcompositionsofmanyofthe

aspioneeredthestudyof thecomposit ion

eCivilW artokens mostlypublishedin

tisinterestingtoreali e thata lthoughcop-

bric brasswasusedformany issues( w ith

C r e a



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mainly intheA lbanyandTroyNew York area.

the1 85A NA convention D r. Wilsonsum-

btainablecharacteristicsof thevariousplan-

k ens.36Thereare listed13( 2typesoc-

dif ferentmeta ltypes e cludingstruck over-

. Thevarious" simple characterist ics

TA S F O R C V I L W AR TO K E NS

( s e e be l ow n . 3 6 .

ndused sparinglyonlyonstorecards andsomemaynot

Table2 arediameterandthick ness( mm ,

rringcharacterist ic co lor(mostusefulonuncir-

touchstoneprocedure magnetism andthe

ficgravityre uiringascalewith atleast

methodtoweighin water.E lectron

eenrunona numberofspecimens but

cost atanindependenttestinglaboratory

smighthavethisdoneatnocost . 37The

dbytheW ilsonpro ectisvoluminous.the

neof themoreinterestingresults.The

materialprev iouslycalled" lead —how ever

sshow thatthebluishtypesw ithano ide

specificgravityof10.0-11.0 whilethe

yz incwithaspecific gravityof7.0-7.3.

rculatedalmoste clusivelyinNewY ork.A

nstruckoverU .S.copper-nickel( C-N

asionsoverU . S. l iberty seateddimes( asw ell

tersandsomeE nglishsilver .

e off-metalenigmaisthatasimple

rerestrucklaterforcollectors isnotvalid.

C r e a



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O L S F O R TO K E NS

tics

tandards

py

metry

e

( s e e be l ow n . 3 6 .

arlydie statesinthevariousoff-metals.

torscontractto haveoff-metalsstruckatthe

e Withthe largeco llectorbaseofC ivil

ybethetimehascometo makeaconcerted

theoff-metalvarieties.Atpresent all

ectedasfullycontemporary( withafew

x ceptionsforinstance aretheuseofaC iv il

raddressesonlyvalid after1865forthe

50yearssince I a ttendedthe1 47A NA

naltruist icladof15. There I mettw o" die-

lJ ack aofOhioandB illW ildofF lorida . They

ngregularU .S.coinswasfrivolous and

rnsandC ivilWarcents. I heededthe iradvice

. S. co llection( itw asn ttoobad in1 4

eJ osephB arnettcollectionofC ivilWar

elfbecameimmersedinthisfield— for

onlyw erethey interesting butthebasecost

sapieceforunpickedpieces.

C r e a



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twiththetokenshasbeenrewarding

throughouttheU nitedStateswithfellow

pethatsomeoftheyoungernumismatistsof

cit ingfie ldofstudy thatisinneedofsome

dgethepioneersofCivilW artoken

don E dgarA dams Dr. GeorgeHetrich

ephB arnettandMelvinF uld. My thank stomycrit ic

B arryTaymanandtomyw ife D orisfor

eB akerL ibraryoftheB usinessAdministra-

rdUniversityandR esearchA rchiv ist L inda

ensiveScovillmanuscriptavailableforstudy.

w iththecooperationof theL ibraryofC ongress

urrent" restingplace o f theScov il lpapers

obertL ovettmanufactureddiesandafewcentsfor use

ot" co ldfeet fearingretalia tionasasympathi er( hisengrav -

uriedthecents( tok ens anddiesuntilw e lla fterthew ar.

" J o h n Ga u lt a n d J . C . A y re s : E n c a se d P o s t a ge M a ke r a nd H i s

R i c h ar d G . D o t y e d . T h e To k en : A me r ic a s O t h e r M on e y C O A C

Y o r k 1 9 5 .

eriodisgenera lly consideredtorunf rom182 toabout1840

nitedStatesandmanyotherbanksfailedcausing ourfirst

SeeE ricP . New man " ThePromotionandSuppressionofHard

ichardG.D oty ed. TheToken:America sO therMoney CO AC

Y o r k 1 9 5 .

atesthatw hensevera lcurrency typesare incirculation the

utthebettercurrency ( orco in .

uliusGuttag C iv ilWarTok ensandTradesmen sStore

A 1 2 4 .

ld P atrioticC iv ilWarTok ens origina llypublishedseria lly

ook Maga ine( C hicago 1 5 ) ; mostrecently therev is-

nhasbeenissuedby theC ivilWarTok enSociety ( 1 9 4 .

v il W a r T o ke n s ( a b o ve n . 6 .

