The Subject Matters of Intermediate

7/30/2019 The Subject Matters of Intermediate

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PRIVATE QUICK ENGLISH

2010

INTERMEDIATEUnderstanding of Practical Guiding Subjects

SUHARTAJI


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THE SUBJECT MATTERS OF INTERMEDIATE1. INTRODUCTION OF ADVERB

1.1. Position of Adverb.1.2. Characteristics of Adverb.1.3. Formation of Adverb from Adjective.

2. PRINCIPLE OF ADVERB2.1. Simple Adverb.

2.2.

Relative Adverb.2.3. Interrogative Adverb.3. KINDS OF ADVERB

3.1. Adverb of Time.3.2. Adverb of Place.3.3. Adverb of Manner.3.4. Adverb of Number.3.5. Adverb of Quantity.

3.6. Adverb of Affirming and Denying.4. COMPARISON OF ADVERB

4.1. Comparatives and Superlatives Form.4.2. Construction with Comparison.4.3. Modifications of Comparatives and Superlatives.

5. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.5.1. Probable Conditional Sentence.5.2. Improbable Conditional Sentence.

5.3. Impossible Conditional Sentence.6. THE MOOD

6.1. Indicative Mood6.2. Infinitive Mood6.3. Imperative Mood6.4. Subjunctive Mood

7. SEMI AUXILIARY VERB8. SUBJUNCTIVE9. PHRASAL VERBS.

9.1. Separable9.2. Inseparable


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1. INTRODUCTION TO ADVERB

It has been customary to include the most disparate elements among adverb, frequently thosethat cant be put into any others classification parts of speech. Adverbs range , in meaning from wordshaving a strong lexical content (Those that describe the action of the verb, or those that indicate suchmeaning as a time and place) to those merely for emphasize. The range in functions are from closemodifier of a single word, prepositional phrase or clause to lose modifier of the entirely of the sentence.The range form from the words clearly marked as adverbs to those having the other form parts of speech. For these reasons, the dividing lines between classification of adverb and the other parts of speech are not clear cut.

Some of adverbs merge with nouns or prepositions because of their forms; some merge withinterjections because of their ability to express emotion and to serve as a sentence modifier; somemerge with conjunctions because of their ability to perform a connecting functions.

Adverb is restricted to become a word modifying or adding the meaning to out of a noun or

pronoun.

1.1. Position of Adverb.

The positions of adverb can be distinguished into three kinds of declarative clauseor a sentence.

The Positions of Adverb are:

1.1.1. Initial Position.Commonly, the position of adverb in initial position is placed before subject.

e.g.:-Sometimes , she comes late to attend the class.- Next , we are discussing about: The Effects of Television on Students behavior.- Well , the time is over.

1.1.2. Medial Position. The position of adverb in medial position can be placed immediately beforeauxiliary verb or between two auxiliaries.e.g.:

- I hardly ever have met her to go to her office on foot.- She usually can help me.- He could never have remembered that we have ever met each other before.

Position of medial position can also be put immediately after verb, or in the case of nominal sentence, it is placed after auxiliary verb to be before complement. e.g.:

- Mr. Phillips sometimes gives me some money.- Miss. Melinda soon found her mistake clear.- The weather is very hot in this summer.

1.1.3. Final Position The position of adverb in final position is placed after intransitive verb or after object.e.g.:

- Miss. Barbara comes late sometimes.

- We completed our task yesterday. - The Army advanced toward the enemies slowly and silently.

1.2. Characteristic of Adverb.The commonest characteristic of adverb is morphological, and majority of adverbhas derivational suffix -ly


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There are two types of syntactic function characterizing adverbs :a. Adverbialb. Modifier of Adjective and Adverb.

In both cases the adverb functions directly in an Adverb phrase of which is head or solerealization. Thus in the adjective phrase far more easily intelligible , the word intelligible ismodified by adverb phrase far more easily , easily is modified by the adverb phrase far more , and more is modified by adverb phrase far , thus, in this last case, an adverb phrasewith an adverb is as a sole realization.

1.3. Formation of Adverb from Adjective.

1.3.1. Most adverb of manner and some adverb of degree are formed from adding ly to thecorresponding adjective :

e.g.:- slow - slowly- grave - gravely- immediate - immediately, etc.

Spelling notes :

A final y changes to be i :e.g.:

- gay - gaily- happy - happily

- pretty - prettily.A final e is retained :e.g.:

- extreme - extremely- immediate - immediately- brave - bravely.

Exceptional :e.g.:

-True - truly,-Due - duly,-Whole - wholly, etc.

