THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON. SUN FACTS It would take 109 earths or almost 10 Jupiters lined up, edge to...
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THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON. SUN FACTS It would take 109 earths or almost 10 Jupiters lined up, edge to edge, to fit across the sun. The sun is about 330,000
SUN FACTS It would take 109 earths or almost 10 Jupiters lined
up, edge to edge, to fit across the sun. The sun is about 330,000
times more massive than earth and 1048 times the mass of Jupiter.
The sun makes up 99% of the total mass of the solar system. The
density of the center of the sun is 1.50x10 5 kg/m 3, which is 13
times the density of lead.
Slide 3
LAYERS OF THE SUN 1.Inner Core: (1.5x10 7 C)-Nuclear Fusion
occurs creating energy. 2.Radiative zone: energy is transmitted
through radiation. 3.Convective zone: area of convection currents
where the heat is constantly 4.Photosphere-(6000 C)the visible
surface of the sun, the two outmost layers are transparent
5.Chromosphere-(10,000C)the chromosphere appears red, is only
visible during a solar eclipse and releases most UV radiation
6.Corona-(over 1 million C)is fully exposed during a solar eclipse
and emits x ray radiation
Slide 4
Suns composition and energy: The sun is made up of mostly
hydrogen (70.4%) and helium(28%) with less than one percent made up
of oxygen, carbon and other trace gases.
Slide 5
NUCLEAR FUSION Fusion comes from the core of the Su, where
pressure and temperatures are extremely high. The process by which
hydrogen atoms(light weight atomic nuclei) are converted in to
helium atoms and release an enormous amount of energy. The mass of
the fused helium is less than the combined mass of four hydrogen
atoms, which means mass is lost during the process of nuclear
fusion. According to Einstein's famous formula (E=mc 2 ), the lost
mass is converted into energy. At the current rate of the Suns
conversion in nuclear fusion, the sun is about half way through its
life cycle with about 5 billion years remaining. So the Sun used
about 3% of its hydrogen. *Every second 4.5 million tons of solar
mass is converted to radiant energy in the core of the sun.
Slide 6
LIFE CYCLE OF OUR SUN Our Sun has lived almost 5 billion years
of its life and will lived approximately 5 billion more as a medium
star. Due to a decreases in atomic fuel, in about 4 billion years
our Sun will begin to increase in temperature. Then it will expand
and cool to a Red Giant in 5 billion years. In around 10 billion
years from now, our Sun will become a hot white dwarf then most
likely burn out as a Black Dwarf. Because of their internal
structure, a star only burns about 10% of it totally H and He.
Slide 7
ORBITS AROUND THE SUN AND MOON The Earths orbit around the Sun,
as well as the moon around the sun, is an ellipse , flattened oval.
This causes us to have moments when we are closing to or further
away from the sun. The Earth-Sun distance varies by about 3%, or
roughly 5 million km (3 million miles), over the course of a year.
Aphelion- point when the Earth furthest away from the sun (July)
*Remember A for Away Perihelion-point when the Earth is closest to
the sun. (January) Apogee-point when moon is furthest away form the
earth Perigee-point when the moon is closest to earth
Slide 8
SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEM The sun rises in the east and set in the
west, as do the moon, stars and planets due to the earths rotation.
As the earth rotates, it takes the earth about 4 minutes than 24
hours to complete the rotation. The moon rises and sets 50 minutes
later each day because the Moon moves 13 in its orbit over a 24
hour period, and Earth has to turn an additional 13 for the Moon to
rise. Barycenter is the central mass of the earth that pulls on the
moon. Due to spherical shape of the moon, the barycenter shifts,
causing the Moon to wobble throughout its orbit. The wobble causes
the moon to only line up yearly for eclipses rather than
monthly.
Slide 9
REASON FOR SEASONS o The earths elliptical plane(orbit) allows
the earth to travel around the sun on at 23.5tilt, which causes our
seasons on earth. o When Tilted towards the sun:(aphelion) o
Sunlight on or above Tropic of cancer o Summer in north o Winter in
south o 24 hours of sunlight in arctic o When Tilted away from the
sun:(perihelion) o On or above Tropic of Capricorn o Summer in the
south o Winter in the north o 24 hours of sunlight in Antarctic
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator
Slide 10
SEASONS A.Solstice-when the sun is overhead at its furthest
distance either north or south. a) Tropic of Cancer = summer in
north b) Summer solstice- (Around June 21)Longest day of year with
most sunlight, first day of summer c) Winter Solstice (around
December 21) shortest day of the year and first day of winter
B.Equinox-midway in orbit between solstices and equal hours of day
and night a) Vernal Equinox (around March 21) first day of spring
b) Autumnal Equinox (around September 21) first day of fall C.