C r e a



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ld U . S. C ivilWarStoreC ards C iv ilWarTok enSociety

a b ov e n . 5 p p . v- v i.

otethattheB rit ishw how eref loodedw ithcopiesofha lf

nthcenturydidnotconsiderissuanceofthese minorcoins

l d E d wa r d H . D a v i s " S u b e c t I n d e o f A d a m s

handGuttag' C iv ilWarTok ensandTradesmen sC ards , " NSM

" A da m s ' U n i te d St at es S to re C ar d I n de , " N SM 1 5 4 p p. 5 37 -4 7.

rdtothe24gold presentationbuttonsforGeneral

vllf o rhisU . S. v isit in1824. Thedie-sink ing( signed w asby

. C . Wright seeE. H . D av is TheL afayettePresentationB ut-

ebu ry C T 1 5 1 .

" T h e Sc o vi l l D i e s — A n Af t er A c ti o n R e p or t " U n p u b li s he d

80 R egistrar P hilade lphiaH istorica lMuseumC ollection( 8pgs.

donthepopularH ardTimestokens L ow46and47 show-

f romtheashes.

ection( HMC , appro . 450vo lumes. B ak erL ibrary H ar-

B oston MA . Quotedbypermission.

ok 8 p g 43 2 M ay 5 1 86 4 as n ot ed .

e istheunlik e lycombinationofahorseandanass. I n

sanunlik e lycombination( usua llyunre lated o f tw odies o f ten

al.

iv a te c o mm u ni c at i on 1 5 2 .

e n . 13 , p . 1.

" C atalogof tokens circulatingduringtherebellionof1861 "

ericanPhilosophica lSociety V o lL X , pp242-258P hilade lphia

yEdw ardGroh " C opperheads A descriptivecata logueof

iccurrency issuedintheseveralStatesof theU nitedStates

nd in g in 1 86 4 " A N V o l . 1 p p. 1 3 2 3 2 , 3 8 4 6 5 2

V o l. 2 p .5 2 V o l .3 . p p .2 4 6 6 V o l. 4 p p. 16 2 4. ( N ew Y o rk

f theR ebell ionTok ens " TheC oinCo llectorsJ ournal V o l.

1 7- 23 4 1- 45 6 0- 70 8 2- 87 1 03 - , 1 13 -1 6 1 2 - 31 1 53 -5 6 1 6 - 76

3 , p p. 7 -1 3 2 2- 25 3 6- 44 5 6- 63 6 5- 6 , 8 - 6 1 04 -1 0 1 21 -2 7

-6 , 187-20 . B asedontheE dw ardGrohco llectionnow atthe

appearedinthef ina lsectionof thearticleonp. 20 " We

theW arofR ebellionTokenswithoutagainthankingMr.

C r e a



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t assistanceinthepreparationofthesepapers withoutthe

onourlistwouldhavebeenfragmentaryandof butsmall

" C i vi l W a r T r ad e sm e n s T o ke n s of O h i o C o in a n d Me d al

p p. 1 - , 2 2- 28 3 - 43 6 2- 68 8 2- 88 9 6 - 1 00 " C i v il W a r

isconsin " CMB 1 ( 1 16 , pp.102-5 117-24 ; " TheCivil

" C M B 1 ( 1 1 6 , p p. 1 35 -3 8 2 ( 1 1 7 , p p. 7 -1 2 2 3- 2 , 3 - 43

s of K e n t u ck y " C M B 2 ( 1 1 7 , p p . 4 3 -4 4 " T h e Ci v il W a r

CMB 2 ( 1 17 , pp.44-45 " TheCivilW arTokensofAlabama "

p .4 5.

a b o v e n . 5 .

SupplementtoC iv ilWarTok ensandTradesmen sC ards " The

. 2 5 4- 5 8 3 7 2 -7 6 4 6 1 - 63 5 4 - 5 1 6 4 3 -4 7 7 2 5 - 27 7 7 - 9 ,

t is t 1 4 4 p p . 33 - 37 1 2 0- 2 2 2 1 3- 1 4 4 1 4- 1 7 6 0 4- 8 " S u p-

k ensandTradesmen sC ards " NumismaticR ev iew 2( 1 45 ,

8 ; GeorgeandMelv inF uld A GuidetoC iv ilWarStoreC ards

1 65 .

M e da U i c P o r tr a it s o f W a sh i ng t on ( P h i la d el p hi a 1 8 85 .

" C iv il W a r To ke ns o f D . . W i ng & C o. " N SM 1 4 1 p p.