Adjective ending in able/ible the final e and add y :e.g.:

- sensible - sensibly- capable - capably- terrible - terribly- horrible - horribly

Adjective ending in a vowel + l follow the usual rule and add ly :

e.g.:- final - finally- beautiful - beautifully

- actual - actually- personal - personally- mutual - mutually

1.3.2. EXCEPTIONS :


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a. The adverb of good is well.b. There are some adjectives by ending ly

e.g.:- costly, cowardly, deadly, friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, lively, lowly, silly,

Ugly, unlikely . They have no adverb form. So, to supply this deficiency we have touse a similar adverb of phrase as following bellow.- She a lways gives me a friendly smile.- Her voice is so lovely.- He gave a silly laugh.

c. There are some words like : high, low, deep, near, far, fast, hard, early, late,much, little, straight, pretty, wrong, kindly , enough , etc. that can be used asAdjective and adverb

As Adjective As Adverb.A high mountain. The air plane flew high .A near restaurant. Dont come near!

A fast train. The train went fast. The work is hard. She worked hard .He drew a straight line. I went straight home.Miss. Titih is a pretty woman. The problem is pretty (very) difficult.She has enough money. She doesnt run fast enough.

d. The forms : highly, lowly, nearly, lately, hardly, directly, wrongly, have narrowermeaning than their corresponding adjectives.

Highly : is used only in an abstract sense.e.g.:

- He was a highly placed. (He had an important person or occupation)- She spoke very highly of him. (She praised of him).Lowly : is an adjective, means humble.e.g.:

- Mr. Abraham is a real lowly man.- Miss. Josephine has a lot of friends because she is a lowly girl.

Deeply : is used chiefly in an emotional feeling or sense. Means very e.g.:

- He was deeply offended with her words.- I am deeply sorry for saying that to you.

Nearly : means the same as almost.e.g.:

- Miss. Tamara is nearly ready to go out.- You are nearly ready to have lunch.

Lately = recently.e.g.:

- I have never seen you smile recently.- He has never made a call to her recently.

Directly : is chiefly used for time.e.g.:

- Amanda will be here directly. ( soon )- The lunch will be prepared directly.

Wrongly : it can be used with a past participle.

e.g.:- You were wrongly ( incorrect ) informed.- He was wrongly arrested by the police.

2. PRINCIPLES OF ADVERB Adverb is a word which explains or adds the meaning out of noun or pronoun.


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Basically, adverb consists of :

2.1. Simple Adverb. 2.2. Relative Adverb.2.3. Interrogative adverb.

2.1 . Simple Adverb. Simple adverb is an adverb which explains directly to the word to be explained.

There are five (5) kinds of simple adverb.

2.1.1. Simple adverb to adjective.2.1.2. Simple adverb to verb.2.1.3. Simple adverb to adverb.2.1.4. Simple adverb to preposition.2.1.5. Simple adverb to conjunction.

2.1.1. Simple adverb to adjective. Simple adverb to adjective is an adverb which explains directly to adjective.e.g.:

- Eclipse is a very interesting film to watch.- Miss. Titih Faridah has a really beautiful face.- The weather is extremely cold recently.- I am deeply sad to think about it.

Commonly, the modifying adverb is as an intensifier. The most commonly adverbused as intensifiers are very, so, pretty, rather, quite, deeply, usually, highly, etc.

2.1.2. Simple adverb to verb.Simple adverb to verb is an adverb which explains directly to verb.e.g.:

- My Friend often comes late to his office.- I sometimes wake up late on Sunday.- She seldom talks to me anymore.- A good friend always cares for you anytime.

2.1.3. Simple adverb to adverb. Simple adverb to adverb is an adverb which explains directly to adverb.e.g.:

- The rain down is very heavily that makes over flow anywhere.- He speaks so slowly that no one can understand what he meant.- When we are happy, we feel that the time goes so fast .- Willy nilly we have to obey the rule.

2.1.4. Simple adverb to preposition.Simple adverb to preposition is an adverb which explains directly to preposition.e.g.:

- The air plane flew exactly over the tree.- He will be ready to do anything just because of you.- My grandmother is not at home today.- She hung my photograph on the wall right over her studying table.

2.1.5. Simple adverb to conjunction.Simple adverb to conjunction is an adverb which explains directly to conjunction.e.g.:

- The teachers have learned English long before you.- I like her simply because she is an adorable girl.


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- Mr. Taji promises to care for Miss. Titih till the end just because he loves hervery much.

