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a bhith, 215-16A'-binding constructions, 47-9, 297Abney, S.P., 12-13, 93n, 334abnormal sentences: adjunction to matrix
CPs, 110-11, 119-21; agreement patternsin, 115-17; and cleft sentences, 27-8,97-102; derivation proposed, 110-11;negation of, 99, 100, 118-21; properties,98-9
Accusative Case, realization of, 224Acquaviva, Paolo, 46, 284—313Adger, David, 17, 31, 43, 200-22, 236, 237,
238n, 340nadjectives, 38-9, 77-8, 79adjunction, 65, 66-7; to CP, 111-15Adjunction Prohibition, 110, 111-13, 118adverbials, 269-70, 306-7adverbs, and attributive adjectives, 30affective operators, licensing polarity
items, 286, 299Afro-Asiatic languages, 199nagreement: analytic and synthetic and the
position of the subject, 82, 190-6; 'anti-agreement' effect, 154; clitics and, 16-17;clitics and null arguments, 40-3; ScottishGaelic, 200-22; and Tense, 9-10, 23, 200
Anderson, S., 54, 73n, 184Andrews, A., 207Anglo-Saxon, 3annamh, 290, 302-3, 312-13n; cleft
sentences and, 290, 306-11Anwyl, E., 131, 165n, 166nAoun, J., 200appartenance, and possession, 140Arabic, 171, 172, 185, 186-7, 191-2, 198n,
238n; agreement, 192; Cairene, 176-7,179, 180; CSNs and FGs, 316, 317;
Palestinian, 175, 176, 178, 185, 187;Syrian, 39-40, 192
Aronoff, M., 82, 92article: definite, 38; indefinite in Breton,
38; postnominal, 14aspect, Scottish Gaelic, 200-22aspectual chains, 211-17aspectual periphrases, 131-2, 168naspectual predicates, focalization of, 134-6aspectual properties, different of states and
events, 159-61Authier, J. Marc, 105, 106Aux node, 5-6, 8auxiliaries, 9, 54, 63, 71-2Avoid Resumptive Pronoun (ARP), 84-5Awbery, Gwen, 19-20, 33, 46, 90, 92n,
131, 139, 161n, 163n, 165n, 166n, 167n,182, 193, 195, 273
Bach, E,, 210Baker, M., 6, 15, 134, 174, 231, 278n,
280n, 28InBaltin, M., 106Barbosa, Pilar, 239nBarwise, J., 46, 296, 299, 300, 301, 312nbe: equative use, 125; identificational use,
125; as a lexically unaccusative verbselecting a small clause, 126; partitiveCase feature of, 144; predicational use,125-6; small-clause analysis, 138, 144;specificational use, 125-6
Belletti, Adriana, 9, 144, 145, 197n, 28In,292, 293
Bennis, H., 209, 263Benveniste, E., 140, 162nBerber clitics, 198nBerman, R., 336n
357
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358 Index
Besten, H. den, 6, 11, 226
bezan, 85-7
Bhaldraithe, T. de, 337nbinding indexing, 212, 219Bobaljik, Jonathan David, 20, 23, 31, 33,
108, 164n, 174, 188, 221n, 233-240, 242,
278n, 314, 336n
bod, 28, 29, 181, 197n; -initial
constructions, 138-9; copular, 126-8,
159, 161; existential, 126-8, 159, 161;
and locative clitics, 127, 145-6, 161; and
predicative particle yn, 76-8; in the
present tense, 161; small-clause analysis,138, 144, 164-5n; suppletion in, 79-85;
unitary characterization of, 125-70
Bodhlaeir, Liam, 278n
Borer, H., 94n, 252, 273, 316, 326, 327,
335n, 336n, 338n, 339n
Borsley, Robert D., 1-52, 53-74, 87, 92n,
93n, 94n, 117, 122n, 131, 161n, 162n,
163n, 164n, 183, 192, 196n, 220n, 221n,
237n, 312n, 335n, 337n, 339n
Bourke, Angela, 278n
Brandi, L., 16
Breatnach, Liam, 278n
Breton, 2, 184, 195, 273; A'-binding
construction, 48-9; agreement and
clitics, 40-1; auxiliaries, 53-4, 64, 69-72;
clefting, 27-9; copula, 45-6, 75, 79;description, 3; indefinite article, 38;interrogative complementizer, 28; long
head movement in, 53-74; mutation, 49;
negation, 46, 67-8; nominals, 38^40;non-finite clauses, 29-34; ober sentences,68-71; participial constructions, 35-8;particles, 26, 27; similarities with
Slavonic and Romance languages, 7;speakers, 3; topicalization, 27, 54-6, 60,
68, 104, 117; VAuxSO clauses, 23-5, 53,54-7; verb-fronting, 11, 55-6, 58-61;and the VP-internal subject hypothesis,
22-3, 56-7; VSO clauses, 19-23
bridge verbs, 106, 121
British, see Brythonic
Brittonic, see Brythonic
Brody, M., 152Brythonic, 2, 3, 76, 182Bulgarian, 24; long head movement in, 53,
