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The Sun
OUR STAR
• 34 Earth days to rotate at Poles
• 25 Earth days to rotate at Equator
OUR STAR
• Main Sequence Star
• Spectral Class: G2V
OUR STAR
• Surface temp = 5500°C
• Core temp = 15 million°C
OUR STAR
• Acceleration due to gravity = 274 m/s2
• Compared to Earth’s 9.81 m/s2
OUR STAR
• 1.4 million km diameter
• 750 times the mass of all of the solar system’s planets put together
STUDYING THE SUN
• In 1609 Galileo built his first telescope
• He saw Sunspots
STUDYING THE SUN
• 1960’s
• PIONEER 5 to 9
• Orbited the sun– Solar wind– Solar flares– Magnetic fields
STUDYING THE SUN
• 1974 & 1976
• HELIOS
• High-velocity passes close to Sun’s surface– Solar wind– Magnetic field
STUDYING THE SUN
• 1980
• SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION– X-rays– Gamma rays– Ultraviolet radiation– From flares and
sunspots
STUDYING THE SUN
• 1990• ULYSSES• primary mission was
to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes.
• The last day for mission operations on Ulysses was June 30, 2009
What are the difficulties in studying the Sun?
• Heat
• Light
• Distance
• Angle
• Size
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• Earth’s only natural satellite
• Located 384,400 km away from Earth
• Reflects light from the Sun
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• Synodic month: 29.5 days days (new moon to new moon)
• Sidereal month: 27.3 days (360° around Earth)
• Rotational Period: 27.3 days
• We only see one side of the Moon
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• Maximum Surface Temperature:130º C
• Minimum Surface Temperature:-180º C
• thought to have a small Iron core followed by a very thick mantle and a thin crust.
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• The Moon is composed of two major features: – Highlands – Maria
• The Highlands are like our own mountain ranges. Formed from igneous rock.
• The Maria are similar to our oceans, but were formed by past lava flows.
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• g = 1.62 m/s2
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• Diameter = 3,476 km
EARTH’s SATELLITE
• Fission Theory - Earth spinning so fast a piece broke off forming the Moon
• Capture Theory - Moon formed elsewhere and was captured
• Co-Creation Theory - the Earth and Moon formed and evolved together
• Collisional Ejection Theory - a large impact broke off pieces of the Earth and formed the Moon
STUDYING THE MOON
• In 1609 used his first telescope to examine the Moon
• He saw Craters and Mountains
STUDYING THE MOON
• By 1651, Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli and mathematician and physicist Francesco M. Grimaldi, had completed a map of the moon.
• That map established the naming system for lunar features that is still in use.
STUDYING THE MOON
• First Un-manned Probes:– 1959, probes from Soviet's
Luna spacecraft first flew by and then impacted the Moon's surface.
– NASA's Pioneer 4 passed within 37,000 miles of the Moon
– Ranger, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter photographed the lunar surface in preparation for landing astronauts
STUDYING THE MOON
• Manned Landings:– July 20, 1969, Apollo 11
mission successfully lands on the Moon. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins.
– 6 manned missions – returned the first scientific
samples from an extraterrestrial body to Earth - nearly 850 pounds of Moon rock
STUDYING THE MOON
• 1994, a tiny spacecraft, Clementine, discovered possible indirect evidence for water ice on the Moon, in a permanently shadowed miles-deep crater at the south pole
• New (Mar 2014) NASA interactive map allows you to explore the Moon created from images from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter whiched entered lunar orbit in June 2009
Sources• http://lunar.ksc.nasa.gov/history/moonh.html• http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.ca/2010/04/francesco-mari
a-grimaldigiambattista.html• http://astronomyonline.org/solarsystem/moonintroduction.asp• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldrin_Apollo_11_original.jpg• http://knlive.ctvnews.ca/new-nasa-interactive-let-s-you-explore-the-
moon-1.1738532• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing• http://www.optcorp.com/articles/galileo-galileis-moon-drawings• http://www.universetoday.com/19718/formation-of-the-moon/