The Thirteenth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Methods XIII)

4 August 2008University of Leeds

Progress in geolinguistics: What has been made possible using a computer?

Chitsuko FukushimaNiigata Women’s College, JAPANE-mail: fukusima@elle.nicol.ac.jp

Inspired by lectures at an international symposium The National Institute for Japanese

Language held its 14th international symposium, for the first time on dialectology, entitled as “Geolinguistics around the World”, on August 22-23, 2007 in Tokyo.

Current Trends in Geolinguistics around the World (Day 1) and Application Techniques of Linguistic Atlases (Day 2)

Lectures by Asian and western geolinguists

Invited speakers and topics at the symposium Japanese Geolinguistics: Takuichiro Onishi (The National Institute for

Japanese Language) Korean Geolinguistics: Lee Sang Gyu (The National Institute of the

Korean Language) Chinese Geolinguistics: Iwata Ray (Kanazawa University) German Geolinguistics: Joachim Herrgen (The University of

Marburg) English Geolinguistics: Heinrich Ramisch (The University of

Bamberg) Catalan Geolinguistics: Maria-Pilar Perea (The University of

Barcelona) Glottograms: Shinji Sanada (Osaka University) Dialectometry: Hans Goebl (University of Salzburg) Comments: Chitsuko Fukushima (Niigata Women’s College) and

David Heap (The University of Western Ontario)　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Cf. Chitsuko Fukushima and David Heap 2008

Aims of making linguistic maps and various techniques

The geolinguistic surveys around the world vary partly due to the differences of aims or reasons to make linguistic maps.

Two main aims: To decide a dialect boundary or demarcate the

area To read a history from geographical distributions

on a map

Linguistic maps have been made for either reason or a combination of both.

From computers to information technology The beginning:

Computer-assisted map making GLAPS 1978, SEAL 1983 Correct, fast and easy to reanalyze data; later,

graphically more beautiful, sophisticated maps The present:

The main asset of using a computer: linguistic data as a “linguistic database” or “language corpus” Using map images to upload to the web and

write a paper Drawing and publishing maps and data online

Four steps in the map-making process using a computer

1) Electronic data making

2) Sorting and mapping data 3) Comparing, integrating,

superimposing, and linking data

4) Publishing linguistic maps

Ways to make linguistic mapsusing a computer

Using original software Using off-the-shelf software Using GIS software

Drawing isoglosses Making symbol maps Making hatched maps Doing statistics

1) Electronic data making New features:

Geolinguistic data = database or data corpus

Reusable data for different software On-the-spot data input and map-making

just after the survey Making data from not only new surveys but

also older surveys**German: DiWA

　 English: CLAE, English Dialect Dictionary　 Catalan: Antoni M. Alcover’s data Japanese: LAJ

2) Sorting and mapping data Mapping data = Making a model based on

an interpretation of data 　 《 Onishi 》 “A new generation of linguistic atlases has come into

existence which is profoundly influenced by modern computing. Two aspects seem to be particularly noteworthy in this context. First, it is possible to record and to store large amounts of data in the form of databases. Secondly, the data can be searched automatically, be processed and be visualized effectively by computer cartography. “ 《 Ramisch 》

“the mapping techniques used with data from corpora” 《 Perea 》

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

A. Synthesizing linguistic maps:

Cumulative identity maps・ Diffusion maps

by SEALAnalysis of 1st personpronoun in Tokunoshima (C. Fukushima 2003)

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

A. Synthesizing linguistic maps:

Cumulative identity maps・ Integrated diffusion maps

by SEALAnalysis of phonetic variations in Tokunoshima(C. Fukushima 2000)

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

A. Synthesizing linguistic maps:

Cumulative identity maps・ Contrast maps

by SEALAnalysis of phonetic variations in Tokunoshima

(C. Fukushima 2000)

Integrated diffusion maps by SEALExamples from C. Fukushima 1997 (CLAE2 ）

Integrating linguistic maps to show the variation of the standardization process in the morphological data of CLAE 1&2

Integrated diffusion maps by SEALExamples from C. Fukushima 1997 (CLAE2 ）

Contrast maps by SEALExamples from C. Fukushima 1997 (CLAE2 ）

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

B. superimposing maps The Digital Wenker Atlas (DiWA)

Exact splicing of the three individual map sheets into a single map; Superimposing a Wenker map over any other cartographic representation in electronic form and directly compare the two using a transparency function.

《 Herrgen 》

Grammatical Atlas of Japanese (GAJ) Superimposing a GAJ map and another map of

geographical information using the GIS. 《 Onishi 》　　 (Onishi at Methods XII)　　　　　　

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

C. Comparing maps from different surveys Old materials and new materials Comparison between The Digital

Wenker Atlas (DiWA) and the contemporay two-generation maps 《 Herrgen 》

　 Comparison between Antoni M. Alcover’s data and the Corpus Oral Dialectal (COD) 《 Perea 》　

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

Superimposing GAJ maps with maps of students’ dialect by SEAL

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data D. Link with multimedia information

The Digital Wenker Atlas (DiWA) 　　 Locations are clickable and linked with biographic

information, digitalized copies of the original questionnaires, and with sound recordings. 《 Herrgen 》 CLAE with PCMAP and MS Word

　 With an ODBC it is equally possible to connect localities with other Windows applications to display text files or to play audio files (thus a ‘speaking’ atlas). 《 Ramisch 》 Speaking Atlas by Kibe, Kishie, Nakai et al. (2005 at

Methods XII) The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics,

Phonology and Sound Change (2006) by William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg

3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data

E. Doing statistics: Dialectometry 《 Goebl 》

Combination of multivariate analysis and map-making 《 CLAE: Inoue and Fukushima 1997 》

Combination of multivariate analysis and map-making 　　　　　　　　　 《 CLAE: Inoue and Fukushima 1997 》

Combination of multivariate analysis and 　　 map-making 　　　　　　　　　　《 CLAE: Inoue and Fukushima 1997 》

4) Publishing linguistic maps Trend 1: Publishing not only maps but

linguistic data Trend 2: Publishing on the web as well as

on a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Trend 3: Interactive map-making: letting

viewers make custom-made maps or supply their data LAMSAS BBC Voices Project Yahoo! Japan Gotouchi Banzai

From Yahoo! Japan Gotouchi Banzai 　特集：ご当地万歳

What do you call MacDonald’s?

　　　 makku

　　　 makudo

http://local.yahoo.co.jp/gotouchi/map/map.html?mapid=miscedit02localogk971604804ac1ede7a1

Information was collected and maps were published on the web.

Tasks of Gelinguistics

1. Sharing and integrating the data The Atlas Linguarum Europae JDNet （ Japanese Dialect Network ）

《 Onishi 》 Circle of East Eurasian Geolinguitics (A project by Japanese scholars that has

just started)

Tasks of Gelinguistics

2. Publishing Linguistic data Media Publishing original data Linking with multimedia information Civilian participation ： interactive

interface Personal information

Bibliography

Chitsuko Fukushima 1997 “Standardization in England on the Morphological Data of CLAE.” The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England 2. Max Niemeyer Verlag: Tübingen.

Chitsuko Fukushima 2000 “ Calculating and Mapping Regional Speech Variation in Tokunoshima. ” The Bulletin of Niigata Women’s College 37, pp.79-87.

Chitsuko Fukushima 2003 “ Linguistic Innovation Born in the Paradigm: Interpretation of Linguistic Maps. ” Proceedings of 3rd International Congress of Dialectologists and Geolinguists, Lublin 2000. Maria Curie- Skłodowska University Press: Lublin. Vol.1 pp.194-207.

Chitsuko Fukushima 2007 “Superimposing Linguistic Maps to Trace Linguistic Changes.” Linguistica Atlantica 27-28 2006-2007, pp.40-45.

Bibliography 2

Chitsuko Fukushima and David Heap 2008 “A Report on the International Conference: Geolinguistics around the World.” Web Journal Dialectologia Number 1, pp. 135-156. http://www.publicacions.ub.es/revistes/dialectologia1/

Fumio Inoue and Chitsuko Fukushima 1997 　“ A Quantitative Approach to English Dialect Distribution: Analyses of CLAE Morphological Data.” The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England 2. Max Niemeyer Verlag: Tübingen.