The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities that are excessive. An overdose is widely considered harmful and dangerous as it can result in death

ClassificationThe word "overdose" implies that there is a common safe dosage and usage for the

drug; therefore, the term is commonly only applied to drugs, not poison, though it should be noted that even certain poisons are harmless at a low enough dosage.

Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally to commit suicide or as self-harm, but many drug overdoses are accidental and are usually the result of either irresponsible behavior or the misreading of product labels. Drug overdose often happens as a result of the use of multiple drugs with counter indications simultaneously (for instance, heroin/certain prescription pain medications and cocaine/amphetamines/alcohol) Usage of illicit drugs that are of unexpected purity, in large quantities, or after a period of abstinence can also induce overdose.

Accidental overdoses can eventuate out of a number of different causes including overprescription, failing to recognise a drug's active ingredient, or unwitting ingestion by children. A common unintentional overdose in young children involves multi-vitamins containing iron

Signs and symptoms Toxidrome

Signs and symptoms of an overdose varies depending on the drug or toxin exposure. The symptoms can often be divided into differing toxidromes. This can help one

determine what class of drug or toxin is causing the difficulties.

A summary of the toxidromes

toxidromeBP HR RR Temp Pupils

bowel sounds

diaphoresis

anticholinergic ~ up ~ up up down down

cholinergic ~ ~ unchanged unchanged unchanged up up

opioiddown

down

down down down down down

sympathomimetic

up up up up up up up

sedative-hypnoticdown

down

down down ~ down down

The drugs or toxins which are most frequently involved in overdose and death Acute alcohol intoxication

Ethyl Alcohol Among Opioid overdose

Heroin Codeine Morphine

Methadone Fentanyl

Hydromorphon

Among sedative-hypnotics

Among Barbiturate overdoseAmobarbital

Pentobarbital Secobarbital

Among Benzodiazepine overdoseDiazepammidazolamFlunitrazepam

NitrazepamTemazepam

Uncategorized sedative-hypnotics Ethchlorvynol

GHBGlutethimide (Doriden)

Methaqualone Ketamine

Among Stimulants Cocaine overdose

Amphetamine overdose Methamphetamine Among Tobacco

Nicotine

Among Poly drug useDrug "cocktails"

Medications/pharmaceuticals Aspirin poisoning

Paracetamol toxicityTricyclic antidepressant overdose

Pesticide poisoningOrganophosphate poisoning

DDT

DiagnosisDetermination of the substance which was taken is often easy as usually the person knows what they took. However, if they will not or cannot due to an altered level of

consciousness provide this information a search of the home or questioning of friends and family may be helpful.

Examination for toxidromes, drug testing, or laboratory test may be helpful. Naloxone the antidote for narcotics may be administered and if they improve it indicates this is

probably part of the overdose.Negative drug-drug interactions have sometimes been misdiagnosed as an acute drug

overdose, occasionally leading to the assumption of suicide.

PreventionThe distribution of naloxone to injection drug users decreases the risk of death from

overdose.Avoid the mixing depressant drugs like alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and

opiates[7]

ManagementStabilization of the ABCs are the initial treatment of an overdose. This involves

establishing a stable airway, breathing rate and circulatory system as an essential first step. Ventilation is considered when there is a low respiratory rate or when blood gases

show the person to be hypoxic. The next necessary step is to treat for shock.

Investigations should be carried out in labs to help identify the drug(s) at hand such as glucose, urea and electrolytes, paracetamol levels and salicylate levels. Monitoring of the patient should continue before and throughout the treatment process, with particular attention to temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, urine output, electrocardiography (ECG) and O2 saturation.[8]

AntidotesMain article: Antidotes

Specific antidotes are available for certain causative agents. The overdose agent is usually determined either via history or laboratory toxicology.

Poison control centers and Medical toxicologists are available in many areas to provide guidance in overdoses to both physicians and the general public.

EpidemiologyThe National Center for Health Statistics report that 19,250 people died of accidental

poisoning in the U.S. in the year 2004 (8 deaths per 100,000 population).[9]In 2008 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, Medical Epidemiologist Dr. Leonard J. Paulozzi[10] of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in 2005 (the most recent year for which data was available) more than 22,000 American lives were

lost due to overdoses, and the number is growing rapidly. Dr. Paulozzi also testified that all available evidence suggests that unintentional overdose deaths are related to the

increasing use of prescription drugs, especially opioid painkillers.[11]