57, 58-9, 60, 66; renarrated mood, 64-5Bures, Tony, 237nBurzio, Luigi, 245, 250, 253, 260, 273,
279n, 280n
Campbell, R., 159, 160, 170nCann, Ronnie, 214, 220nCardinaletti, A., 11, 97, 106, 109, 188, 194,
196n, 197n
Carlson, G., 88, 89, 132Carnie, Andrew, 20, 23, 31, 33, 93n, 94n,
108, 164n, 174, 188, 221n, 223-40, 242,273, 278n, 314, 336n
Case: assignment, see Checking Theory;and definiteness, 333-4; of indefinites,144-6; realization of, 223-4
Case Filter, 144Case Theory, 78, 79, 89; link with Theta
Theory, 200-3Cavar, D., 65Celtiberian, 2
Celtic languages; copulas, 75-96;description, 2; issues in syntax, 19-46;possessives, 14, 39, 314-40; similaritieswith Semitic languages, 7, 314-40
CHAINS, minimal requirement, 260Chamorro, 273Checking Theory, 6-7, 171, 172-4, 178-9,
180, 186-9, 205; see also features, theoryof syntactic
Chomsky, Noam, 9-10, 21, 56, 93n, 94n,95n, 162n, 164n, 169n, 212, 237, 249,250, 260, 272, 278n, 281n, 292, 336n,337n; on adjunction, 110; CheckingTheory, 6-7, 171, 172-4, 178-9, 180,186-9, 205; derivation of VSO order,225, 228-9; Economy principle, 231;English auxiliary raising, 198n; ExtendedProjection Principle, 242, 265, 282n; andHead Movement Constraint, 19, 6 3 ^ ;on Minimalist Programme, 137-8, 151,314, 316; on pro, 325; Standard Theory,
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Index 359
92; theory of syntactic features, 6-7,
152, 172-4, 190, 223, 233-5, 239n,
267-9, 270; Universal Grammar, 4, 196;
Visibility Condition, 200-2
Christian Brothers, 333, 334, 335n
Chung, S., 26, 31, 54, 238n, 242, 245, 263,
264, 273, 278n, 282n
Cinque, Guglielmo, 196n, 209, 319, 320,
335n, 337n
Clack, S., 187
clausal complements, and the internal
subject position, 262-5
clause structure, and functional categories,
7-12
cleft constructions: embedded, 101-2,
105-6, 109, 111-15, 155; matrix, 109,
114, 117, 118-21
cleft sentences: and abnormal sentences,
27-8, 97-102; agreement patterns in,
115-17; and annamh, 290, 306-11;
copula or complementizer in, 117-18;
and CP-recursion analysis, 97, 106,
108-9, 110-21; derivation proposed,
107-10; generative approaches, 102-5;
Government-Binding analysis of, 103-4;
with monotone decreasing quantifiers,
308-11; negation of, 98, 100, 118-21;
properties, 98
clefting, 27-9, 97-102
clitic doubling, 16-17, 172, 185
clitic systems, and word order, 171-99
clitics, 15-19; agreement and null
arguments, 40-3; base-generation of, 18,
171-99; derivation of, 17-19; placement,
15-16, 17-18, 171, 185; pronominal,
15-19; relationship with agreement,
16-17, 40-3; syntactic, 15-19;
Wackernagel, 188
co-indexation, 200, 202, 211; of
denotational arguments of auxiliaries
and main verbs, 213, 215-16, 217
Cois Fhairrge dialect of Irish, 337n
'Common in Form, Genitive in Function'
contexts, 334
complementizers, or verbal particles, 25,26-7, 104-5
Comrie, B., 191Connacht dialect of Irish, 228Connemara Irish, 31 InConstruct State construction, Semitic, 14,
314, 339n
Construct State Nominal (CSN), 314,317-35; adjective placement in, 318-22;possessive clitics (POSS) in, 322-8;rightward specifiers, 317-18
Continental Celtic, 2; see also Celtiberian;Gaulish; Lepontic
contra-indexation, 213, 216
Cooper, R., 46, 296, 299, 300, 301, 312ncopular sentences: embedded, 155-6;
functional structure, 150-2; predicate-initial, 148-53; subject-initial, 153-5;syntax of agreement in, 153-4; as verb-second clauses, 148-50, 156
copulas, 43-6; Breton, 45-6, 75, 79, 87;English, 125-6; functional, 76, 79;morphosyntactic variation in, 75-92;nature of the Irish, 43-^, 310-11;substantive, 76-9, 87; syntactic effects ofsuppletion in Celtic, 75-96; Welsh, 44-5,76-9, 125-70
Cordin, P., 16Cornish, 2, 3
CP-recursion, 106, 108-10, 117-18, 121,155, 166n, 167n
Cram, D., 203, 215Crisma, P., 319, 320Czech: auxiliaries, 71; long head movement
in, 24, 53, 57, 59, 60
