The Sun-Earth-Moon System

The Sun-Earth-Moon The Sun-Earth-Moon SystemSystem

Chap. 28Chap. 28Chap. 28Chap. 28

Tools of Astronomy

The Moon

Sun-Earth-Moon System

Tools of Astronomy – 28.1

ObjectivesObjectives• describe electro-magnetic radiation.• explain how telescopes work• describe space exploration

http://www.physics.unr.edu/cshirley/images.html

I.I. Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation (light) (light)

I.I. Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation (light) (light)A.A. Only part of the spectrum is visible Only part of the spectrum is visible

(ROY G BIV)(ROY G BIV)



B.B. Most ‘light’ cannot be seen by the Most ‘light’ cannot be seen by the human eyehuman eye




C.C. Different light has different Different light has different wavelengthswavelengths





D.D. Frequency is related to wavelengthFrequency is related to wavelength

The longer the wave the The longer the wave the the frequency the frequency





D.D. Frequency is related to wavelengthFrequency is related to wavelength

The longer the wave the The longer the wave the shortershorter the frequency the frequency

II.II. TelescopesTelescopes

Yerkes observatory (WI), 1897Yerkes observatory (WI), 1897

II.II. TelescopesTelescopesA.A. IntroductionIntroduction


1.1. Purpose – to collect light Purpose – to collect light and focus itand focus it

Globular Star Cluster M15, Milky Way Globular Star Cluster M15, Milky Way

http://www.seds.org/messier/Pics/Jpg/m15hst.jpg


1.1. Purpose – to collect light Purpose – to collect light and focus itand focus it

2.2. Telescopes magnify objectsTelescopes magnify objects

This is the secondary function of a telescopeThis is the secondary function of a telescope


B.B. TypesTypes


B.B. TypesTypes1.1. RefractorRefractor

http://www.yesmag.bc.ca/how_work/telescope.htmlhttp://www.yesmag.bc.ca/how_work/telescope.html



a.a. Uses glass lensesUses glass lenses



a.a. Uses glass lensesUses glass lenses

b.b. Often made from two lenses – Often made from two lenses – an objective and an eyepiecean objective and an eyepiece

http://www.astro-tom.com/telescopes/telescopes.htmhttp://www.astro-tom.com/telescopes/telescopes.htm


B.B. TypesTypes2.2. ReflectorReflector

http://www.yesmag.bc.ca/how_work/telescope.htmlhttp://www.yesmag.bc.ca/how_work/telescope.html



a.a. Uses mirrorsUses mirrors




b.b. Light often strikes a series of Light often strikes a series of mirrorsmirrors





b.b. Light often strikes a series of Light often strikes a series of mirrorsmirrors



B.B. TypesTypes

C.C. BenefitsBenefits


B.B. TypesTypes


1.1. Can utilize a variety of detectorsCan utilize a variety of detectors


B.B. TypesTypes



2.2. Can focus more light than the eyeCan focus more light than the eye


B.B. TypesTypes



2.2. Can focus more light than the eyeCan focus more light than the eye

3.3. Can make time exposure photosCan make time exposure photos

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~iblumgar/eclipse.html

II.II. TelescopesTelescopesD.D. LocationLocation


1.1. Away from citiesAway from cities


1.1. Away from citiesAway from cities

2.2. On high mountainsOn high mountains

Griffith Observatory – So. CaliforniaGriffith Observatory – So. California~1,100 feet~1,100 feet

Mt. Wilson Observatory – So. CaliforniaMt. Wilson Observatory – So. California~5,600 feet~5,600 feet

Keck Observatory – Mauna KeaKeck Observatory – Mauna Kea~14,000 feet~14,000 feet

http://www.ucolick.org/~kibrick/http://www.ucolick.org/~kibrick/


E.E. Other telescopesOther telescopes1.1. Radio-telescopes collect Radio-telescopes collect .

http://pics.bothner.com/2002/RadioTelescope/


E.E. Other telescopesOther telescopes1.1. Radio-telescopes collect Radio-telescopes collect radioradio waveswaves

2.2. Interferometry links multiple Interferometry links multiple ________________


E.E. Other telescopesOther telescopes1.1. Radio-telescopes collect Radio-telescopes collect radioradio waveswaves