A New V iew of theStoner& ShroyerTok ens " The

p . 33 7 -3 .

t t A C e nt u ry o f C am p ai g n B u t to n s 17 8 - 1 88 , ( H a r t f or d C T

uld " MedaU icMemoria lso fF rank lin " TheNumismatist

2 8 " T h e W e al t h of t h e So u th T o ke n s " N S M 1 5 8 p p . 1 7 85 - 2

r B o u tw e ll " T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 5 2 p . 3 5 ; " T h e To k en s

u " T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 5 5 p . 3 3 " T h e To k en s o f th e G re a t

Nu m is m at i st 1 5 2 p . 8 87 .

os " C iv ilWarTok ensof I l l ino is " C hicagoC oinClubA n-

) ; " T he C iv il W a r To ke ns o f I n d ia na " N SM 1 5 8 p p. 1 - 24

12-15 1124-25 1345-48 1548-48.

" L i n co l n in N u mi s ma t ic s " T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 2 4 p p . 55 a n d

mentsappearingTheNumismatistfor1 28and1 33.

heMedalsof theMasonicF raternity ( B oston 1880 .

I l l us t ra t ed G u id e t o W i sc o ns i n Ci v il W a r T o ke n s ( I o l a W I ,

e ad P l a nc he t Ty pe A na ly e d " C W TS o ur na l W i n te r 1 8 8

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ad C W T St or e Ca rd s An al y e d " C W TS J o ur na l S um me r 1 8 , p p.

C haracterist icso fC iv ilWarTok enP lanchetMeta lTypes "

NA C onvention B a lt imore MD , J uly1 85.

es onU .S.coinanalysisbynon-destructivetestingus-

adoneatM. . T . by thewriterinthe late1 50smostlyon

" X - R a y U s e d t o D e t ec t C ou n te r fe i t U . S . Go l d D o l la r s " C W 1 5 4

3 .

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A yer:

mpMak er

onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

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omen mostresponsiblefortheE n-

manufacturedasasubstituteforsmallchange

r: J ohnGault the irinventorandmanufac-

Gault slargestclient. 1

esofwarhavebeentimesof great

ostilitiesgreatlyalterlocaland national

ilW arbroughtaboutvastchangesin the

tion.Citi ensonbothsides ofthecon-

ndsilver andbeforelongtherewasa

circulation.Commercebeganto suffer

sortedtoall mannerofsubstitutesfor

packetswith 25centsworthofflour

paceofquarters. Othermerchantsandin-

eirownpapermoneyin smalldenomina-

e . Thesepromissory " scrip notescould

ssuers.Shoppersfoundthemselveswith

sattheendof theday eachgoodonlyatthe

sopressedintoservice.W hilethesehad

alsohadaseveredrawback:oncesoiled by

beworthlessaspostage.Theadhesiveback-

s.H umidityandmoisturefrompeople s

ostick towhateversurfacetheycamein

stampsinsideprotectiveenvelopes

e outsideoftheenvelope.P rintersand

enbyproducingsmallenvelopeswith

de.W hiletheenvelopesprotectedthe

tect recipientsfrommiscreantswhowould

aresofpaperintheenvelopesandpassthem

et io n

ostonnamedJ ohnGaultdevisedasolu-

ncasedpostagestamp.Gault sinvention

tampswhile stillallowingthemtobe

dona brassdiskwithasmall pieceofcard-

topthestampwasplaceda diskofclear

sf ramew asbentaroundthesandw ich locking

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A yer

. A boutthesi eofaq uarter Gault sen-

stocirculatewithoutfearofdamageor

orhisinventiononA ugust12 1862 and

ntotheScovill ManufacturingCompany.

uldcirculateatthe facevalueofthestamp

er thecostoftheir manufacture( notto

. H isso lutiontothisproblemwasas

soldadvertisingonthebackof thestamp

tapremiumto produceencased

messageontheback.E ventually31mer-

himself wouldadvertise34differentpro-

achpiececarriedits messagefromper-

dhandsinthe marketplace.Gault sadver-

biggestmerchandisersoftheday.Ama -

usinessesarestil l inoperationtoday : theL ord

ore(New Y ork , Shil l ito sdepartmentstore

B a i le y B a n k s & B i d dl e j e we l er s .

stampswereusedinGault sencasements:

1 0 , 1 2 , 2 4 , 3 0 , a nd 9 0 . Th ef ou rs ma ll es td en om in a-

latingcoinsand arethemostcommon.

minationswereusedonlyforpostageand

ff iculttouse incirculation. The24 30 ,

sarevery rare .

a lt imore in1831to I rishimmigrantsJ ohn

nMagee( born17 8 . H ehadtw obrothers

terHenry ( born1827 youngerbrother

andsisterA nn. A round1840thefamilymoved

ultpassedawayin1847.The discovery

dyoungJ ohntoC alif o rnia insearchofhis

nashipsailing aroundtheH ornofAfrica.

