The Tissue Level of

Organization

Chapter 4

Tissues of the Body: An Introduction TissuesHistology

4 basic types of tissues 1. Neural 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Epithelial

Epithelial Tissue Includes

epitheliaglands

5 important characteristics 1. Cellularity2. Polarity3. Attachment4. Avascularity5. Regeneration

Functions of Epithelial Tissue 1. Provide Physical

Protection 2. Control Permeability 3. Provide Sensation 4. Produce Specialized

Secretions

Specializations of Epithelial Tissue Movement of fluid over the

epithelial surface (protection or lubrication).

Movement of fluid through the epithelium (permeability).

Production of secretions (protection or chemical messengers)

Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia Intercellular Connections

Tight junctionsGap junctionsDesmosomes

Maintaining the Integrity of EpitheliaIntercellular ConnectionsAttachment to the Basal LaminaLamina lucidaLamina densa

Maintaining the Integrity of EpitheliaIntercellular ConnectionsAttachment to the Basal Lamina

Maintenance and Repair

Classification of Epithelia 1. Squamous Epithelia2. Cuboidal Epithelia3. Columnar Epithelia4. Transitional epithelia 5. Glandular Epithelia

Classification of Epithelia 1. Squamous Epithelia2. Cuboidal Epithelia3. Columnar Epithelia4. Transitional epithelia 5. Glandular Epithelia

3 methods of glandular secretion 1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine

Exocrine glands 3 types of secretions

1. Serous glands 2. Mucous glands 3. Mixed exocrine glands

Exocrine glands Also be classified by

structure 1. multicellular 2. unicellular

Three characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands 1. Structure of the duct2. relationship between

ducts and glandular areas

3. Shape of secretory portion of the gland

Connective Tissues Three basic

characteristics1. Specialized cells2. Extracellular protein fibers3. A fluid, extracellular

ground substance

Specialized functions of connective tissues Structural frameworkTransporting fluids and dissolved

materialsProtecting delicate organsSupporting, surrounding and

connecting other tissuesStoring lipidsDefense against invading

microorganisms

Classification of Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue dense connective tissue

Fluid connective tissues blood lymph

Supportive connective tissues cartilagebone

8 basic types in connective tissue proper1. Fibroblasts2. Macrophages 3. Adipocytes 4. Mesenchymal

cells

5. Microphages 6. Mast cells7. Lymphocytes

8. Melanocytes

3 types of fibers 1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular

Loose connective tissues 3 types

1. reticular2. adipose3. areolar

Dense connective tissues Second type of

connective tissue proper 3 kinds of dense

connective tissue 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic

Fluid Connective Tissues Blood

3 types of formed elements

1.erythrocytes2.leukocytes3.Platelets

Lymph

Supportive Connective Tissues Cartilage

Cartilage grows by 2 mechanismsInterstitial Appositional

3 major types of cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage

Supportive Connective Tissues Cartilage Bone

Membranes Four types of

membranes1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial

The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body Superficial fascia Deep fascia Subserous fascia

Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

Neural Tissue 2 kinds of neural cells

NeuronsNeuroglia

Neurons are made up of 3 parts 1. Cell 2. Dendrites 3. Axon

Tissue Injuries and Repair Inflammation

process of inflammation occurs in several stages

Regeneration

Aging and Tissue Structure Speed and effectiveness of tissue repairs decreases as people age

Aging and Cancer Incidence Rates increase with age1 in 4 people #2 cause of death