2.2. Interferometry links multiple Interferometry links multiple telescopestelescopes

VLA Radio Antennas – Socorro, NMVLA Radio Antennas – Socorro, NM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0005/vla2_nrao_big.jpg

III.III. Collecting data beyond Collecting data beyond EarthEarth


A.A. Space telescopesSpace telescopes



B.B. Spacecraft/probesSpacecraft/probes



B.B. Spacecraft/probesSpacecraft/probes

C.C. Space stationSpace station

The End

The Moon – 28.2

ObjectivesObjectives• describe the develop-ment of exploration of the Moon.• identify features on the Moon.• explain the theories about how the Moon formed.

I.I. Historic MissionsHistoric MissionsA.A. Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The first The first , launched by , launched by ..


The first The first satellitesatellite, launched by , launched by RussiaRussia


B.B. Vostok 1 (1961)Vostok 1 (1961)

first man in space, he was from first man in space, he was from ..



Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin first man in space, he was from first man in space, he was from RussiaRussia..



C.C. Mercury (1961)Mercury (1961)

was the first American in space.was the first American in space.




Alan Shepard JrAlan Shepard Jr was the first American in space. was the first American in space.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mercury_Capsule2.jpg

http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/large/astronauts/shepard_alan.htm




D.D. Gemini (1963-1966)Gemini (1963-1966)

This craft was designed to carry This craft was designed to carry people. people.




D.D. Gemini (1963-1966)Gemini (1963-1966)

This craft was designed to carry This craft was designed to carry 22 people. people.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Gemini_6_7.jpg




D.D. Gemini (1963-1966)Gemini (1963-1966)

E.E. Apollo 11 (1969)Apollo 11 (1969)

Landed the first man, Landed the first man, , on the moon., on the moon.




D.D. Gemini (1963-1966)Gemini (1963-1966)

E.E. Apollo 11 (1969)Apollo 11 (1969)

Landed the first man, Landed the first man, Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong, on the moon., on the moon.

II.II. Lunar PropertiesLunar Properties

II.II. Lunar PropertiesLunar PropertiesA.A. Earth’s moon is larger than mostEarth’s moon is larger than most

Only Jupiter and Saturn have larger moons.Only Jupiter and Saturn have larger moons.


B.B. Earth’s moon is farther than mostEarth’s moon is farther than most

Most moons are closer to their planets.Most moons are closer to their planets.



C.C. The moon is solid and rockyThe moon is solid and rocky

Not icy or gaseous like many other moons.Not icy or gaseous like many other moons.



C.C. The moon is solid and rockyThe moon is solid and rocky

D.D. Earth’s moon is one of the few Earth’s moon is one of the few moons of the inner planets.moons of the inner planets.

Mercury and Venus have none, Mars’ moons are tinyMercury and Venus have none, Mars’ moons are tiny

III.III. The Moon’s SurfaceThe Moon’s Surface

III.III. The Moon’s SurfaceThe Moon’s SurfaceA.A. Has relatively low albedo (7%)Has relatively low albedo (7%)

Albedo describes amount of sunlight reflected.Albedo describes amount of sunlight reflected.


B.B. Temperatures fluctuate a lot (from Temperatures fluctuate a lot (from 400K to 100K)400K to 100K)

This is due to the moon’s lack of This is due to the moon’s lack of ..



This is due to the moon’s lack of This is due to the moon’s lack of an an atmosphereatmosphere..



C.C. HighlandsHighlands

Light in color, mountainous, and cratered.Light in color, mountainous, and cratered.



C.C. HighlandsHighlands

D.D. MariaMaria

Dark, smooth plains, associated with Dark, smooth plains, associated with rilles (long, narrow straight valleyrilles (long, narrow straight valley


Material expelled from crater. Long strands of Material expelled from crater. Long strands of ejecta are called ejecta are called raysrays..

E.E. Impact craters knock out ejecta.Impact craters knock out ejecta.

III.III. The Moon’s SurfaceThe Moon’s SurfaceE.E. Impact craters knock out ejecta.Impact craters knock out ejecta.

F.F. Moons craters are easier to see than Moons craters are easier to see than Earth’s.Earth’s.