Americancountriesalongthe si month

Californiahereturnedto B oston where

op andlivedwithhismotherand 16-year-

amachinist combinedw ithhisentrepenuria l

ntsevera linventions includinga lock stitch

es anil luminatedcoa lho lecover andan

ationheadedtowardthe CivilWar he

aments patentingthreekindsofartillery

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tentdraw ingforaP ro ectile aw ardedto

6 .

onJ uly24 Gaultappliedforthepatent

umismaticandphilateliccirclestoday— a

StampC ase ( f ig. 2 . Thepatentdrawingissti l l

hivesinW ashington.Thedrawingshows

es.Theaccompanyingdocumentation

ars.Theoriginalpatentmodelsomehow

asrecendyso ldatauctionbyB ow ersand

featuresa10cent Washingtonstamp.

ds" J ohnGaultB usinessCard inscript

cardinscribedwiththenameand date

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A yer

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so ldw henhisE ncasedP ostagepatentw as

1862. F ourdayslater onA ugust16th his

now23andemployedasabookkeeper

egimentoftheMassachusettsV olunteers.

dasacapta inonDecember4th 1862. In

ear-oldmotherwasdiagnosedwithinsanity.

edicalcareand hisyoungerbrotheroff

beganmanufacturinghisnewproduct.

ostagestampsproducedwerethosebear-

tor.Thesewereundoubtablycreatedby

ngpieces forhisownbusinessand

rtisingclients.Thesepieceswereinscribed

1 86 2 ( t op a nd " J . G au lt ( b ot to m . T he se

cedinalleightstandarddenominations:

tra ito fF rank lin

rtraitofW ashington

n portra ito f J e f ferson

traitofW ashington( fig.4

portraitofW ashington

lac portraitofW ashington

portraitofF ranklin

ortra ito fWashington

oston itseemsnaturalthatmanyof the

estampswerebasedin Massachusetts.The

C . A yer& C o. o fL ow ell MA . A yermanufac-

. H isproductsw ereusedaroundthew orld.

messagesgracedGault sencasedpostage

icP il ls, A yer sSarsaparil la andTak eA yer s

rethemostcommonofa llencasedpostage

ew EnglandmerchantsissuedGault s

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A yer

orninLedyard C onnecticutonMay5

ersisC ook A yer( bornMay8 17 6 and

nA ugust17 17 2 . H isyoungerbrother

w asbornonD ecember8 1822. Therew eretw o

aurisa .

edin1825 P ersismovedthefamily to

ton whereherfatheroperatedaflannel

hadhisf irstmechanicaltra ininginthemill.

e ll MA to livewithhisuncle J amesC ook .

poralintheWarof1812 hew asamanufac-

arlymayorsofL owell.Asbrother

earslater:

becameac ua intedw ithmy

ohim took himw ithhimto

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mtoWestfordA cademytocomplete

uation J amestook aclerkship

rugstore[ inthesummerof

wi t h U n c le J a m es a n d as U n c l e J a m es

avea lw aysunderstoodthatmy

etosomee tent mak ing

tertaining forbothofwhich

if t. Duringhisle isurehoursin

fto thestudyofthecompoun-

qua lif iedasaphysician. Mr. R ob-

eadingdrugstore inthecity w as

answhichgave J amesarare

amiliarwiththem andmany

dinhimtothee tentof tak ing

unusualcasesoroperations.

tMr. R obbinsJ amespurchas-

erhisown name.

edrugstore inA pril1841. Hew asj ust

sepricew as$ 2 486. 61 w hichheborrow-

aidinthreeyears.As reportedbyF rederick:

amestheneedofsomestan-

anscouldorderfor coughs

waswarmlyapprovedbythe

C herryP ectora l w asgenera lly

complaints.W ithoutother

thedemandinducedhimto

arket.F romthistimethe

marketabsorbedhimso much

unthe drugstore.