- She laughed at me shortly after knowing the story

2.2 . RELATIVE ADVERBS.There are the words : where, when, why, how, while and whence which to be putIn the middle of the sentence as a conjunction to relate between sentence andSentence to be one. After relative adverbs there must be straight coming tosubject, then verb or auxiliary verb.

e.g.:- No one knows where Mr. Wilson will go tomorrow. ( correct )

No one knows where will Mr. Wilson go tomorrow? ( incorrect )

We saw her while she was eating. ( correct )We saw her while was she eating. ( incorrect )

Do you know whence Mr. Danny comes ( correct )Do you know whence does Mr. Danny come ( incorrect )

I do not know the reason why Amanda leaves for Mr. Jacob. ( correct )I do not know the reason why does Amanda leave for Mr. Jacob (incorrect)

2.3. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS.

Interrogative adverbs are the words : where, when, why, how which to be used ininterrogative sentence and after those words may directly come to auxiliary verb.

Where means, in what place, after the word where there should be comingdown auxiliary verb.e.g.:

- Where do you live? I live in Boston.- Where did you meet her? I met her in Campus.- Where are you going, Mr. Thomas? I am going to my office.- Where have you been, Denis? OhI have been somewhere.

When means, in what time. The use of this word is with auxiliary verb.e.g.:

- When will you go to New South Wales? Next year.- When did you meet with Miss. Laura? A week ago in a mall.- When were you born? I was born in July 4.- When did you arrive here ? I just arrived here a few minutes ago.

Why means, for what reason. And it is usually answered by because. e.g.:

- Why are you late to school? Because I missed the train.- Why did she not come to your house yesterday? Because she was sick.- Why does Mr. Andrew go to office by bus? Because his car is broke down.- Why did you buy that handicraft? Because It is so unique.

How : means bagaimana, betapa/alangkah, d engan apa, berapa

After the word how, it must be followed by the auxiliary verb, then subject.

How, means bagaimana is used to asked for health or situation e.g.:

- How are you today? Im fine thank you. - How is your mother? Sh es pretty well, thanks.


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- How was your teaching? It was good, anything was running well.- How is it everything ? Yes, everything is going to (gonna ) be all right.

How, means betapa/alangkah is used to express surprised, wonder, etc. How + Adjective + S + P !e.g.:

- How beautiful your hair is ! = Alangkah bagusnya rambutmu !- How happy I am ! = Betapa senangnya saya !- How big the Borobudur temple is ! = Betapa besarnya candi Borobudur itu !- How fast he runs ! = Alangkah cepat dia berlari !- How sweet Miss. Titihs smile is! = Alangkah manisnya senyum Miss. Titih!

We can also use the pattern : WHAT + A ADJECTIVE + NOUN + S + P !e.g.:

- What a wonderful day today is ! = Betapa/betapa menyenangkankannya hari ini!- What a beautiful scenery it is ! = Betapa/alangkah indahnya pemandangan itu !- What a big building it is ! = Alangkah/betapa besar gedung itu!

- What a height tower it is ! = Alangkah/betapa tinggi menara itu !- What an expensive wri st watch it is! = Alangkah mahalnya jam tangan itu!

How, means dengan apa/naik apa e.g.:

- How did you go to Yogyakarta ? = I went to Yogyakarta by the train.- How does she go to school ? = She goes to school by public transportation.- How do you come home ? = I come home by taxi.- How do they go to work ? = They go to work on foots.

How, means berapa is used to ask for the distance

e.g.:- How far is it from here to the train station?- How far is it from your house to the zoo?- How far is it from Bandung to Jakarta?

HOW MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE THING= berapa banyak? e.g.:

- How much sugar do we need for making some cakes?- How much money do you spend for your hobby in a month?- How much water do we have to drink in a day?- How much salary do you wish from your new job?

HOW MANY + COUNTABLE THINGS= Berapa banyak .? e.g.:

- How many children does Mrs. Brenda have?- How many students will join the speech contest next week?- How many times does she take a bath in a day?- How many days will you spend your holiday in your hometown?

3. KINDS OF ADVERBThe adverb is named by people, depend on the situation. There are many kind names of adverb according to its situation.

3.1. Adverb of Time .It is an adverb which shows when the action done .

It consists of :

3.1.1. Definite Time


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These words of adverb have fixed boundary in time. The words are : yesterday,tomorrow, today, etc.

Definite Time words used as adverb.e.g.:

- We saw you yesterday .- Mr. Donald will go to Japan tomorrow .- She gives me some candies today .