D-features, 328-34Davies, Lewis, 122nDechaine, Rose-Marie, 132, 142, 160,
161n, 170ndefinite subjects, distribution of, 136-43definiteness; and Case-checking, 333-4;
and demonstrative interpretation,328-34; effect, 143-6, 261, 281n
Delsing, L.-O., 14
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360 Index
demonstratives: licensing andinterpretation, 330-3; placement 339n
denotational argument, 211, 217, 218derivations, Chomsky's theory of, 137-8,
151Determiner Phrase (DP), 12-13, 39-40;
Event-Related and Object-Related, 221ndeterminers: left downward-entailing,
299-300; Minimality barrier onquantificational, 210, 219; rightdownward-entailing, 300
Di Sciullo, A., 92Diesing, M., 11, 88, 90, 143, 163nDikken, Marcel den, 16In, 164-5nDillon, M., 280n
Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Mila, 73nDobrovie-Sorin, C , 65, 209Doherty, C , 20, 43-4, 76, 89, 93n, 225,
310domain, 173-4, 180; checking, 63, 190;
functional, 8; internal, 63; minimal,173-4
Dooley Collberg, Sheila, 326, 337nDoron, E., 185Drijkoningen, F., 211, 212Duffield,Nigel, 7, 14, 17, 23, 26, 40, 43,
194, 229, 236, 238n, 240n, 242, 245, 247,271, 282n, 293, 303, 31 In, 314-40
Dunigan, Melynda, 92nDutch, 55, 56, 263
echo pronouns, Welsh, 172, 182-4, 189,193-6, 337n
eclipsis, 47Economy Principle, 173, 231, 333e/-forms, 183-4, 185, 186, 1 9 3 ^Elsewhere Principle, 94nEmonds, Joe, 4-5, 8, 20, 92n, 164n, 174,
336nEmpty Category Principle (ECP), 48, 64,
67-8, 82, 84, 92, 109, 291En?, M., 160, 170nenclisis, 171-99, 322endocentric categories, 13Engdahl, Elisabet, 220n
English, 70, 174, 294, 295; definite
predicates, 150-1; expletives in small
clauses, 265; negation compared with
Irish, 284-313; negative markers and
negated quantifiers, 285-7; Nominative
Case, 223; northern dialect around
Edinburgh, 3; position of inflected main
verb in finite clauses, 4-7; POSS-ing
gerundives, 12-13; stative verbs, 133,
159-60; strong and weak features
compared with French, 233-4, 235;
tense/aspect system, 211, 212;
topicalization, 105-6
equidistance, 137, 164n, 180; definition of,
1 7 3 ^
Ernst, T. 269, 333, 334, 335n
ethical dative, 18
Evans, D.S., 100, 116, 119, 123n
Evans, J.G., 122n
Everett, D., 174
exceptional Case-marking clauses, in Irish,
32
excorporation, 66-7, 194
existence, and predication, 128-46
'existential' Case, 145
existential closure, 143-4, 298
existential construction, in Irish, 264—5
exocentric categories, 13
expletive-argument CHAINS, 259, 260, 261
expletives: absence in Irish, 261, 264-5,
270-1; and the Extended Projection
Principle, 259-62, 267-8; position of,
270-1
Extended Projection Principle (EPP), 195,
222n, 234, 242, 250, 262, 265, 282n; and
expletives, 259-62, 267-8
F-licensing, 202, 220n
Fabb, N., 323
Fabri, R., 321, 326, 335n, 336n, 338n,339n
Fassi-Fehri, A., 185
Fauconnier, G., 165n
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Index 361
features, theory of syntactic, 223, 233-5,239n, 267-9, 315-16, 328-34; see alsoChecking Theory
Feirtear, Breandan, 278nFife, J., 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 131, 160,
162n, 163n
Fillmore, C , 11finite verbs, position in French compared
with English, 4-7focus interpretation, of initial predicate in
copular constructions, 152-3formatives, lexical and functional, 75Fox, Danny, 237nFrampton, John, 209, 278n, 282n
Free Genitive (FG) constructions, 316,317-18, 321; possessive clitics (POSS) in,326-8
Freeze, R., 162nFrege, Gottlob, 125French, 20, 21; clitics, 175; definite
predicates, 150; eventive verbs, 159;infinitives, 8-9; negation, 46, 292, 294,295, 299, 303, 304; object clitics, 17-18;position of inflected main verb in finiteclauses, 4-7, 174; strong and weakfeatures, 174, 233-4, 235; subject-cliticinversion, 198n; unaccusatives, 23, 254,280n; y, 134; see also Old French
Fronted Object Phrases (FOP), 203-10fronting: constructions, see abnormal