This is because there is more This is because there is more on Earth. on Earth.


This is because there is more This is because there is more weatheringweathering on Earth. on Earth.

E.E. Impact craters knock out ejecta.Impact craters knock out ejecta.

F.F. Moons craters are easier to see than Moons craters are easier to see than Earth’s.Earth’s.

IV.IV. HistoryHistory

IV.IV. HistoryHistoryA.A. Believed to be 3.8 – 4.6 byo.Believed to be 3.8 – 4.6 byo.

Based on radioisotope dating of rocks.Based on radioisotope dating of rocks.


B.B. Bombarded heavily by projectiles Bombarded heavily by projectiles for first 800 million years.for first 800 million years.

Most of the craters have dark ejecta meaning Most of the craters have dark ejecta meaning they’re old.they’re old.



C.C. This action produced regolith.This action produced regolith.

This is the loose, ground up moon rock.This is the loose, ground up moon rock.




D.D. Maria formed later from magma.Maria formed later from magma.

This explains the darker color.This explains the darker color.




D.D. Maria formed later from magma.Maria formed later from magma.

E.E. Flowing lava created rilles.Flowing lava created rilles.

Not created by flowing water, but flowing lava.Not created by flowing water, but flowing lava.

V.V. Formation TheoriesFormation Theories

V.V. Formation TheoriesFormation TheoriesA.A. Capture TheoryCapture Theory

Moon formed elsewhere and was captured by Moon formed elsewhere and was captured by Earth’s gravity.Earth’s gravity.


1.1. How did object slow down?How did object slow down?


1.1. How did object slow down?How did object slow down?

2.2. What explains similar composition What explains similar composition to Earth’s?to Earth’s?


B.B. Simultaneous Formation TheorySimultaneous Formation Theory

Moon and Earth formed in space at same Moon and Earth formed in space at same time, near each othertime, near each other


B.B. Simultaneous Formation TheorySimultaneous Formation Theory1.1. Explains same composition and Explains same composition and

proximity.proximity.


B.B. Simultaneous Formation TheorySimultaneous Formation Theory1.1. Explains same composition and Explains same composition and

proximity.proximity.

2.2. Does not explain Earth’s higher Does not explain Earth’s higher iron content.iron content.

V.V. Formation TheoriesFormation TheoriesC.C. Impact TheoryImpact Theory

Earth was hit by Mars-size object, and layers Earth was hit by Mars-size object, and layers of crust/mantle material were ejected.of crust/mantle material were ejected.


1.1. Moon received iron-poor material.Moon received iron-poor material.

C.C. Impact TheoryImpact Theory


1.1. Moon received iron-poor material.Moon received iron-poor material.

2.2. Heat evaporated water from moon.Heat evaporated water from moon.

C.C. Impact TheoryImpact Theory

The End

Sun-Moon-Earth System – 28.3

ObjectivesObjectives• Identify the relative

positions and motions of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon

• Describe the phases of the Moon.

• Explain eclipses of the Sun and Moon.

I.I. MotionMotion

We are moving at a speed of We are moving at a speed of mph around mph around the sun (and rotating about the sun (and rotating about mph). mph).

I.I. MotionMotion

We are moving at a speed of We are moving at a speed of 67,00067,000 mph around mph around the sun (and rotating about the sun (and rotating about 10001000 mph). mph).

I.I. MotionMotionA.A. Evidence of motionEvidence of motion

How do we know there is motion?How do we know there is motion?


1.1. Apparent motion of sunApparent motion of sun



2.2. Apparent motion of moonApparent motion of moon

http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/20jun_moonillusion.html



2.2. Apparent motion of moonApparent motion of moon

3.3. Apparent motion of starsApparent motion of stars

http://www.sufism.org/society/articles/sema_camille.html


B.B. Rate of motionRate of motion

Each day the sun moves an apparent 360Each day the sun moves an apparent 360º. This º. This means it appears to move means it appears to move º/minute. º/minute.



Each day the sun moves an apparent 360Each day the sun moves an apparent 360º. This º. This means it appears to move means it appears to move 0.250.25 º/minute. º/minute.



C.C. How do we know Earth is moving?How do we know Earth is moving?

