The three different microbes are: Bacteria Virus Fungi

Touching infected materials-chicken pox Contaminated food-salmonella Droplets from a sneeze-common cold Infected water-typhoid Through wounds-aids Through a natural opening-flu Through a bite-malaria Contact with animals

Infectious diseases are spread in various ways like through the air, via food and water or contact with infected people.

Microbes have to enter our bodies before they can do any harm.

The body prevents microbes entering the body as the skin stops it from going in.

stomach acids kill some microbes that are swallowed. If microbes somehow get past all this for example

through a cut , your immune system spring into action.

BACTERIA BACTERIA How to prevent it:How to prevent it:

Heat food before eatingHeat food before eatingDo not under cook foodDo not under cook foodCover your mouth when you sneeze or coughCover your mouth when you sneeze or coughWash your hands after coughing or sneezingWash your hands after coughing or sneezing

They are living things. They are found in most places like food, clothes,

air, everyday life etc. Some are harmless but others causes disease They attack the body or release poisons making

you ill. However, diseases can be neutralised.

They multiply inside a living cell. Eventually the bacteria takes over the cell and turns it into more bacteria. Then the cell wall bursts open and the bacteria particles escape and infect other cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is the founder of bacteria. During the 1660s he started to grind glass lenses to make better magnifying lenses so he could examine the weave of cloth more easily. No-one knows why he looked at a sample of pond water, but he did, and saw that it was teeming with tiny living things.

the plague tuberculosis whooping cough tetanus salmonella pneumonia diphtheria tetanus

Antibiotics- overuse of antibiotics make it worse and they have no effect on viruses. But they can kill bacteria and fungi.

Heating food-kills bacteria as they cannot survive high temperature. Beware: under cooked food can give you food poisoning.

Vaccination – doctors give you vaccination to neutralise/immune sickness.

White blood cells- they gobble up the Microbes. They also produce anti- bodies

Antibodies- they neutralise the microbes, the poisons and the toxins. They also make the microbes clump together so more gets gobbled up by the white blood cells. If you already have chicken pox, the anti - bodies make you not get them again.

Your skin helps to keep bacteria out of your body. If bacteria can enter through a cut they can cause infection. One of the most serious infection that comes from soil is called Tetanus. Washing cuts thoroughly and keeping them clean while they heal prevents infections.

Vary in shape No distinct nucleus Cell wall Can reproduce quickly Can produce poisons ( toxins )

VIRUSESVIRUSESHow to prevent it: How to prevent it:

Avoid contact with ill people, Avoid contact with ill people, Wash up properly, Wash up properly, Stay away from animals with rabies (even if they are Stay away from animals with rabies (even if they are your pets), your pets), Get vaccinations against yellow fever, malaria etcGet vaccinations against yellow fever, malaria etc

Viruses are much smaller than Bacteria but reproducing in the same way and at the same speed. They multiply inside a living cell. Eventually the virus takes over the cell and turns it into more viruses. Then the cell wall bursts open and the virus particles escape and infect other cells.

How and when viruses were How and when viruses were discovereddiscovered The very first virus was

discovered in St. Petersburg Academy of Science on the 12th February 1892 by Dmitri Iwanowsk (1864-1920), a Russian botanist. While studying a disease, he found that what was causing the disease was small enough to pass through a filter used to catch bacteria.

hand foot and mouth disease hepatitis influenza measles mumps rabies smallpox chickenpox warts yellow fever

All about viruses-treatments

Serum-gives artificial antibodies Cholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine Memantine

The body’s reaction to viruses

After two to twenty one days there is vomiting and diarrhoea. There is a rash between the third and eighth days, and there may be a change in the mental state.

Other features about viruses

Classed into two groups The groups are DNA and RNA There are three types of RNA: messenger RNA,

ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA. DNA is a double helix molecule formed from

two interwoven strands. A man’s and a woman’s.

All about viruses-treatmentsThe treatment depends on the type of virus, but here are

some for general viral illnesses: Symptomatic treatment - heals the symptoms Antivirals Acyclovir InterferonMost children with viral illnesses get better without

treatment but they could take: Antivirals Palliative treatment Supportive care - Some people may need hospitality

and care, mostly very young people and older people

FUNGIFUNGIHow to prevent it:How to prevent it:

Washing your feet every day. Washing your feet every day. Drying your feet completely, especially between your toes. Drying your feet completely, especially between your toes. Wearing sandals or shower shoes when walking around in Wearing sandals or shower shoes when walking around in locker rooms, public pools, and public showers. locker rooms, public pools, and public showers. Wearing clean socks. If they get wet or damp, be sure to change Wearing clean socks. If they get wet or damp, be sure to change them as soon as you can. them as soon as you can. Letting your feet breatheLetting your feet breatheWearing clean, cotton underwear and loose-fitting pants. Wearing clean, cotton underwear and loose-fitting pants. Keeping your groin area clean and dry. Keeping your groin area clean and dry. Changing out of wet swimsuits instead of lounging around in Changing out of wet swimsuits instead of lounging around in them. them. Wearing clean, cotton underpants. Wearing clean, cotton underpants.

All about fungiAll about fungi

Fungi comes in all different shape and sizes. I.e. mushroom, toadstool, mildew, and mould.

Fungi can be eaten but if you picked the wrong fungi it can poison you. E.g. Fungi are in mushrooms, toadstool, mildew and mould are all kinds of fungi.

it releases spores to reproduce

In 1969, an American biologists Whittaker, recognised that fungi are different from other eukaryotes in many essential aspects so he designated them to a different kingdom. Whittaker’s clarification of the system attempted to put organisms in kingdoms that more than nearly resembled its relatives. There are two types of fungi, the mushrooms and bacterial. The mushrooms grows in the dark moist places. The bacterial fungi grows mostly on the foot. It is very unpleasant stuff that contains pus and rotted flash. It has a very unpleasant texture that is like mashed potato.

Illnesses you can get from fungi

Ringworm Athletes foot Dermatophyte moulds Yeasts Non-dermatophyte moulds Cryptococcus Candida

Treatments to fungi Vaccinations Hand lotions for nail diseases Antibiotics made of mould Anti-fungals Creams Vitamins Omega 3 Normal antibiotics

The body’s reaction to fungi

Makes you sick and gives you diseases, if the wrong one is eaten or even touched as it is poisonous and if it gets into your body (through your digestive system or through an open cut) it can kill you or at the very least make you ill.

Interesting facts about fungi

Fungi grows in a dead or living things. Fungi can grow over night, especially after raining. Spores from fungus are found up in space and the air. There are about 100,000 different types of fungus. Autumn is a good time to find fungus because the soil

is still warm so they can grow. Magic fungus are often featured in fairy tales as

toadstools. Yeast is a fungus

The white blood cell changes its shape to engulf microbes and digest them.

It also sends out antibodies which clump microbes together so it is easier to gobble or ‘engulf’ them down.