Zenith-is the suns maximum height at midday. It varies throughout
the year, depending on viewers location a)At equinox, zenith
appears lower b)Winter solstice is its lowest position
Slide 11
SUNS EXTERIOR Solar Prominence Corona Solar Flare Solar wind
Sunspot
Slide 12
SOLAR PROMINENCE Solar prominences are large arch of ejected
gas from the chromosphere. These often have a twist and
occasionally become unstable, ejecting plasma and magnetic flux out
from the sun. The prominences are associated with suns magnetic
field.
Slide 13
SUNSPOTS These are darker, cooler areas on the surface of the
sun created by disturbances in the suns magnetic field. They may be
as small as 16 kilometers or as large 160,00kilometers but usually
around twice the size of the Earth. Usually around 4500C. Activity
on our Sun varies over a roughly 11-year cycle. At the beginning of
a cycle, sunspots are sparse. The spots gradually increase over
several years, peak, and then decrease over the next several years,
with spots from old and new cycles often occurring simultaneously
as a new cycle starts. At the end of October 2008, another batch of
sunspots appeared, most of them belonging to a new cycle!
Slide 14
Solar wind Earths Magnetosphere Solar Wind Solar wind is the
gas and charged particles that flows outward from the corona at
high speed of 400km/s Earths Magnetosphere: The Earths invisible
magnetic field. This field attract solar particles from the sun
that could destroy all life on Earth. The field forms around the
Earths magnetic poles, which rotate every 10,000 years. Our
magnetic poles are shifting right now and will change possibly
within your lifetime. The earths magnetic field is believed to be
caused by the fluid motion of the outer molten core caused by the
earths rotation acting like a dynamo generating a magnetic field in
the axial direction. Solar Wind can also interfere with
communication devices on Earth, such as cell phones. SOLAR
WIND
Slide 15
AURORA BOREALIS- (NORTHERN LIGHTS)WHEN CHARGE PARTICLES FROM
THE SUN ARE ATTRACTED TO OUR MAGNETIC POLES. As the electrons enter
the earth's upper atmosphere, they will encounter atoms of oxygen
and nitrogen at altitudes from 20 to 200 miles above the earth's
surface. The color of the aurora depends on which atom is struck,
and the altitude of the meeting: Green - oxygen, up to 150 miles in
altitude Red - oxygen, above 150 miles in altitude Blue - nitrogen,
up to 60 miles in altitude Purple/violet - nitrogen, above 60 miles
in altitude
Slide 16
SOLAR FLARES This is a solar storm explosion on the surface of
the sun. Gas and energy is shot from the surface with a temperature
of 12,000C. Solar Flares are much larger than our Earth. Solar
Flares can interact with Earths atmosphere causing from problems
with communication and cell phone use. Example: Air Force One 1984
with President Regan, while in-route to China (during the Cold
War!) EARTH Earth
Slide 17
A molten Earth, 4.5 Billion years ago. CREATION OF THE MOON THE
IMPACT THEORY o Based on examining rocks of the lunar surface,
scientists have determined the age of the moon to be 3.8- 4.5
billion years old, same as the Earth. o According to the Impact
Theory, the Moon formed as the result of a collision between Earth
and a Mars- sized object about 4.5 billions years ago. o The
impacts caused materials from the incoming body and Earths outer
layers to be ejected into space, where over time they merged to
form the moon. o The Moon is made up of small amount of iron at the
core, and mostly silicate material that came from earths mantle and
crust. o The Moons crust is therefore similar to the Earths
crust.
Slide 18
MOON FACTS 238,900 miles (384,400 km) from the Earth Due to the
lacking of an atmosphere, the moon temperature in sunlight is 127C
but drops to -173C when there is no sunlight! Moons atmosphere is
extremely thin weighting only 22,000lbs. Albedo is the percentage
of light that is reflected by an object. The moons albedo is 7%
compared to 31% of Earth. The moon is small with a diameter about
the distance from New York to San Francisco. 1.2% the mass of the
Earth
Slide 19
Surface of the Moon : Surface Features 1.Craters- depressions
from impacts. Bombardment from meteoroids was mostly 800 million
years ago. 2.Rays- lines of ejected materials around craters
3.Rilles- valleys from old lava depressions- similar to lava tubes
on Earth 4.Highlands- mountain ranges that surround crater
depressions 5.Maria(mare)-large dark regions, once believed to be
oceans, now known to be old lava pools 6.Ejecta- material blasted
out from impacts The rocks of the moon are mainly basalt ( a
granite-like rock), a very common igneous rock on the Earth and
silicates (silicon and oxygen type rocks (which make-up 96% of
Earths surface). Maria Rays Crater The moons surface has been
heavily cratered due to its atmosphere being too thin to protect.