sentences; cleft constructions; inembedded clauses, 101-2; negation in,118-21; in Welsh, 97-124
Fukui, N., 11, 12, 223Full Interpretation, Principle of, 6functional categories, 7-12, 314functional heads, relationship with lexical
categories, 172-4, 265-73
Gaelic, see Goidelic; Scots GaelicGallagher, Grainne, 335nGaulish, 2Gazdar, G., 73n
Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar(GPSG), 73n
generalized transformation (GT), 190, 212Generalized Visibility, 200-3, 218, 220;
defined, 203generative grammar, 97; cleft
constructions, 102-5Genitive Case, 334German, 10, 20, 280n; adjective placement,
320Germanic languages, 28In; clitics, 186,
188; verb-second phenomena, 10, 121,149, 226, 337n
Giorgi, A., 211, 212-13, 215-16, 319Glinert, L. 316, 335n, 338nGoidelic, 2, 182Government Transparency Corollary
(Baker), 231Government-Binding: analysis of clefts,
103^4; analysis of English topicalization,105-6; Case Theory, see CheckingTheory
GREED principle, Minimalist Programme,
316, 318, 328Greek, 2Greenberg, J., 27Greene, D., 280nGrimshaw, J., 94n, 202, 211Groat, E., 271Gueron, J., 142, 166n, 209Guilfoyle, Eithne, 20, 21, 236, 237n, 239n,
242, 245, 247, 279n, 317, 328, 335n
Haegeman, L., 1, 4, 226, 296, 312nHale, Ken, 42, 185, 221n, 236, 237n, 243,
272, 325, 326, 328, 337nHalle, M., 92Harley, Heidi, 94n, 225, 237n, 238n, 239n,
273Harlow, Steve J., 20, 26, 50-1, 92n, 93n,
102, 103, 104, 122n, 139Hartmann, H., 280nHazout, I., 176head movement, 14-15; types of, 65-6; see
also long head movementHead Movement Constraint (HMC), 6, 15,
19, 57, 63-4, 178
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head-to-head movement, 14-15; see also
incorporationheads, L-related and non-L-related, 53,
64-6, 67-8Hebrew, 40, 43, 171, 175, 185, 187, 198n,
273; Colloquial, 191; CSNs and FGs,316, 317; noun phrases compared withIrish and Maltese, 7, 314-40
Heim, I., 143, 296, 297, 298Hendrick, Randall, 1, 23, 26, 33, 36, 48,
56, 75-96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 123n, 131,161n, 163n, 168n, 195, 197n, 220n
Hewitt, S., 69Heycock, C , 162n
Higginbotham, J., 202, 211, 297, 298, 312nHiggins, F.R., 125Highest Subject Restriction, 252Hoeksema, J., 299Hoekstra, T., 150, 164n, 209, 221nHolmberg, A., 51n, 231Honcoop, M., 22InHornstein, N., 211, 252, 283nHoyt, K., 176
Icelandic, 11, 21, 278nidentity, and predication, 125-6, 146-59inalienability condition, 316, 336nincorporated pronouns, 184-5incorporation, 174, 328; see also head-to-
head movement
indefinite subjects, distribution of, 136-43indefinites: the Case of, 144-6; and
monotone decreasing quantifiers, 301,311; negation and, 296-8
indexation, selection and lexical
specification, 211-12Indo-European, 2, 182, 199ninfinitives, short movement of main-verb, 9inflection, and negation, 2 9 3 ^Insular Celtic 2; see also Brythonic;
Goidelicinversion constructions, 10-11Irish, 185, 195; A'-binding construction,
47-8, 49; clefting, 27-9; clitics, 41, 43;copulas, 4 3 ^ , 75, 76; CSNs in, 316-17;
description, 2-3; minimalist approach toproblems of word order, 223^0;mutation, 49; negation in, 46, 284-313;negatives, 287-90; nominals, 38-40; non-finite clauses, 29-34, 235-7, 238n, 245,246-7, 251; northern dialects, 256; nounphrases, 314-40; participialconstructions, 35-8; particles, 26;similarities with Hebrew and Maltese, 7,314-40; small clauses, 245, 246-7;southern dialects, 256, 278n; speakers, 3;subjects and subject positions, 241-83;verb raising in, 225-37; and the VP-internal subject hypothesis, 21, 22, 23;VSO in finite clauses, 19-23, 225-9,230-3, 238n, 245; see also Cois Fhairrge;Connacht; Connemara; Munster; OldIrish; Ulster
isomorphy, parametric, 196Italian, 46, 134, 254, 280n, 292, 295, 299,
303, 304; adjective placement, 320;clitics, 175, 187-8; Fiorentino, 16;northern dialects 16, 187-8, 198n;Padovano, 187; unaccusativeconstructions, 144; Veneto, 187
Italic languages, 2