0 32year-o ldJ . C . A yermarriedJ osephine

plepurchasedalargehistoricstone

reetastheirresidence.Theyhadthree

nning H enrySouthwick andL esley

ew rote inan185 letter:

asyw oman . . . verygirlishinher

eyliveinan immensestone

uitenice lyandhandsomely but

hisbrotherF rederick w how asmanaging

se N , andinvitedhimtobecomehis

ricksoldhisinterestin thegeneralstoreand

rehebecameaone- thirdpartnerin . C . A yer

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rocesses.H efinancedtheL akeSuperior

I ronC ompany. H eac uiredtimberlands

millsnearby . Hemadetw oj ourneysto

uly3 1878attheageof60. H isdeathwas

yyearsofoverwork ande haustion. He

metery w herehisgrave ismark edbya

rF rederickmanagedthebusinessuntilhis

k C ityandteamedupw ithpartnerJ oseph

stingsindicateK irkpatrickhadbeen

k P lace( acrossf romC ityH allpark since

K irkpatrick& Gaultissuedanencase-

tensivemessagethanGault ssparedesign:

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A yer

gonthiscurrencyto beaddressedto

N o . 1 P a r k P l a ce N Y . ( f i g. 7 .

ncasedP ostageinNewY orkCity:

ny DougantheHatter Drak e sP lantationB it-

L o r d & T ay l or M e nd u m s F a m il y W i n e E m -

aLife I nsuranceC ompany S. Ste infe ld and

eemorew ere innearbyP hilade lphia : J . B a iley

a n d N & G T a y l or C o . Th e N ew E n g l a nd N e w

phia issuersaccountfor22of the34dif ferent

andbymostmeasures over85% of thetota l

s.

ctinseveral newspapers.One suchad

r6 1862New Y ork Hera ld:

L I CCU R R E NC —A P L I CAT O NSfor

onthenewmetalliccurrency

T p a te n te e N o 1 P a r k P l a c e N e w

everalofhisclients inthistimeperiod.

ampsrunninglow andthenew P osta land

sbeginningtoalleviatethecoin shortage

erofE ncasedP ostageStampswere

alsobroughtbadnewsfrom thebat-

pril Gault sbrotherSamuelw ask il ledat

ouisiana.

piecesnowknownasCivilW arTokens

ut sbusiness somuchso apparently that

meofhis businesstosellingthem.O n

efo llowingadappearedinHarper sWeek ly :

N S of C O P P E R . .. T he b es t q u al it y a nd i n

edat$8perthousandby J O H N

r k P l a c e t w o do o rs f r om B r o a d wa y

presspromptlyforwarded.

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t ionsapproachingin1864 theen-

aletterto incumbentAbrahamL incoln

o. 1P ark P lace Gaultw rote:

eorfour millionmedalsin

kenessesofY ourself& Andrew

tandV iceP residentandwanttoget

ocopy f rom ortheone thatyou

ated.I shallgetthemup in

ndmeaLik enessI sha llbehap-

uly9 , 1864 Gaultpublishedthefollowing

k ly :

I C M D A L I O NS or CAM A GN

ccurate lik enessesofcandidatesonmetal

all iccases sentmymail 15cents

o en. L iberaldiscountstothetrade.

ho lesa leby JO H NGA UL T No.

o r k.

nbuttonsweremanufacturedinasimilar

gestampencasements.Allbearhis patent

62 ( f i g. 8 .

gsforGault areincompleteafterthewar.

his occupationenigmaticallyas" O il .

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A yer

8 Gault smotherpassedaw ay inaB oston

yearheappearsin thedirectoryat71

i uorbusiness.

r-o ldGaultmarriedthe42year-oldP amela

A pr i l 15 1 8 28 , a n a ti v e of E a s t W i nd s or C on -

ochildren. J ohnGaultapparentlysettl-

essfortheresto fhiscareer. Hecontinued

roadw ayaddressuntil18 3 w henhewas

tensively spendingmanyoftheirwinters

. F rom18 8they livedattheMurrayHill

venue.

h il l ne s s G a ul t d ie d o n Ma r ch 1 , 1 0 0 a t

. Thecauseofdeathwaschronicnephrit is or

sinthe livesofthetwomenwho were

eissueof E ncasedP ostageStampsdur-

ohnGaultandJ amesCook A yerbothlost

ngadulthood.Theywerebothtinkerers

hardtoearntheir fortunesatanearly

atein life.Theyeachforesawaneedin the

edandso ldaproductto f i l lthatneed w hile

advertising.

mpsw ere j ustonesmallaspecto f the irrespec-

theyw ere j ustonemorepieceofadvertising

tehis vastbusinessenterprise.F orGault

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ntionandbusinessventureamongmany.

s theyareoneco lorfulcomponentof the

nage.