(too little gravity) Rilles Highlands craters
Slide 20
DARK SIDE OF THE MOON Synchronous rotation: the moons rotation
equals its revolution (both at 29.5 days) Scientists theorize that
Earths gravity slowed the Moons original spin until the moon
reached its synchronous rotation. Due to the synchronous rotation
and revolution of the Moon, only one side of moon always faces the
Earth. We will NEVER see the Dark Side of the Moon from Earth! The
side facing the earth has more maria (mare ) because the crust of
the moon on this side that faces Earth is thinner. When there was
magma under the moons crust, the side of the moon facing earth, had
more magma pulled to the surface. The dark side is all craters
because the crust is too thick to allow ancient magma to come to
the surface. The side that faces us The Dark Side of Moon
Slide 21
LUNAR INTERIOR Based on the seismic data from the moon,
scientists believe the interior of the moon is similar to that of
Earth; crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, and core. The upper
mantle is solid (therefore, no plate tectonics) and the lower
mantle is partially molten. Core is solid iron. The lunar surface
also experiences moonquakes (around 3000 a year)due to earths
gravitational pull.
Slide 22
PHASES OF THE MOON The moon acts like a large mirror,
reflecting the light from Sun, creating lunar phases. New Moon
-when the moon is between the Earth and Sun. Therefore the light
reflected is on the side of the moon that is not facing us and we
do not see the moon. As the moon revolves around us, the amount of
sunlight reflected increases. This increase is light is called
waxing. Full Moon - when the Earth is between the moon and Sun. The
moon is fully reflective of the sun. After the full moon, the
amount of light reflected decreases, the is called
Slide 23
PHASES OF THE MOON
Slide 24
SPRING TIDES NEAP TIDES Spring Tides -larger than usual high
and low tides due to the moon and sun being perfectly aligned and
pulling equally on our oceans. Occurs during full and new moon
phases. Neap Tides- lower than usual high and low tides due to the
sun and moon being at a 90 angle and working against each other.
Occurs during first and last quarter phases.
Slide 25
Eclipses An eclipses is a blocking of sunlight to the Earth.
Solar Eclipses- when moon is directly between Earth and Sun. Lunar
Eclipse when the Earth is between the Sun and Moon. Umbra - the
darker part of a shadow. Penumbra - the lighter part of a shadow.
Average time for a solar eclipse is 2-3 minutes, 7.5 maximum, while
a lunar eclipse can last 3-5 hours.
Slide 26
Lunar Eclipse Occurs when the moon passes into the Earths
shadow or umbra. Lunar eclipses usually occur about two weeks after
a solar eclipse. Lunar eclipses occur during a full moon and the
moon appears a reddish- orange color. The moon appears this color
due to the refraction of light off the particles in the Earths
atmosphere.
Slide 27
Solar Eclipse When the Moon blocks the light from the sun. The
sun is 400 times larger than the moon but the moon is 400 times
closer, therefore appears to be about the same size. The suns
Corona is exposed. Occurs during a new moon. The moons shadow falls
on the Earth. Causes momentary darkness on Earth but can only be
seen on very small regions of the planet because the moons shadow
is so small compared to our planet.
Slide 28
Lunar Landings : Only 12 people have ever set foot on the Moon.
July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 makes first human landing on the moon.
Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 all have landed on the moon collecting
samples, explored highlands and mares. Now, scientists big
exploration is to search to see if the Moon ever had water. Why
will Neil Armstrongs footprints never change on the moon? Video:
Neil Armstrong sets foot on the moon | Science | guardian.co.uk
http://www.guardian.co.uk/scienc e/video/2009/jul/15/apollo-11-
planting-the-flag http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/
2009/jul/02/apollo-11-buzz-aldrin
Slide 29
WATER ON THE MOON! On October 9 th 2009, NASA bombed the moon
in a search for H 2 O! The aim of the $79 million mission was to
send two spacecraft a spent rocket stage down into a crater near
the moon's south pole at about 5,600 mph (9,000 kilometers per
hour) and see if the impacts threw up water ice. Results showed
over 24 gallons of water in this ONE CRATER! After cleaning, this
water would be completely drinkable!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgyNjNKyjb8