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The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

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Page 1: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

The Thirty Years’ War

(1618-1648)

The Thirty Years’ War

(1618-1648)

Page 2: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

1618-16481618-1648

Page 3: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power in the Holy Roman Empire that was weakened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Page 4: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Religious divisions:

Protestant & Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire form religious groups to defend their interests.

Causes of the Thirty Years WarCauses of the Thirty Years War

Page 5: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Political divisions:

Austrian Habsburgs in the HRE wanted a stronger monarchy and reverse Protestant gains.

German states wanted to retain their rights and resisted a unified nation.

Causes of the Thirty Years WarCauses of the Thirty Years War

Page 6: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

International interference:

France opposed any policy that would create a stronger Holy Roman Empire.

Lutheran kings of Denmark & Sweden were prepared to defend Protestant interests in the HRE

Causes of the Thirty Years WarCauses of the Thirty Years War

Page 7: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Phases of the Thirty Years’ War

The Bohemian Phase:Religious/Political 1618-1622

The Danish Phase: Religious/Political 1625-1629

The Swedish Phase:Political/Religious 1630-1635

The French Phase:(International Phase)

Political 1635-1648

Phases of the Thirty Years’ War

The Bohemian Phase:Religious/Political 1618-1622

The Danish Phase: Religious/Political 1625-1629

The Swedish Phase:Political/Religious 1630-1635

The French Phase:(International Phase)

Political 1635-1648

Page 8: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Ferdinand II became King of Bohemia (with assistance from Spanish Habsburgs.)

Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.

The Bohemians hated him.Religious freedoms that had

been given to Lutherans & Calvinists were revoked.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622(modern day Czech Republic &

Slovakia)

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622(modern day Czech Republic &

Slovakia)

Page 9: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor

1619-1637

King of Bohemia

1617-1619,1620-1637

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor

1619-1637

King of Bohemia

1617-1619,1620-1637

Page 10: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants
Page 11: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Defenestration of Prague: May 1618 Two of King Ferdinand’s officials were thrown out of a window in Prague during negotiations with Protestant officials. This action was view as an attack on the king and war ensued.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Page 12: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

70 feet up

Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague

Page 13: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Results:

Bohemia revolts and names a new king, Frederick V who is Protestant.

Ferdinand II borrowed an army from Bavaria.

Catholic League and Spanish Habsburgs offer support to defeat Frederick V and the Protestant League.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Page 14: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Results:

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired other regions to rise up against the Holy Roman Empire, but Bohemia becomes Catholic.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Page 15: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Frederick V

King of Bohemia1619-1620

Frederick V

King of Bohemia1619-1620

Page 16: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Page 17: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Ferdinand II tried to end all Protestant resistance in the Holy Roman Empire.Ferdinand hires Albrecht von

Wallenstein of Bohemia to lead the army.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Page 18: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Albrecht von Wallenstein Albrecht von Wallenstein

Page 19: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

King Christian IV, Protestant leader of Denmark, intervenes to defend fellow Protestants in Northern Germany. He was supported financially by the Netherlands and England.Wallenstein scores major

victories and defeats Protestants in north.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Page 20: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

King Christian IV of Denmark

Page 21: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Edict of Restitution (1629):– Restored to Catholics all lands lost

since 1555 Peace of Augsburg.– Deprived all Protestants, except

Lutherans, of their religious and political rights. Calvinism is outlawed.

German princes feared Ferdinand who fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

Page 22: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Edict of Restitution (1629):

Page 23: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Danish Phase

Page 24: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Alarmed by the Catholic victories, Protestants in the HRE, Dutch (Netherlands), and French turned to the Lutheran King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus.

France, under Louis XIII, supported the Lutherans in an effort to weaken the power of the Habsburgs in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Page 25: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Gustavus AdolphusKing of Sweden

Page 26: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire to support fellow Protestants.

Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein and sought the help of Spain.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Page 27: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Swedish forces defeat Wallenstein and HRE forces in a series of decisive battles.

Sweden liberated territory Protestants lost in Danish phase. Ended Habsburg hopes of reuniting HRE under Catholicism

Adolphus dies in Battle of Luetzen (1632)Swedish advance was stopped.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Page 28: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

German princes still distrusted Ferdinand II.

Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

Edict of Restitution was also revokedSouthern Germany remained Catholic

Page 29: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Swedish Phase

Page 30: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Death of Gustavus Adolphus prompted France to intervene on the Swedish side.

Louis XIII of France wanted to weaken both the HRE & Spain.

Sweden and the Netherlands provided support.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Page 31: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Louis XIII of France

Page 32: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

The French Phase: 1635-1648

Religious issues become secondary to political.

The French Phase: 1635-1648

Religious issues become secondary to political.

Page 33: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

• This phase was most destructive! 8 million dead in the HRE 1/3 of the

population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

German towns decimated, farms were burned.

Agriculture collapsed famine resulted.

German commerce was destroyed. Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

Page 34: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

Page 35: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Ferdinand III

Holy Roman Emperor in 1637. He hoped to make peace with France & Sweden, but the war continued 11 more years until 1648.His decisions led to the decline of imperial power in the Holy Roman Empire.

Page 36: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Political Provisions:Each German prince became free

from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.

The United Provinces [Dutch Netherlands] became officially independent. Southern part remained a Spanish possession. {Spanish Netherlands]

France received most of the German speaking province of Alsace.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Page 37: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Sweden acquired territory in Sweden acquired territory in Northern Germany on the Baltic & Northern Germany on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.Black Sea coasts.

Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.

State of Brandenburg acquired important territory in central Germany & on the North Sea. (will later become Prussia)

Page 38: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

Religious Provisions:Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Page 39: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

1688-1700

Page 40: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). 1618-1648 The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants

HRE was weakened. Many Protestants felt betrayed. The pope denounced it. France emerges as power in Europe. European economy was weakened. Only merit: it ended the fighting in a

war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy with the Peace!

Nobody Was Happy with the Peace!


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