. . .and not the rest of the universe?. . .and not the rest of the universe?



C.C. How do we know Earth is moving?How do we know Earth is moving?1.1. A Foucault pendulumA Foucault pendulum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum



C.C. How do we know Earth is moving?How do we know Earth is moving?1.1. A Foucault pendulumA Foucault pendulum

2.2. Coriolis effectCoriolis effect

http://www.atmos.ucla.edu

II.II. Earth’s TiltEarth’s Tilt

II.II. Earth’s TiltEarth’s TiltA.A. Earth moves in a plane called the Earth moves in a plane called the

eclipticecliptic


eclipticecliptic

B.B. Earth’s axis of rotation is not Earth’s axis of rotation is not perpendicular to its eclipticperpendicular to its ecliptic

It tilts by It tilts by ..


eclipticecliptic


It tilts by It tilts by 23.523.5ºº..

23.523.5ºº


eclipticecliptic


C.C. In the Northern hemisphere the In the Northern hemisphere the Sun’s Sun’s altitudealtitude in the sky is higher in the sky is higher in the in the ..

Altitude is measured in degrees from the observer’s horizon to the object..


eclipticecliptic


C.C. In the Northern hemisphere the In the Northern hemisphere the Sun’s altitude in the sky is higher Sun’s altitude in the sky is higher in the in the summersummer..

II.II. Earth’s TiltEarth’s TiltD.D. The solsticesThe solstices


1.1. SummerSummer


1.1. SummerSummera.a. ““Longest day” of the year (in Longest day” of the year (in

Northern hemisphere)Northern hemisphere)




b.b. Sun is directly overhead at Sun is directly overhead at Tropic of Cancer (23.5Tropic of Cancer (23.5º N)º N)





c.c. Occurs around June 21Occurs around June 21





c.c. Occurs around June 21Occurs around June 21

d.d. Sun never sets in Arctic circleSun never sets in Arctic circle

Summer SolsticeSummer Solstice


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter

a.a. Most hours of darkness (in N. Most hours of darkness (in N. hemisphere)hemisphere)


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter


b.b. Sun is directly overhead at Sun is directly overhead at Tropic of Capricorn (23.5Tropic of Capricorn (23.5º S)º S)


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter



c.c. Occurs around December 21Occurs around December 21


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter



c.c. Occurs around December 21Occurs around December 21

d.d. Sun never rises in Arctic circleSun never rises in Arctic circle

Winter SolsticeWinter Solstice


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter

3.3. EquinoxesEquinoxes


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter

3.3. EquinoxesEquinoxesa.a. Occur at midpoint between Occur at midpoint between

solsticessolstices


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter


solsticessolstices

b.b. Sun directly overhead at Sun directly overhead at equatorequator


1.1. SummerSummer

2.2. WinterWinter


solsticessolstices

b.b. Sun directly overhead at Sun directly overhead at equatorequator

c.c. Both hemispheres receive equal Both hemispheres receive equal sunlightsunlight

Self CheckSelf Check1.1. At which point is summer solstice?At which point is summer solstice?

Self CheckSelf Check1.1. At which point is summer solstice?At which point is summer solstice?

2.2. At which point is the vernal equinoxAt which point is the vernal equinox

III.III. Phases of the MoonPhases of the Moon

III.III. Phases of the MoonPhases of the MoonA.A. Names of the PhasesNames of the Phases

Go to Go to diagramdiagram


1.1. New moonNew moon

The moon is between Earth and the Sun – we The moon is between Earth and the Sun – we don’t see the lit surfacedon’t see the lit surface




2.2. Waxing crescentWaxing crescent

Waxing means increasingWaxing means increasing





3.3. First quarterFirst quarter

Observed ¼ of the way through a lunar monthObserved ¼ of the way through a lunar month





3.3. First quarterFirst quarter

4.4. Waxing gibbousWaxing gibbous

Gibbous means more than ½ but less than fullGibbous means more than ½ but less than full



5.5. Full moonFull moon

The moon is on opposite sides of the Earth from The moon is on opposite sides of the Earth from the Sun – we see the entire lit surfacethe Sun – we see the entire lit surface




6.6. Waning gibbousWaning gibbous

Waning means decreasing in size/intensity Waning means decreasing in size/intensity





7.7. Third quarterThird quarter

Observed ¾ into the lunar monthObserved ¾ into the lunar month





7.7. Third quarterThird quarter

8.8. Waning crescentWaning crescent



B.B. Synchronous RotationSynchronous Rotation

For each For each revolutionrevolution of the moon it makes one of the moon it makes one rotationrotation..

III.III. Phases of the MoonPhases of the MoonC.C. TimingTiming


1.1. It takes the moon about 27.3 days It takes the moon about 27.3 days to complete its to complete its (a lunar (a lunar month).month).


1.1. It takes the moon about 27.3 days It takes the moon about 27.3 days to complete its to complete its orbitorbit (a lunar (a lunar month).month).

2.2. During 24 hours the moon moves During 24 hours the moon moves 1/27.3 of its orbit which = 1/27.3 of its orbit which = º.º.



2.2. During 24 hours the moon moves During 24 hours the moon moves 1/27.3 of its orbit which = 1/27.3 of its orbit which = 1313º.º.

3.3. This means the Earth must rotate This means the Earth must rotate an extra 13º to ‘catch up to the an extra 13º to ‘catch up to the moon’.moon’.

Each night the moonrise occurs about Each night the moonrise occurs about minutes minutes later.later.



2.2. During 24 hours the moon moves During 24 hours the moon moves 1/27.3 of its orbit which = 1/27.3 of its orbit which = 1313º.º.

3.3. This means the Earth must rotate This means the Earth must rotate an extra 13º to ‘catch up to the an extra 13º to ‘catch up to the moon’.moon’.

Each night the moonrise occurs about Each night the moonrise occurs about 5050 minutes minutes later.later.

IV.IV. EclipsesEclipses

IV.IV. EclipsesEclipsesA.A. Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse


1.1. The moon creates a shadow that The moon creates a shadow that covers part of the Earthcovers part of the Earth

June 29, 2006 Solar EclipseJune 29, 2006 Solar Eclipse


1.1. The moon creates a shadow that The moon creates a shadow that covers part of the Earthcovers part of the Eartha.a. The The UmbraUmbra is the darker, inner is the darker, inner

part of the shadow.part of the shadow.

If the umbra passes over your location you see no If the umbra passes over your location you see no sun (sun ( Eclipse) Eclipse)




If the umbra passes over your location you see no If the umbra passes over your location you see no sun (sun (TotalTotal Eclipse) Eclipse)




b.b. The The PenumbraPenumbra is the lighter, is the lighter, outer shadow.outer shadow.

If the penumbra passes over your location you see If the penumbra passes over your location you see some of the sun (some of the sun ( Eclipse) Eclipse)




b.b. The The PenumbraPenumbra is the lighter, is the lighter, outer shadow.outer shadow.

If the penumbra passes over your location you see If the penumbra passes over your location you see some of the sun (some of the sun (PartialPartial Eclipse) Eclipse)

Photos Taken During Photos Taken During Partial EclipsePartial Eclipse

Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse


B.B. Annular EclipseAnnular Eclipse

Occurs when the Earth/Moon system are Occurs when the Earth/Moon system are separated by maximum distance.separated by maximum distance.



Furthest distance between Moon and Earth.Furthest distance between Moon and Earth.

1.1. ApogeeApogee



Smallest distance between Moon and Earth.Smallest distance between Moon and Earth.

1.1. ApogeeApogee

2.2. PerigeePerigee

IV.IV. EclipsesEclipsesC.C. Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse

Moon is partially blocked by the Moon is partially blocked by the ..


Moon is partially blocked by the Moon is partially blocked by the SunSun..

C.C. Lunar EclipseLunar Eclipse


1.1. These last longer than Solar These last longer than Solar eclipses because. . .eclipses because. . .



1.1. These last longer than Solar These last longer than Solar eclipses because. . .eclipses because. . .

2.2. Even though moon passes through Even though moon passes through umbra, it is not completely dark umbra, it is not completely dark because. . .because. . .


The End

The Moon’s Phases (from above)The Moon’s Phases (from above)

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The Sun-Earth-Moon System