ontheresearchef fortso fR obertKinca id w how ork ed

ginalcensusdata deathrecords obituaries andother

onale pense. H eandF redL . R eedI I I directedmyef forts

cLibrary TheNew- ork HistoricalSociety andtheP rinceton

ispro ectw asmy introductiontothew orldofnumismatic

ratefultothesetwogentlemenforthe opportunitytohelpand

othankthe AmericanNumismaticSocietyfortheirkind

C OA C 1 9 4. QuotationsascribedtoF rederick A yerare

ncesofF rederick A yer( B oston 1 23

ascompiledf romHarper sWeek ly November6 1862

uly9, 1864 andTheC ommonwealthofMassachusetts

Sa ilorsandMarinesintheCiv ilWarP eriod vo l. 4( Nor-

-Thestandardreferenceforencasedpostagestampsiscurrently

dD av idQ. B ow ers TheStandardCata logueofEncasedP ostage

N H , 1 8 ) . I t w i ll s o on b e s up p la n te d b y R e e d s f o r t hc o mi n g

asedStamps TheI ssuersandTheirT imes.

ucetheillustrationsincluded herein theauthorisgrateful

I ( f ig s. 1 4 ; R o b er t K i n ca id ( f ig s. 6 -7 ; a nd Q . D a vi d B o we rs ( f i g s.

l lustrations(f igs. 2-3 5 , aref romtheauthor sco llection.

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onference

ticSociety New York

4

maticSociety 1 9 5

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offeredtwo1785Confederatiocoppers

mallcircle( f ig. 1 , andtheotherw iththe

g. 2 . Theco insw erehighgradeandtheprice

ccordingtothe" R edB ook thepricew asvery

dw asapamphletonStruck C opiesofE ar-

onfederatiocentsweredescribedon

c h a rd D . K e n ne y s a id t h at i n 1 86 3 J o h n A.

MA struck tw oofeachtype insilverand40

oyedthedies. Thediesw erenice lymade w ith

mthegenuinecoins.To makecertainthat

k enforthegenuinee amples B o lenplac-

A NN Sasasecretmark . Thismark w as

feredtome( f ig. 3 .

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nTokens

eownerof thetwopiecesandhe lowered

5.00each—whichseemedreasonable.There

mycollection andsomeofthemwere

startedtocollectthem— nottoo

heycamealong.

asthefirstin anewseriesofW ayteR ay-

c to r s o u rn a l ( V o l . 1 , N o . 1 , i s s u ed i n 1 5 2 .

w asparto f theyearly subscriptionat$3. 00per

opiesstruckfromdies butK enney

ecopies.ThecopiesofC.W yllysB ettsand

meroustomentionhereandare deserving

neof theco insstruck byB ettsw astheNew

of theF ugiocent w hichconta inednarrow rings

son theoriginalcoins.

eandstruck 65B arC ents 40HigleyC op-

s 40New Y ork L iberNatusE agles and40

piecesand brasse ampleswerestruck

anymulesw eremadebymi ingthedies.

toothers whomadeadditionalcopies.

co indealer( a lsobank er brok er etc. f rom

ck manycopies includingtheNonV iV irtuteV ici

rasherD oubloon New E nglandTok en and

medals. Onepiece theWashingtonC ent

obeacompletefabrication asnoorigina lis

hilade lphiaco indealer issuedcopiesof the

arandB alt imorePenny . Thesew erecerta in-

becauseheplacedhisadvertisementon

dsw asaseriouscoinco llectorinNew York .

he17 6H alfC ent w ithpo le . Whenhedied

lbut12piecesw eredestroyed. Hea lsostruck

C O L U M B I A / N O V A C O N S T L L A T O p ie ce s

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ok 3butK enneywasnotableto f ind

ick eson authorof theA merican

hilade lphia 185 ) , in185 struck copies

ge Tok ensandlatermadecopiesof theU . S.

ollarwasstruckforthe 1876Centennial

menswerestruckinsilver.The dieswere

als andthereislittle chanceofconfus-

eac uiredbyThomasL . E lder a famous

aterbyR obertB ashlow w hostruck

shlowalsoboughtthediesfor theCon-

uckthousandsoftheminmanydifferent

hedieshadbeenusedbyHa elt inetomak e74

endamagedbystrik ingthemw ithana e.

how allo f thedamage. ThediesfortheC on-

tdamaged how ever itmaynotbepossible

Dick eson sandB ashlow srestrikes.

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nTokens

ngland firmofK ettle& Sonsmadecopper-

1803U. S. Q uarterE aglesandH alfEagles

g. 5 . Theyw erenotmadetodece ive because

w a s pl a ce d a t th e r ig h t of t h e da t e ( f i g . 6 . O n

een removedandmaybeconfusing( see

r o vi d en c e R I , d e al e r h a d co p ie s o f th e 1 77

madein1 36( f ig. 7 . H ehadhisinitia lsH. M. G.

w avebelow How e sbattleship( f ig. 8 .

o fearly coinsistheP ineTreeShil ling.

yfirms includingW hiteheadandH oag

I nternationa lSterlingC ompany (f ig. 9 ) , and

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esofthe1788MassachusettsCentand H alf

w erenice lydone andEmersonhadatiny " E "

ntof theheadof the I ndian(f ig. 11 .

byC . Wy lly sB ettsw astheNew Haven

ugioC ent. Thisw asmadef romdiescopiedf rom

nterlockingringsaremuchnarrowerin

originals.

madeby ThomasWyatt oftheNew

pence(f ig. 12 . U nabletoobta inactua lcoins

WyattfurnishedacopyofF e lt s183 book

y 4whichinturn wascopiedfrom

inage publishedin1763. F e ltcarriedoverthe

o lk estoaddshadingtothe il lustrations.

engraverfa ithfully copiedeachline andtheyshow

coinsstruck f romhisdies( f ig. 13 Wyatt

includingtheOak TreeShil l ingand

reeSi pence Threepence andP ennyandthe

itse lfa fabrication . 6

weentheoriginalcoinsandthese copies

swerestruckto furnishe amplesofthe

s isalsoshownbythe personalmarks

semarksmadeiteasy todifferentiatebet-

copies. O fcourse themark scouldbe

K E T T E " o n o ne c o in b u t an h o ne s t ef f or t

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nTokens

deB ook ofUnitedStatesC o ins 47threv . edit ion K enneth

la W I , 1 9 4 , p . 37 .

" Struck CopiesofearlyA mericanC oins " TheC oinC o llec-

n. - e b. 1 5 2 p p. 1 -1 6.

beE arlyC oinsofA merica( B oston 1875 , p. 316.

A nH istorica lA ccountof theMassachusettsC urrency ( B oston

sitep. 248.

lesofE nglishSilverandGoldC o ins( L ondon 1763 , pl. 30

TheSecreto f theGoodSamaritanShil l ing A NSNNM142( New

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cSocietyistobe commendedforstag-

nceon" TheTok en: A merica sO therMoney "

ardDotyof theSmithsonianI nstitution

hetimingoftheconferencewas e q uisite

olvingintoone ofthemostactiveand

mismaticdisciplines andj usttw omonths

StandardCatalogofU nitedStatesTokens

ecttow ardw hichmypersona le f fortshavebeen

s.1This papere aminestheroleofthe

enturies.

k enisameta ll icsubstituteforgovernmentcoinage

advertising.Therearesomanye cep-

hisbasic rulethatintriguingdebatecould

mantics.

ns atokeniswhateverwechooseto

ememberingthatthelinebetweentokenand

Sometimeseventheline betweentoken

bemadeofmetalto deservethatterm.

reusuallyconsideredtokensrather than

mple andtechno logy inthenineteenthcen-

vulcaniteandothersubstancesto the

eather mother-o f-pearlandothernon-meta llic

ts f romtimetotime try tonarrow the

.Manysaya tokenmustbe" worth

k en. F ore ample itmustbe" goodfor

oneride onebusheloronetask . Theyoverlook

onofstorecards. Wehavenoob ectionto

causeweknowtheyarewell-intended—

age.Numismatistscaninfluenceit butonly

tancecan constrictit.Thisauthorhas

eologicalorsemanticeffort inhistoken

ring" useful to" pure . O neq ualityatok en

issetinconcrete : atok enmustnothavebeen

ranyclear legaltenderpurpose.

nsinAmerica

e lvesthattheEnglishco loniesinA merica

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0 0

tokens intheearlyeighteenthcentury.

edifferent.

l i a t ionprecededourow ninthisactiv ity

icantlacosandpilonesmayhaveappeared

arrativeaccountsinC hileandP erumention

teenthandseventeenthcenturies. Me ico

tetlacosandpilonesby1753. My1 9 2

canTok ens1700-1 20setsforthsourcedata

dStatesdidprecedeCanadain tokenis-

ationalisticcomfortthatmayaffordus.O ur

ohavebeentheR igault& D aw sonbrass

unty V irginia bearingdates1714and

eforwhichtheso-ca lled" Gloucestershil l-

k now n butitmayhavebeenatobacco

airly goodacceptancewasthe1737

uelH igleyofGranby Connecticut.

-datedMotthalfpenny tok enhaslongbeen

rsttruetradetoken butresearchinrecent

therits murkyprovenance.I tmaywell

807( f ig. 1 .

teenthcentury Americawasinfected

tok encra e w hichmayaccountforthe

bo t A l lu m & L e e o f Ne w Y o r k a s w el l a s th e

gtoncoppersdatedasearlyas 1783( though

eriod17 1to1820 .

heseeighteenthcenturyissuestobe part

nstory.The 1766-datedcoppersofThe

dTradestruck by JamesSmitherofP hilade lphia

ne betweencoin tokenandmedal.

etouseas thebeginningdateforthe

America.E nglishimmigrantR ichard

makingbusinessinNewY orkCitythat

irm inB irm ingham E ngland begane porting

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chasthose ofTredwellK issamandC.&

reintendedto— anddid—serve duty

nceshigherdenominationcoinswereim-

ansilver" bits ( 121/ 2cents , butinthemain

heU. S. Mintf rom17 3onw astheob ect

acksoniandemocracyledin1833toa

ok enmak ing. I thasbeenestimatedthatin

dofallcoppercentsin circulationwere

struckcents.

and metalliccontent—startedchanging

1period.R eplacingthecopper" cents

orbit im itations severa lvaria tionsnow

sthe dominanttokenmetal andimita-

10and$ 5go ldco insstartedtoappear

ibertyH eadorEagleD isplayeda longw ith

ftentheywereissuedwithreedededges

kingtofurther enhancethesimilarity.

dbeenusedsparinglyastokensasearly

re uentthroughtheendof theHardT imes

rusagewidenedfrom1845on. Agreatmany

ution butremarkablestrideshavebeen

s especiallysincewenumismatistsarecon-

ithtradesfornamematches.B y

meanevery tradef romsilversmithandgunsmithto

cutlerandclockmak er.

ck el w hitemeta landvariousbron esw ere

fer1845 a longwithsilverandlead. E ven

mostprobablycreatedasvanitypiecesfor

y.

tatesMintchangedthe largecoppercentto

andbannedfurtherlegaltenderstatus

esq uick ly fo llow edthe2 mmto1 mm

tq uantitiesofworn-outSpanishsilver

ecounterstampingactivity.

though sawlessmonetaryusagefor

sreignedsupreme.Atleast thosepieceslarger

mofferedasmoneysubstitutes.B utin1858

red: 1 mmcoppercent-si ed" store

cagoandelsewherewhichnotonlyimitated

reversebutpassedcurrentas privatecents.

owedtheCivilW artoken.

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0 0

mericanhistoryhavetheneedfora

nabsolute becausethereigningauthori-

ea circulatingmediumofsmallchange

commerce.

eColonial/ arlyR epublicanera and

etw eentheStates. I nthef irst instancethe

rita infa iledthe irsub ectsinA merica

epeoplebeganhoardinghardcurrency

n1862. Withinayeartherewasnoonew ill-

almeventhough theMintremained

tesforsmallchangeappeared from

chits topostagestamps bothencased

mmercedemandedsomethingmore

mallcentsofcopper brass etc. appearedin

illionCivilW artokensmusthavebeen

whereastherehadbeenperhaps10

nsinpublichands in1837.

tiesofC iv ilWartok ensarecataloged mak -

periodoftokenissuancein Americauntil

1864cutoffmostfurther tokenissuance

ssovere ignco inagerightw asactua llybe ing

e pansionofunbackedmoneysupply.

rca

bannedtheuseof tokensasmoney

tter inAmericainthe nineteenthcen-

dthantheydid anywhereelseintheworld.

nterstampedcoinskeptappearingwellinto

dealsosaw vulcanitestorecards " she llcards

arsordouble eaglesmadeofembossedmetal

cks , andsomethingq uitenew the" trade

w asautil ita rianemission" goodfor a

s 1 2 1 /2 c e nt s a c o rd ( o f wo o d , a m e al o r

B il l ia rdtableandsa loonf i turemanufac-

pply the ircustomerswithtokens andthe

etokenswhichappearedin thelast30

nturyis q uitelarge.Thisareaofattribu-

dby scholarsineverystateof theU nion

eties alreadydocumented.I nmostcases

esappeartohavebeen small—perhaps

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butitre uireslitt le imaginationtoreali e that

ssibleissuers thenumberofpiecesin

usthavebeenstaggering.

nuedto beissuedaftertheCivilW ar

the1876CentennialF airinP hiladelphia

nEx positioninC hicago.

onofaluminumtotokenmanufacture

ndby theturnof thecentury thecheap beautiful

ndedtokenusageevenfurther.

nearlyA merica( before1840 , tok ensw ere

Documents

The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty