The Texas Question

Manifest Destiny: Expansion

The Texas Revolution

Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following the Mexican Revolution against Spanish control. The U.S. had offered to buy the territory at this time, since it had renounced its claim to the area in the Adams-Onis agreement of 1819.

Manifest Destiny: Expansion

The Texas Revolution

The new Mexican government refused to sell, but invited immigration from the north by offering land grants to Stephen F. Austin and other Americans. They wanted to increase the population of the area and to produce revenue ($) for their new government. By 1835, approximately 35,000 “gringos” were homesteading on Texas land. War was on the horizon.

Texas War of Independence

Americans Americans began moving began moving into Texas in into Texas in the 1820’s the 1820’s

and brought and brought their slaves their slaves with them. with them.

War fought by War fought by Texans against Texans against Mexico because Mexico because they believed they believed

their rights had their rights had been violated.been violated.

Won by Texans Won by Texans in 1836 and in 1836 and requests to requests to

enter the U.S.enter the U.S.

Stephen F. Austin

Texas Revolution BeginsStephen F. Austin & Texas

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

The Alamo

The Alamo

The Mexican officials saw their power base eroding as foreigners flooded in, so they moved to tighten control through restrictions on immigration and through tax increases. The Texans responded in 1836 by proclaiming independence and establishing a new republic. The ensuing war was short-lived. The Mexican dictator, Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna advanced north and annihilated the Texan garrisons at the Alamo.

Colonel William B. Travis

(Commander of the Alamo) : One of the first to fall, he died defending the north wall at an early hour on March 6. He was 26 years old.

Texas Flag That Flew Over The Alamo

Jim Bowie

(Co-commander of the Alamo): Killed in his bed, where he laid sick with pneumonia, in a small room in the south side. He was 41 years old.

Davy Crockett

Answered Travis’s call for help in defending the Alamo along with other volunteers. His body was found in small fort in the west side. He was 50 years old.

Bowie Knife General Antonio

López de Santa Anna

Battle of the Alamo, Mexicans and Texans fight to the death

The Republic of Texas

On April 23, 1836, Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto and the Mexicans were forced to let Texas go its way.

Sam Houston immediately asked the U.S. government for recognition and annexation, but President Andrew Jackson feared the revival of the slavery issue, as the new state would come in on the slaveholding side of the political balance. He also feared war with Mexico and so did nothing.

President President Jackson and Jackson and Van Buren Van Buren refused to refused to recognize recognize

Texas Texas statehood statehood because of because of

slavery.slavery.Texas

became its own country

with Sam Houston

president, 1836 to 1845.Mexico never Mexico never

recognized recognized the the

independence independence of Texas.of Texas.

Texas War of Independence

#32

Manifest Destiny… Manifest Destiny… the silent driving the silent driving force of U.S. force of U.S. expansionism “to expansionism “to overspread the overspread the continent allotted by continent allotted by ProvidenceProvidence for the for the free development of free development of our yearly our yearly multiplying multiplying millions.”millions.”

- John L. O’Sullivan- John L. O’Sullivan  

Picture/M.Destiny

                                                                        

““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment ofliberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment ofliberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged. A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

Long Term CausesLong Term Causes•Manifest Destiny

•CaliforniaImmediate CausesImmediate Causes

•Texas statehood, 1845•Mexico refusing to sell

California•Border dispute

EffectsEffects•US receives Mexican Cession

•Disputes over expansion of slavery will lead to the Civil

War

Mexican War

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. New territory brings the explosive issue of SLAVERY

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. New territory brings the explosive issue of SLAVERY

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

4. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

5. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

6. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

4. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

5. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

6. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Gives America the Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Gives America the Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California

The Treaty was forced on Mexico.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000

Map expansion

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

49er’s49er’s

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Most intense debate in U.S. HistoryMost intense debate in U.S. History•John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

•North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law•South wanted California•threatened to secede from U.S.•U.S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South

Comp of 1850

•Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster•Secession is impractical & impossible•How would we split the land? •The military?•Compromise at all cost•Preserve the Union

•Henry ClayHenry Clay•The Great Compromiser, with

John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose

this compromise.

•U.S. Senator from the state of IllinoisU.S. Senator from the state of Illinois

•Solve the slavery issue was through Solve the slavery issue was through Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

•let the people in each territory let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not.whether they want slavery or not.

•Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the proposed the Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

•Calif. A free stateCalif. A free state

•enforce Fugitive Slave Law (No more enforce Fugitive Slave Law (No more liberty laws) liberty laws)

•Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

•stop slave trade in Washington, D.Cstop slave trade in Washington, D.C..

Map Comp of 1850

Popular Popular SovereigntySovereignty

Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether

they want slavery to exist or not in their

state.

ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND

Denounced by Abolitionists

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s

Cabin is published

Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law

Underground Railroad becomes more active

RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTSRESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS“An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For

virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive

Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as

inalienable as his right to life……” Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Fugitive Slave Law

RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTSRESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS

“3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no

protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them

we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one

that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout

the world!” William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

SOUTHERNERS SOUTHERNERS RESPONDRESPOND

Southerners Southerners threatened secession threatened secession

and warand warBelieved it should be Believed it should be enforced because the enforced because the Constitution Constitution protects protects

propertyproperty Federal law is over Federal law is over

State law.State law.55thth Amendment Amendment

Supremacy ClauseSupremacy Clause

Gadsden Purchase1854.

• The Gadsden Purchase was intended to allow for the construction of a southern route for a transcontinental railroad.

• U.S. Minister to Mexico James Gadsden and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna agreed on the price of $10 million for the Gadsden land,

•Build a transcontinental Build a transcontinental connecting California to the connecting California to the East Coast either in the East Coast either in the South or NorthSouth or North

•Stephen Douglas wanted Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North the railroad built in the North but had to convince the but had to convince the South otherwise.South otherwise.

•Proposed a plan that Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to territories be opened up to slavery in return for building slavery in return for building the railroad in the North.the railroad in the North.

•Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

Kan. & Neb Act

Map Bleeding Kan

Attacks by free-states

Attacks by pro-slavery states

(Led by John Brown)

•Kansas/Nebraska Act Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of led to several acts of

violence between pro-violence between pro-slavery settlers and slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers.anti-slavery settlers.

•First violent outbreaks First violent outbreaks between north/south.between north/south.

•First battles of the Civil First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in War begin in Kansas in

1856.1856.

•Over 200 killedOver 200 killed

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a

battleground.

Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by

battles and massacres.

The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party.

The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

•Violent abolitionist

•Involved in the Bleeding Kansas

•Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas

•Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.

Picture/J.Brown

•Attacked a U.S. Ammunition

depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct.

of 1859 to capture

weapons and begin his slave

revolt.

Picture/J.Brown

•Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee

•Put on trial for treason. Picture/J.Brown

•He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.

•His last words were to this effect: “I “I believe that the issue of slavery will believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the never be solved unless through the

shedding of blood.”shedding of blood.”

•Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause.

•Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with

this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to

end slavery.

•South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country.

Picture/J.Brown Hanging

Reading/Tubman on Brown

•Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states.•His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave.•He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time.•Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue

•Can a slave sue for his freedom?•Is a slave property?•Is slavery legal?

•Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property.•They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution.•Supreme Court inadvertently legalizes slavery Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory•Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional

Reading/Scott decision

““They had (slaves) for more than a century before They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at man was bound to respect. This opinion was at

that time fixed and universal in the civilized that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.”portion of the white race.”

Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott

referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted.

•Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott

decision

•North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law

•Free states pass personal liberty laws.

•Republicans claim the decision is not binding

•Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in

the Union.

•Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois.•The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in 1860.•Slavery was the issue•Lincoln stated:Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other.

•was against the expansion of slavery•Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people.

•Popular sovereignty Chart/L&D Debates

Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty could work against the expansion of slavery….. could work against the expansion of slavery…..

SouthernersSoutherners would not support Douglas for the presidency would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860in 1860Picture/ L&D Debates

Election of 1860

Country is Country is polarized polarized

(divided) over (divided) over the issue of the issue of

slavery.slavery.

Once Lincoln is elected as president,

South Carolina will secede from

the U.S. along with several

other Southern States.

They will They will form the form the

Confederate Confederate States of States of

America---CSAAmerica---CSA

•303 total electoral votes and

152 to win.

Secession