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The Technology in E-government
PAD 6710: Lecture 3
M, E, P government Four levels of e-government
E-gov information Providing govt. info. online
E-gov Automation Automating manual work
E-gov reengineering Redesign of existing processes
P-gov innovation Performance government 311 (Customer Relationship Management)
Technologies Computers: Smart Machines? Communication systems Communications infrastructure Emerging technology trends
RFID GIS
Computer systems First generation computers (1951-58)
Vacuum tube circuits [ENIAC to UNIVAC] Machine Language
Second generation (1959-63) Transistors; mainframe computers Compiler Programs (FORTRAN/ COBOL)
Third generation (1964-75) Minicomputers (DEC); Integrated circuits (LSI) BASIC, ALGOL
Fourth generation (1970s-) Microprocessors (VLSI) Industry specific softwares
Computers Laptops
1979-87: Emerging period 1987-95: Diversification period (Apple) 1995-2001: Standardization period (of
Operating Systems) 2001-: Growth period (Netbooks
included) Smart machine: Turing test
Logic; enumeration; artificial intelligence Moore’s law: Increasing density
Landlines based Telegraph (1844); Telephone (1876) Extensive infrastructure
PBX/ PABX/ EPABX Circuit switching
Wireless based Mass media (Radio/ TV) Mobile phone Generations
1G: Analog Cellular phones (1981-90) 2G: Digital cellular phones (1991-01) [GSM;
CDMA; TDMA] 3G: Digital data phones (2001-now) [UMTS;
EVDO 4G?: Faster data phones [LTE; WiMax;UMB]
Communications: Phones
Communication: Internet Federal Network systems
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency) NSFNET
University Consortiums BITNET
Browser/ Network Protocols File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 1971 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
(TCP/ IP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Domain Name System (DNS) [Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]
Communications: IP based Digital
Infrastructure Packet switching
Voice Over IP Internet Protocol
TV
IP based services
IP based services Podcasts; Really Simple
Syndication (RSS) Collective intelligence: blogs,
wikis, twitter Multimedia (Youtube) Peer to Peer networks [Trading
(ebay), Lending] (prosper.com) Social networking(LinkedIn;
Xanga) Transaction-oriented communities Interest-oriented communities Fantasy-oriented communities Relationship-oriented communities
Digital will replace Analog IP based TV will replace Cathode Ray
tube TV Digital Personal Communications
Service (PCS) phones will replace Cell phones
Multipurpose Digital phones VoIP E-conferencing Multimedia (Cellywood) GPS
Data mining techniques If anything can be digitized, it will
Gov 2.0
Virtual World Simulations Life imitating … (art, comic books,…) 3D Internet Video/ Electronic/ Virtual Gaming
Pachinko Play money (QQ coins)
Second Life/ Active Worlds Virtual currency (Linden) Virtual real estate Virtual persona
Uses Libraries Museums Colleges and universities The media
Virtual Worlds
Cloud computing Also, distributed/grid computing
Computing services are delivered over the Internet, on demand, from a remote location, rather than residing on one’s own desktop, laptop, mobile device, or even on an organization’s servers
Benefits Rapid scalability and deployment
capabilities Decreased maintenance/upgrades Improved economies of scale
Cloud computing
Communications Infrastructure Network
Telephone Modems [56.6 kbps]
Broadbands >200 Digital Subscriber
Line (256 Kbps to 6 Mbps) [20 to 1 contention ratio]
Cable Modems (1 – 6 Mbps) [50 to 1 contention ratio]
T1/ T2 lines [10-100 Mbps]
Network infrastructure Wired or Wireless
Wired communications Fiber to the Home (FTTH)
Delivery of communications over optical fiber About 1.2% of homes have FTTH connections. Dallas, Jackson (TN), Sacramento
Broadband over Power Line Power Line Communications (PLC),
Power Line Telecommunications (PLT) Manassas, VA deployed the nation's
first citywide BPL system recently The National Association for Amateur
Radio opposes the idea due to interference with radio waves
BPL
Subscriber’sIn-House BPLModem + PC
Internet
DistributionTransformer
Low Voltage
Medium VoltagePower Lines
Fiber / T1
BPLRepeater
BPLInjector
BPLExtractor
AccessBPL
Wireless infrastructure Licensed vs unlicensed frequency Personal Area Networks
(e.g.Bluetooth, Ultra Wide Band) 2.4 Ghz; 720 kbps
Medium Range Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
Range upto 300’; 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 standard
Long Range WiMax (Wireless Interoperability for
Microwave Access) Range upto 30 miles
IEEE 802.16 standard Mesh Networks
Satellite
Wireless Infrastructure Wireless is the future of broadband. Electromagnetic radio waves is the
next REAL ESTATE FCC auctioning of 700 MHz band
spectrum Need for transmitters
Bluetooth, UWB; Wi-Fi; WiMax; Mesh Hybrid
Telephone lines; Electrical lines (BPL); Optical Fibers (FTTH)
Technology Progress: ISPs, 2000
Technology Progress: ISPs, 2004
Technology Progress: ISPs, 2006
Municipal Wi-Fi
Legend
Under Consideration
Deployed
Emerging technology trends
RFID RFID tags: Active; Passive; Semi-passive RFID receivers Electronic product codes Uses:
Supply Chain Management Asset (Inventory) Management Maintenance of materiel
RFID: CBP
RFID: Verichip
HTTP://WWW.SPYCHIPS.COM
RFID Sensor Devices RFID tags (with EPC) will become
cheap enough to tag objects & persons
Alternative: Smart cards Are RFID tags SPY CHIPS?
Location based service: GIS Desktop GIS
Proprietary GIS software Accessible to one person at a time Developer = User Steep learning curve
Web-GIS Proprietary GIS software Accessible over internet Separation of developers and users Flatter learning curve for users
Geospatial Web (Where 2.0?) Tagging content and data with geographic metadata Open access to GIS GIS combined with Web 2.0 tools (mashups) Multiple developers as well as users
Uses Emergency management; Surveillance; Transit Loopt; Google’s Latitude; Foursquare; Hot Potato; Whrrl;
Gowalla
GIS: Virtual Alabama
GALILEO
GALILEO