Jaeggli, O., 4, 16, 17, 323, 326
Jespersen, O., 125, 126Johnson, K., 281n, 336nJonas, Dianne, 237nJones, Bob Morris, 20, 95n, 102, 130, 131,
147, 161n, 167nJoosten, Laura, 220n
Kamp, H., 296Kayne, R.S., 10, 15, 17-18, 52n, 72, 95n,
132, 171, 185, 187, 188, 189, 282n, 291,314, 336n
Keenan, E., 299, 312nKenstowicz, M., 176King, G., 97, 98, 100, 101Kitigawa, Y., 223Klima, E., tests for negatives, 285, 286,
287, 290, 291, 299, 307
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Koopman, H., 11, 21, 56, 89, 108, 188,194, 223, 242, 315
Koster, J., 55, 226Kratzer, A. 43, 133, 162n, 210Krifka, M. 22InKuroda, S.-Y., 11
Ladusaw, W., 299Laka, M.I., 292, 312nLarson, R., 197nLarsonian VP-structure, 126, 134^5, 137,
144, 164nLasnik, H., 64, 106, 144, 145, 164n, 223,
229, 282n, 283n
Latin, 2; loan words in Welsh, 3Lema, J., 53, 57lenition, 47, 77, 31 InLepontic, 2
Lewis, H., 117, 181, 182, 187lexical diversity, structural invariance in
VSO languages and, 314-40lexical indexing, 217Lexical Predicative Domain (LPD), 142-4lexical specification, selection and
indexation, 211-12LHM, see long head movementLobel, E., 319, 335nLocative Preposing, 137locative sentences, and existential
sentences, 130Logical Form (LF), 126, 172, 223, 233,
260, 290-1long head movement, 7, 24, 57-61, 323; in
Breton, 53-74; definition, 53; andlicensing of Tense, 24, 61-3, 72; natureof, 65-7; and negation, 59, 67-8;properties of, 58-61; restrictions on,
67-8Longobardi, Giuseppe, 14, 126, 280n, 319Lyons, C , 322Lyons, J., 162n
Mac Con Iomaire, Liam, 278nMacAulay, D., 2McCarthy, J.J. 94n
McCloskey, James, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 31,
32, 37, 42, 47-8, 56, 93n, 96n, 105, 106,
107, 108, 110, 121, 122n, 123n, 185, 188,
195, 221n, 226, 227, 229, 236, 237n,
238n, 239n, 240n, 241-83, 288, 293,
31 In, 325, 326, 334, 336n, 337n
McDaniel, D., 297
McKenna, Malachy, 278n
mae, 126-7: as an 'auto-saturated' form,
157; analysis of constructions with,
134-8; distribution of, 87-9, 95n;
existential, 129-31; predicational, 128-9;
and stage-level predicates, 75, 88-9,
131-4; suppletive form, 80, 87-9
mae/yw distinction, 44-5, 156-9, 161, 169n
Mahajan, A., 202
mai, 28, 29, 102, 103, 105, 113-15, 117-18,
155-6
Maltese, 40, 43; inalienability condition,
316, 336n; noun phrases compared with
Irish and Hebrew, 7, 31440
Manx, 2
Manzini, M.R., 65, 209
Marantz, Alec, 92, 93n, 223, 237n, 282n
May, R., 296
measure phrases, 200, 201; and Fronted
Object Phrases, 208-10; licensing
Scottish Gaelic, 203-11, 217-19
Mellor, Martin, 220n
Middle Welsh, 28, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,
115, 116, 117-18, 187
Milsark, G., 210
Minimalist Programme: assumptions of,
314-17, 333; GREED principle, 316, 318,
328; Irish word order, 223-40
Minimality Condition, 137-8, 151, 164n,
210, 219, 231; see also Relativized
Minimality
mixed sentences, see cleft sentences
Mohammad, M., 317, 335n
monotone decreasing quantifiers, 46,
299-306,308-11
monotone increasing quantifiers, 300-1,
305
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monotonicity correspondence universal,301
Moritz, L., 292, 293, 312nMoro, A., 126, 161n, 162n, 166n, 310morphology, and syntax, 75-96, 134, 152morphosyntactic structure, and
Reichenbachian temporal referencepoints, 211-17
Morris-Jones, J., 181, 182, 183Motivated Chomage Law, 191Mouchaweh, L., 176Mulder, R., 150, 164nMunster dialect of Irish, 228, 229, 235,
256, 257mutation, 47, 49-51, 77
N-features, as 'argument-checkingfeatures', 174, 233-5, 239n, 270-1
Nash, Lea, 161nNatural Language and Linguistic Theory,
1-2negation: evidence for LF movement,
290-1; in fronting constructions, 118-21;and inflection, 293-4; in Irish, 284-313;in non-finite clauses, 32-3; therealization of in Celtic languages, 46;sentential, see sentential negation; thesyntactic representation of, 290-8
Negative Criterion, 296negative markers, 295; in Irish, 285-7,
304-5negatives, Irish, 287-90NegP hypothesis, 291-5, 298-306, 311Ni Chiobhain, Marian, 278nNi Chiosain, Maire, 237n, 31 In, 335nNi Shuilleabhain, Brenda, 278nNishigauchi, T., 297nominals, 38-40, 314-40; relationship
between Celtic and Semitic, 14, 39^0;the structure of, 12-14
Nominative Case, 223-4, 266-7non-finite clauses, word order, 29-34,
235-7non-finite verbs, see verb-nounsNoonan, Maire, 229, 237n
noun phrases, comparison of Irish,Hebrew and Maltese, 39-40, 314^*0
null argument languages, agreement andclitics, 40-3
numerals, precede noun, 38-9numeration (Chomsky), 272
6 Baoill, Donall P., 237n, 335nO Buachalla, Breandan, 278nO Dochartaigh, Cathair, 5In6 Huallachain, C , 334, 335n6 Muimhneachain, Aindrias, 278n6 Murchu, Liam, 278n6 Murchu, M., 334, 335nO 'Rahilly, T., 280n6 Se, Diarmaid, 278n, 280n6 Siadhail, Micheal, 240n, 263, 278n,
28In, 307, 335n6 Suilleabhain, Diarmuidin, 278nObject Shift, 188, 273, 278n, 283nOgam script, 2Old French, 166nOld Irish, 2, 225, 238n, 273Old Spanish, 24, 53, 58Old Welsh, 3, 102optionality, in Minimalist perspective, 86,
333Ouhalla, J., 49, 166n, 180, 189, 198n, 238n,
240n, 282n, 31 In
P-Celtic, 2parameters of variation, see principles-and-
parameters theoryPartee, B., 166n, 210participial constructions, 35-8particles: aspectual in Scottish Gaelic,
214-16; clause-initial, 25-7, 47; cleftingin Scottish Gaelic, 207-8; negative rootand subordinate in Welsh, 26; status ascomplementizers, 25, 26-7, 104-5
partitive Case, 144, 145passive constructions, 37-8; see also
perfective passive; progressive passivePedersen, H., 117, 181, 182, 187
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Index 365
Pembrokeshire Welsh, 46, 195perfective constructions, 36-7perfective passive, 37-8, 254-9, 261, 262,
268, 280nPerlmutter, D., 191, 245
Pesetsky, David, 75, 78, 82, 86, 93n, 94n,
237n, 253
phi-features, 188, 205, 217-18
Phillips, Colin, 237n
Phonetic Form (PF), 172
Pianesi, F., 211,212-13, 215-16
Pictish, 3
Platense Spanish, 16
Platzack, C , 51n
pleonastic elements, 250, 254, 259, 260; in
small clauses, 280-1 n
Poletto, C , 187-8
Pollock, J.-Y., 4, 7, 56, 67, 174, 198n, 223,
233, 234, 241-2, 292
Pollock-Emonds tests, 5In
Poppe, E., 97, 99
Portuguese, long head movement in, 53, 58
POSS-mg gerundives, English, 12-13
possession, 39; and appartenance, 140;
with prepositional phrase, see Free
Genitive (FG)
possessive absolute constructions, in
Welsh, 139^3, 145
possessive clitics (POSS), in Construct
State Nominal (CSN), 322-8possessor construction, see Construct State
Nominal (CSN)
Postal, P., 191, 245predication: and existence, 128-46; and
identity, 125-6, 146-59; licensing the
relation, 150-2
preposition-stranding, 250, 260, 264prepositions, inflected, 41-2present tense: GENERIC/HABITUAL and
FUTURE operators, 160-1; status in
Welsh, 158, 159-61
Press, I., 87, 95nPrince, A.S., 94n
principles-and-parameters theory, 1, 4-7,
97, 196, 223, 290, 314
pro, 16-17, 188-9, 205-7, 22In/?ro-drop effect, 325proclitics, 42-3, 49, 175-6, 322Procrastinate Principle 7, 172-3, 233, 333,
336nprogressive constructions, 35-6, 37, 247-9,
252progressive passive, 37, 247-8pronominal enclisis, in VSO languages,
171-99pronoun postposing, right-adjunction, 263pronouns: atonic, 188; checking and VSO,
186-9; phi-features, 188; weak as ameans of identifying pro, 189, 196
propositional domains, as predicates, 142,152
Pullum, G., 17Pyatt, Elizabeth, 225, 237n, 238n, 273
Q-Celtic, 2quantifier raising, 291; NegP and, 294-5quantifiers, negative, 284, 285-7, 296-8;
see also monotone decreasingquantifiers; monotone increasingquantifiers
Quasi-Arguments, 201
Ramchand, G., 220n, 236, 238n, 239n,340n
re-adjustment rules, 92reconstruction processes, 149Recoverability of Deletion Principle, 82-5Reichenbach, H., 212, 214relational grammar, 191relative clauses, 47-9Relativized Minimality, 64-5, 109, 186,
221n, 292-3, 294, 328resumptive pronouns, 47, 48, 84-5, 252Reuland, E., 261Rhys, Catrin Sian, 214, 220nRight-Hand Head Rule, 171Ritter, E., 14, 186, 316, 317, 319, 321-2,
326, 327, 328, 333, 334, 335n, 338n,339n
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366 Index
Rivero, Maria-Luisa, 7, 15, 23, 28, 53-74,312n, 337n
Rizzi, Luigi, 6, 16, 64, 65, 73n, 97, 106,167n, 174, 197n, 209, 231, 266, 286, 293,296, 297, 312n
Roberts, B., 122nRoberts, Ian, 1-52, 53, 64, 65-7, 97, 106,
109, 122n, 123n, 161n, 162n, 164n, 165n,167n, 171-99, 220n, 221n, 237n, 266,278n, 281n, 328, 337n
Rognvaldsson, E., 11Romance languages, 7, 16, 19, 43, 53, 187;
auxiliaries, 71, 72; clitics, 67, 186, 188,compared with Semitic clitics, 175-81;
negative formatives, 295; participialstructures, 132
Ross, J.R., 11, 286Rouveret, Alain, 46, 73n, 75, 93n, 94n,
95n, 96n, 106, 108, 196n; on bod,
125-70, 197n; cleft sentences, 27, 28-9,102, 103, 105, 109, 114-15, 116-17, 121,122-3n; on mae/yw, 44-5, 156-9, 161;on particles, 26, 36; on subject positions,21, 22, 23, 56, 88, 90
Rumanian, long head movement in, 53, 58Runner, Jeff, 220nRutten, J., 211, 212Ruwet, N., 125
Sadler, L., 26, 34, 48, 93n, 102, 103, 104Safir, K., 4, 17, 261, 265Saito, M., 106Santorini, B., 11Scandinavian languages, 14, 5In, 198n;
object shift, 188Schafer, R., 54, 55, 73n, 273Schmidt, C , 336n
Schmitt, C , 93nSchiitze, C , 282nSchwartz, B., 11
Scots Gaelic, 2, 31, 195, 203, 236, 340n;aspect, agreement and measure phrasesin, 200-22; clitics, 43; compound tenses,214-15; description, 3; speakers, 3; tenseand aspect in, 214-16
selection indexing, 211-12, 219selection theory, 200, 202, 211-20Sells, P., 31, 245, 247, 283nSemitic languages, 39-40, 43; construct-
state construction 14, 314, 316, 339n;
similarities with Celtic languages, 7,
314^40
sentential negation, 284—313
Serbo-Croatian: auxiliaries, 71; long head
movement in, 24, 53, 57
Shih, C , 320
Shlonsky, Ur, 7, 14, 16, 17, 40, 84, 162n,
165n, 171-99, 220n, 22In, 236, 280n,
328, 337n
Shoshani, R., 191
SigurSsson, H.A., 242
Siloni, T., 14, 186
Sjoestedt-Jonval, M.L., 280n
Slavonic languages, 7, 53; auxiliaries, 71;
clitics, 63, 186, 188
Slovak, long head movement in, 53, 57
small clauses, pleonastic elements in,
280-ln
small-clause analysis of be/bod
constructions 138, 144, 164-5n
Smith, C , 132
Spanish: Latin American dialects, 16; a
null subject language, 16-17; see also
Old Spanish; Platense SpanishSpeas, M., 11, 12, 223
Specified Subject Condition (SSC), 18-19
Spell Out, 172, 223, 233split-Infl hypothesis, 8-9, 22Sportiche, D. 11, 18, 19, 21, 56, 89, 108,
197n, 198n, 223, 242, 315
Sproat, R., 77, 78, 93n, 102, 103, 131, 132,
183, 203, 320stage-level/individual-level predicates, 44-5,
75, 88-9, 127, 131-4, 161
Starke, M., 188, 196n, 197nStavi, J., 299Stephens, Janig, 7, 15, 23, 26, 27, 28, 51n,
53-74, 117, 312n, 337n
Stowell, T., 20, 31, 160, 211, 212, 213, 225,247, 279n, 293
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Structure Preservation Condition, 9Stump, G.T., 26, 27, 56, 104, 163nSubjacency, 47subjecthood, morphosyntactic features of,
267-9subjects: internal position, and EPP,
265-7; internal position and clausalcomplements, 262-5; and subjectpositions in Irish, 241-83
subsumption, 125superindexation, 212suppletion: syntactic effects in Celtic
copulas, 75-96; third-person presentform, 79-87
SVO languages, 20, 187sydd 45, 80-5, 83-4, 89-92, 95n, 167-8nsyntax, and morphology, 75-96, 134, 152Szabolcsi, A., 209
tags, distribution of and negation in Irish,285-6, 307-8, 310
Takahashi, D., 283nTallerman, Maggie 23, 27-8, 51, 93n,
97-124, 155Taraldsen, K.T. 14taw, 28, 102, 117, 166nTelegraph, Principle of, 45, 82, 84, 86, 88Tenny, C , 78, 89Tense: and Agreement, 9-10, 23, 24, 200;
and aspect, in Scottish Gaelic, 200,214-16; morphosyntactic andinterpretation, 142, 212-14
Tense chains (T-chains): and aspectualchains, 210-17, 220; measure phrasesand, 209-10
tense/aspect system of English, temporalreference points (Reichenbach), 211, 212
ter Meulen, A.G.B., 261Theta Theory, link with Case Theory,
200-3theta-arguments, 211, 217Thomas, A.R., 20, 95n, 102, 130, 131Thorne, D.A., 94nThrainsson, H., 11Three-Layered Case Theory, 282n
Tomaselli, A., 10topicalization, 98, 227; in Breton, 27, 54-6,
60, 68, 104, 117; GB analyses of English,105-6; remnant, 55, 56
Torrego, E., 188, 194traces, 47Travis, L., 6, 15, 52n, 126, 134, 144, 163n,
224, 227, 250Trepos, P., 94nTsoulas, Georges, 161nTuller, Laurie, 161nTurkish, 13
Ulster dialects of Irish, 3, 203, 228, 240n,280n
Ultan, R., 307unaccusatives, 23, 126; in Irish, 242-50,
259-61; putative, 251-4, 257-9, 268,279-80n; salient, 242-50, 257, 259-61,271, 272, 273, 280n; salient, listed, 276-8
Universal Grammar (UG), 4, 82Uriagereka, J., 188, 194
V-features, as 'predicate-checking' features
6-7, 174, 233-5, 239nValois, D., 312n, 319variation: morphosyntactic origins, 273;
parameters of, 4, 196, 314; synchronic,7; theory of syntactic, see features,
theory of syntacticVarlokosta, S., 252verb + auxiliary sentences, in Breton,
54-7verb raising: and subject and object
remaining in situ in Irish, 225, 228-9; toComp in Irish, 225, 226-7, 230-7
verb-fronting, Breton, 55-6verb-nouns, 29verb-second clauses: in Germanic
languages, 149; in Welsh proposed, 29,148-50
verb-second (V2) phenomena, 10-11, 20-1,121, 226, 337n
verbal particles, or complementizers, 104-5
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verbs, analytic and synthetic forms, 272;see also finite verbs; verb-nouns
Vergnaud, J.-R., 162n, 336nVikner, S., 11, 51n, 198n, 281nVisibility Condition, 200-2; see also
Generalized VisibilityVisibility Criterion, extended version,
200-22VP-internal subject hypothesis, 11-12,
21-3, 56-7, 88, 89, 223, 241, 242, 262-5,279n
VSO clauses, 19-23, 225-33, 241-83; in
Breton, 23-5, 53, 54-7; root clauses, 19;subordinate clauses, 20-3
VSO languages, 14, 53, 203; analytic and
synthetic agreement in, 190-6; basic orderived order, 19-20; doubt about
unitary class, 273; long head movementin, 53-74; pronominal enclisis in,171-99; pronouns, checking and, 186-9;'residual', 187; structural invariance andlexical diversity in, 314—40
Wagner, H., 280nWahba, W., 176Watanabe, A., 237, 282nWatkin, Morgan, 124nWatkins, T.A., 97, 101, 119, 163nweak island constraint, 209, 22InWebelhuth, Gert, 93n, 222nWelsh, 2, 21, 46, 178, 236; A'-binding
construction, 48; abnormal sentences,27-8, 97-124; agreement and clitics, 40,43, 192; Biblical, 99; clefting, 27-9,97-124; clitics, 171-99, properties of,181-6; Colloquial 26, 45, 102, 124n, 159,273; copulas, 44-5, 75, 76-9; description,3-4; echo pronouns 182-3, 185, 189,193-6, 337n; fronting constructions in,97-124; impersonal passives, 191;
interrogative complementizer, 28;Literary 3, 25, 26, 45, 105, 124n, 181,182; mutation, 49-51; negation, 22, 46;nominals, 38-40; non-finite clauses,29-34; in North Wales, 25; participialconstructions, 35-8; particles listed, 25;personal pronouns, 181-2; in SouthWales, 25, 28, 102; speakers, 4; VSOclauses, 19-23; see also Middle Welsh;Old Welsh; Pembrokeshire Welsh
^-Criterion, 296-7w/z-questions, 47-9Wilder, C , 65Williams, E., 5, 92, 171,211Williams, I., 123nWilliams, S., 122nWilliams, S.J., 93n, 95n, 98, 152, 279nWojcik, R., 70word order: and clitic systems, 171-99;
contrasts over timing of syntacticmovement, 314-40; cross-linguisticvariation as variation within the lexicon,314-15
X-bar Theory, 7, 13, 336n
Yiddish, 11,21yn, 30, 45, 76-8, 162-3nyw, 44-5, 126-7, 146-8; predicational,
156-9
Zagona, K., 211Zanuttini, R. 292, 296, 31 In, 312nZimmer, H., 280nZubizarreta, M.L., 162n, 336nZwart, Jan-Wouter, 11, 52n, 227, 237n,
337nZwarts, F., 209, 211Zwicky, A., 17, 50
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