Definite Time used as a noun.e.g.:

- Yesterday was the hottest of the year.- Tomorrow i s my birthday.- Today is free. Etc.

3.1.2. Indefinite Time .These words of adverb have no fixed boundary time. The words are: recently,

nowadays, soon, already, still, just, immediately, then, before, next, later, etc.e.g.:

- She will give this dictionary to you later. - Recently , there are many robbers anywhere.- He soon wakes up after hearing the alarm ring.

The Position of adverb of time

The position of adverbs of time like : afterwards (setelah itu, lalu, eventually (akhirnya),lately (akhir-akhir ini), recently (baru baru ini), soon, then, today, tomorrow, etc. usually

placed at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. The position of adverb of time at the end of the sentence become the more usual.e.g.:

- My grandmother will come to Bandung tomorrow. - Eventually , Miss Rebecca wants to beg apologize to him.- Usually there is no raining in August.

The word late and immediately come at the end of the sentence.e.g.:

- Miss. Ursula may come late. - She will go immediately.

But when immediately is used as a conjunction, it can be placed at the beginning of thesentence.e.g.:

- Immediately the bus stops all passengers will go out.- Immediately the rain stops I will continue my travelling.- Immediately she has some money she will buy a new notebook.

3.2. Adverb of Place.Adverb of Place is an adverb which shows where the action done. The position of adverbof place is usually placed after direct object.e.g.:

- He wants to hang the picture there.

- He was searching anywhere.- She always keeps her pictures in her wallet.

But if there is an adverb of manner, the adverb of place must be placed after it.e.g.:

- She danced beautifully there.


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- He acted foolishly in the class.- Miss. Jenifer sang a song nicely here.

The words somewhere and anywhere are used in the same ways as the words some andany.e.g.:

- He saw your shocks somewhere.- He didnt see your shocks anywhere. - Did he see your shocks anywhere?

Nowhere is chiefly used in short answer:e.g.:

- Where are you going? Nowhere. (Im not go ing anywhere).

3.3. Adverb of Manner or Quality.Adverb of manner is an adverb which shows how the action done.The Positions of Adverb of Manner are:

3.3.1. To be put after he verb. e.g.:

- Miss. Maurice works hard.- She spoke loudly.- Miss. Titih Faridah sings melodiously.

3.3.2. To be put after object. e.g.:

- The students speak English well.- That little boy asked me some candies reluctantly.- This car is designed accurately.

When there is S + Verb + Preposition + Object, the adverb of manner can be put eitherbefore preposition or after object.e.g.:

- Mr. Bronson talked to him angrily.or. Mr. Bronson talked angrily to him.- He always looks at her suspiciouslyor He always looks suspiciously at her.

- Miss. Tiffa always smiles for me sweetly..or. Miss. Tiffa always smiles sweetly for me

3.4. Adverb of Number or Frequency.Adverb of number or frequency is an adverb which shows how many time the actions done.

Adverb of number or frequency is classified in to two (2) groups:Group 1.

Adverb of frequency group 1, may be placed in the beginning of the sentence, middleposition or final position, though the middle position is most usual.

The words of group 1 are: always, regularly (secara teratur), continually (terusmenerus), frequently (sering kali), occasionally (kadang-kadang), often, once, twice,periodically (kadang kala) ,repeatedly (berulang-ulang), usually, seldom, rarely(jarang), never, sometimes, etc.e.g.:To be put after Subject

- The sun always shines in the east.

- Tom usually goes to school by public transportation.- My brother regularly sends me a message.- To be put after auxiliary verb.- I am always at home on Sunday.- Miss. Titih doesnt often go to bed late. - I have rarely seen a perfect woman like Miss. Titih.


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But in interrogative sentence it goes after subject.e.g.:

- Have you ever ridden a horse?- Does she often play tennis?- Will Andrew occasionally offers for help to you?

When the words : seldom, rarely or never is put in initial position, it has anemphasis meaning, especially used in inversion of subject.e.g.:

- We seldom hear such beautiful song from Alice.(Seldom do we hear such beautiful song from Alice)

- I have never had such a deep feeling like this with any other girl before.(Never before have I had such a deep feeling like this with any other girl)

- He rarely meets with an attractive girl like you.(Rarely does he met with an attractive girl like you)

Group 2.Adverb of frequency group 2 : is made up of such adverbial phrases like: now and again, oncea week, every other day, now and then, two times a week, three times a day, every morning, etc.e.g.:

- The students have the English lesson thrice a week.- The doctor recommended her to take these pills twice a day after meal.- The public transportations run every minute in front of the class.- I have warned you not to come late again and again.

3.5.

Adverb of Quantity .Adverb of quantity is an adverb which shows how much the actions done .The words are : almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, extremely, really, rather, fairly, so, only,barely, etc.

The position of adverb of quantity:3.5.1. To be placed before adjective or adverb.

e.g.:- She treats extremely cruel to her couple.- The film is so good that I have watched it twice.- The weather is too hot.

The word enough, it can go with adjective or adverbe.g.:

- She doesnt work quickly enough. - This tower is tall enough to climb.- That girl is nice enough to talk to.

3.6. Adverb of Affirming and Denying.e.g.:

- He doesnt come yet. - Mr. Black doesnt have any capability to be a President. - I wasnt here last night and so she was.

4. COMPARISON OF ADVERB.It is similar with adjective, adverb also has the degree of comparisons4.1. Comparatives and Superlatives Form.

Adverb by having one syllable, we have to add with the suffix er for theircomparative and est for their superlative.e.g.:


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Positive Comparative SuperlativeHard harder hardestHigh higher highestFast faster fastest

But:Early earlier earliest, etc.

Adverb by having two or more syllables, the comparative is formed by adding the wordmore before adverb, and superlative by adding the word most before the adverb. e.g.:

Positive Comparative Superlative Quickly more quickly most quicklyCarefully more carefully most carefullyEasily more easily most easilyRapidly more rapidly most rapidlyClearly more clearly most clearly

Adverb, has also irregular comparison, such like :e.g.:

Positive Comparative Superlative Well better bestBadly worse worstLittle less leastFar farther farthest

Further furthest, etc.

4.2. Construction with Comparative

Adverb as well as adjective, has the same pattern in superlative form, we may use theconstruction : as . as , for positive form of comparative adverb and not/so . as fornegative comparison. The conjunction than is used with this comparative. When we used thesame verb in both clauses, we normally express the second verb with the auxiliary verb only.e.g.:

- Cindy cant swim as fast as Josephine can.- Butterfly can fly as high as dragonfly can.- He walked as slowly as a snail.

In negative construction we use: as/so ..as e.g.:

- Mr. Johnson doesnt snore as/so hard as you do.- She doesnt do anything so/as rapidly as anybody does.- Mrs. Claudia always comes to her office not so/as early as the other employees do.

In comparative form we have to use than E.g.:

- Martin runs faster than Andrew does.- She walked more slowly than I did.- Jacqueline speaks more clearly than me / than I do.- I can finish doing my job rapidly than you can.

But, as/than can sometimes also be followed by a noun or pronoun only, and verb beingtalked about is not mentioned. This is possible only when there are the same verb and tensefor both clauses but they have different subject.e.g.:

- Steve drove a car more carefully than Alexandra (did).- I came home earlier than my sister (did).- Miss. Annisa speaks louder than Mr. John (does).

In informal English we may use pronoun as object (without the verb) after conjunction than,but in written, we had better use the subject (pronoun) and the verb.e.g.:


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- Paul plays football as well as me. (as well as I do)- Martina works as hard as her. (she does)- Samantha can swim better than you. (you can)- I pay more for these shoes than him. ( than he does)- Mr. John Miller is older than me. (than I am)

The + comparative .. the + comparative is also possible for adverb.

e.g.:- The earlier you start the sooner you will finish.- The faster she runs the sooner she arrives in the destination.- The farther we travel the more money we will spend.

4.3. Modification of Comparative and Superlative

Modification of comparative and superlative forms of adverbs and adjectives may beintensified by :

MUCHMuch means a lot, it can modify comparative or superlative adjectives and adverbs.e.g.:

- Mr. Stewart works much more rapidly than the other workers.- Miss Titih Faridah becomes much prettier since she went on a diet.- He eats much less heartily (bernafsu) than he used to be.- After taking a rest for a moment my body feels much better now.- The sprinter can run much more quickly today than it was yesterday.

Much means greatly, can be used with or without the word very and it is used with the

participle : admired, amused, disliked, distressed, impressed, liked, shocked, struck, upset.e.g.:- I was very much impressed by his lovely paintings.- She was very much shocked when He treated her like that.- Maurice very much disliked the man treated her cruel.

Ver y Much can also have meaning greatly , used in affirmative sentence (+), especiallyto be applied with the verb : blame, praise and thank. And also with the verbs dealingwith the feeling such like: admire, amuse, approve, dislike, distress, enjoy, impress, like,object, shock, surprise, etc.e.g.:

- She thanked me very much for taking care of her only son.- Lydia admires Mr. Jason very much for his philanthropy sense to the poor.- She objected very much to the treatment he made.- I enjoyed very much skiing when I was in Switzerland last winter.- Amanda disliked very much eating seafood.- Jessica impressed very much by her friendly welco me when she visited Lauras house.

5. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE.

Conditional sentences have two parts, they are : if- clause and the Main clause.In the sentence If I have much money I will make a trip around the world. I have much money isthe If-Clause and I will make a trip around the world is the main clause.

There are three types of conditional sentences. Each type has the different pair of tenses.

5.1. TYPE : I. PROBABLE CONDITIONAL SENTENCEIf- Clause : Present Tense.Main Clause : Present Future Tense.


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It is interchangeable, it doesnt matter which comes first, whether if -clause or the mainclause.Type- I, It implies that he action in the if-clause is quite probable. It may happen in theor future time. The action in the main clause will take the place if some certainconditions (that is in the if-clause) is fulfilled.e.g.:

- If he takes a taxi to the station he will not miss the train.- If you take her home she will not go home on foot.- Mr. John will come to your party if you invite him, etc.

OTHER VARIATIONS OF TYPE-I :

Variation of the Main clause.1. If + Present + may/might to show possibility.

e.g.:- If the day gets bright the students may/might be swimming outside.

- if she has much money she may threat her friends to have lunch.

2. If + Present + may (permission ), or can (ability).e.g.:

- If your credit card is overd rawn you cant use it temporarily .- If your ID is valid you may propose a loan to a bank.

3. If + Present + must/ should , to show command, advice or request.e.g.:

- If you want to lose your weight you should eat more ice cream.- If we want to be fit we should do exercise regularly.

Variation of If-clause:.

1. If + Present Continuous used to show present or future action .e.g.:

- If you are buying a film ticket you had better join in a line.- If you are looking for beautiful scenery you had better visit Bali.

2. If + Present Perfect.e.g.:

- If you have already finished lunch she will ask the waitress for the bill.- If you have never visited to the zoological garden I will take you there.

5.2. TYPE : II. IMPROBABLE CONDITIONAL SENTENCEIf - Clause : Past Tense.Main Clause : Past Future Tense.

Actually, there is no difference between Type-I and Type- II, because both of them refer tothe present or future time. The past tense form in the if-clause actually is not the true pasttense but that is a subjunctive (contrary to the fact or unreal).e.g.:

- If someone tried to tease me I would spank of him. ( but I dont want) - If I knew your house I would come to see you. ( But I d ont come)

- She would be glad to be yours If you were rich. ( I am not rich so)

TYPE : II, is used :


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1. To show the supposition is contrary to the facts.e.g.:

- If I worked in a Bank I would be paid more. ( I dont work in a Bank) - If She were my girl I would be very happy. ( But she is not )

2. When we dont expect the action in the If -clause take a place.e.g.:

- If a thief came into my room I would scream loudly for help. (but I dont expecta thief comes into my room)

- If the world war- III broke out There would be so many casualties. ( But we dontexpect the world war break out)

POSSIBLE VARIATIONS OF TYPE-II : Variation of the Main clause :

1. We use might or could instead of would.e.g.:

- If he tried to come approach her again he would be success. (to show certainty )

- If he tried to come approach her again he might be success (to show possible result)- If he tried to come approach her again he could be success (to show ability)

2. If + Past tense :e.g.:

- If anyone teased of her She got angry ( whenever anyone teased of her)

Variation of If-clause:1. If + Past continuous

e.g.:- If my motor cycle was working I would take you to the station.

- If we were going by the sea We would see some dolphins.

5.3. TYPE : III. IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE.If - Clause : Past Perfect.Main Clause : Past Future Perfect.

In this type, the time is in the past and the condition cannot be fulfilled, because the actionin the If- clause didnt happen. e.g.:

- If Melissa had married 5 years ago she should have got 3 children.- I would have been a Lieutenant Colonel If had been accepted in Military Academy 20

years ago.- If the dog had tried to bite me I would have thrown with a stone.

We can also use the word Could/Might in the main clause instead of the word Would e.g.:

- If she had told about her problem I could have helped her. (to show the ability).- If she had told about her problem I might have helped her. ( to show the possibility)

We may use continuous form of the perfect conditional.e.g.:

- If Mr. Andrew hadnt been there I would have been sitting in his chair.

We can also use the perfect continuous tense for If-clause:e.g.:

- If He had not been wearing a seat belt he would have been seriously injured.


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6. THE MOOD

Mood is a difference form of a verb denoting the mode or a manner of predication.

In English, there are four using of moods.

6.1 . Indicative Mood Indicative mood is a difference form of a verb denoting the mode or a manner in ordinarystatement or in interrogative and selective sentences.e.g.:

- We celebrate our Independence Day every August 17.- We do love Indonesia our Motherland.- She doesnt like going to the movie. - Why dont you wake early? - You may take any food you like.

- Please, take any beverage you want6.2 . Infinitive Mood

Infinitive mood is a difference form of a verb denoting the mode or a manner by usinginfinitive verb.e.g.:

- To read is very important.- We sometimes need someone to share with- She doesnt want to try to eat anything Ive already offe red her.- To tell you the truth, I prefer staying at home to going around at night.- We really need some literatures to make progress our English.- People eat to live not live to eat.

6.3. Imperative moodImperative mood is a difference form of a verb denoting the mode or a manner in command,request.e.g.:

- Dont move or Ill blow your head up! - Take care of yourself!- Have mercy upon me! ( Kasihanilah saya)- Wait a moment, please!- Please, mind your own business! ( Silahkan urusi masalahmu sendiri)- Be patient, everything is going to be ok!

6.4. Subjunctive MoodSubjunctive mood is a difference form of a verb denoting the mode or the manner in indirectunderstanding. E.g.: to show condition, hypothesis, possibility, emotion, desire, doubt, etc.e.g.:

- If only I had wings I would fly around the world.- Supposing you were here I would be absolutely happy.- Success attend you ! ( Semoga anda sukses! )- He walked as if He were drunk.- If she had much money she would be glad to treat you to have lunch.

7. SEMI AUXILIARY VERB.

Semi auxiliary verbs or special verbs are the words : have, has, get, ought to, used to, should, dare, need , that have special functions as and auxiliary verb.

Ought to (semi aux. verb) : seharusnya, sepatutnya, is the past tense form from owe


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Like a modal auxiliary verb, it has no infinitive form, or ing-form, and also has no s for thethird person. Ought has no past tense form, to make past tense we have to use Ought to have + past participle (v-3).e.g.:

- We ought to be diligent to learn.- She ought to go to Bali next month.- We ought not (oughtnt) to leave here. - I ought to have picked up my sister in the airport this morning, but I forgot- Monalisa ought to have seen the dentist yesterday but she cancelled it till next week.

Negative form of ought to is Ought not to ( Oughtnt to ) e.g.:

- You oughtnt to go now. We still miss you a lot.- She oughtnt to treat me fool like that.

In question, it is not normally used auxiliary verb To Do.e.g.:

- Ought I to beg apologize for my fault to her? (Not: Do I ought to beg)

- Ought you to be grateful to your parent? (Not: Do you ought to) - Ought she to come home on time? (Not: Does she ought to)

Used to (semi aux.) : biasanya, it has no present form, used to show past habit, and notto do it anymore now.

e.g.:- I used to wake up very early.- I used not to wake early. = I didnt use to wake up early.- Did you use to wake up early when you were young? = Used you wake up early?- She used to smoke cigarettes 2 packs a day.- They used not to swim 3 times a day.

- Used you to come on time to your job?Used to has the form either auxiliary verb or ordinary verb. The negative form of usedto is used not to (Usednt to) .e.g.:

- I used not to work hard for living but now I do.- She used not to like spaghetti but she loves it very much now.- Used you to play basket ball? (formal)Did you use to play basket ball? (informal)

S + to be + used to + V-ing.e.g.:

- I am used to jogging on Sunday (Saya terbiasa lari pagi di hari Minggu)- He is not used to drinking some liquor. (Dia tidak terbiasa minum minuman -keras)

- When she was young she was used to cycling around the tea plantation.

Need (semi aux.): perlu, harus.Need has two forms, as modal auxiliary verb and as of an ordinary verb. But the use of need as ordinary verb is much common than modal auxiliary.

e.g.:- You need some money to run his new business.- He need not go away from home. = He doesnt need to go away from home.

- Need he go away from home? = Does he need to go away from home?- My hair neednt cutting. - I dont need to ceas e her away from my room.- She neednt be accompanied to go there.

Negative and interrogative are made with auxiliary verb To Do (do, does, did)e.g.:


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- We dont need to pay more for those poor quality goods. - Do we need to take a rest?- She doesnt need to be accompanied to the town. - Does Mr. Brown need to handle the problem by himself?

But as a semi auxiliary verb, it can be directly put the word not. And followed byomission of to.e.g.:

- We neednt wake him up. Not we neednt to wake him up. - She neednt help. Not she neednt to help. - I neednt hope too much to her. Not I neednt to hope too much to her.

Dare : berani.Dare can be used in two ways : as verb or as a modal auxiliary verb (Semi auxiliary)If it is used as semi auxiliary verb, question and negative without using auxiliary verb ToDo, and has no s for the third person.e.g.:

- Dare she tell you the truth?

- She darent say whats going on in her mind. - Dare you go alone at night?- I darent inform you whats happened there.

Dare used as ordinary verb, it has s form for the third person and also has an infinitiveform. and negative and interrogative with auxiliary verb To Do.e.g.:

- She dares to speak her English with the foreigners.- She doesnt dare to speak her English with the foreigner.- Does she dare to speak her English with the foreigners?

How dare you? Is an expression to be used to show an indignant (marah, jengkel)

exclamation.e.g.:- How dare you? You open my file without permission.- How dare you? You tell my top secret to anyone.

I darent say or I daresay to say I think probably, or I suppose e.g.:

- I darent say I will rain today. - I darent say Mr. Tommy will attend the class tomorrow. - I darent say She will be angry to you.

Get : is used as a replacement of auxiliary verb To Be, and it does not have anymeaning.e.g.:

- She is fat now. = She gets fat now.- You are hungry so you take lunch. = You get hungry so you take lunch.- I will be ready to protect her anytime. = I will get ready to protect her anytime

8. SUBJUNCTIVESubjunctive is the name of special group of verb which are used in special cases to talk aboutevents which are not certain to happen, which we hope will happen, or imagine might happen orwant to happen.

Subjunctive stands of :8.1. Present Subjunctive.

Present subjunctive is used to show some certain expressions of wishing or hoping . It has thesame form as a simple present tense but no s form for the third person.e.g.:


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- Long live the bride and the groom!- Heaven help us!- God save the President!- God bless you! , etc.

Present subjunctive can also be used to show Present Unreal By construction : If-clause : Past tense form and the Main clause : Past future tense. The word were is applied for all personal pronouns in out of verb. e.g.:

- If she were here I should be very happy.- If she were honest He would absolutely trust her.- If I had much money I would take her travelling around the world.- If it rained I would not go anywhere.- If you gave me information I should pick you up at the airport.

Those have meaning in present tense but in unreality or contrary to fact now.

Present subjunctive can also use as if or as though to show unreality or improbability ordoubt in the present. And there is no difference in meaning between both of them.

As if : seolah olah, seakan akan, bagaikan.e.g.:

- Melissa behaves as if she were the owner of a company. (perhaps she is the owner, she is not the owner, or we dont know whether she is the owner or not)

- Barbara talks as if she knew how to settle the dispute .(she doesnt know, perhaps sheknows or we dont know whether she knows or not)

- Miss. Tracy orders me as if I were her servant .(but I am not)

As though : seoalh olah, seakan akan, bagaikan.e.g.:- Mr. Abraham walks as though he were crippled. (perhaps he is cripple)- Mr. Bram acts as though he were a soldier.- Miss Clara poses as though she were a professional model, etc.

Wish : means regret/sorry e.g.:

- Mr. Carlos wishes he could meet with Miss Sarah in a party.- Mr. Dennis wishes he knew Miss Angelas phone number. - Rebecca wishes she understood the lesson well., etc.

8.2. Past Subjunctive.Past subjunctive is used to show unreality or improbability or doubt in the present .

Past unreal to show actions contrary to fact in the past. It is formed by construction : If-clause : Past Perfect Tense.Main clause : Past Future Perfect Tense. e.g.:

- If she had married 5 years ago she would have got 3 children .- If Amanda had come few minutes earlier she would have met with Mr. Antonio.- He would have kept his words to buy her a new car if he had had much money.- She would still be in confused if you had not explained it clearly.

- If you had joined examination 2 years ago you would have obtained a certificate.

Future unreal is used to show the actions that contrary to fact in the future.If-clause : S + should + V-1.Main Clause: S + Should/would + V-1.e.g.:


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- If she should be honest, I would trust her.- If I should have a palace with its apparels I should marry her.- What should we do if we should fail to conduct our plan?- What should you do if he should take you down the aisle?- If I should go for vacation I would lock all the doors.

NOTE :

The world should in the if-clause can be changed into Were + to infinitive e.g.:

- If I were to rain tomorrow I would not go out anywhere.- If He were to take her home she would not take taxi- If She were to marry me I would be absolutely happy.

The word If can also be changed or omitted by the words : were, should, had. e.g.:

- Were she beautiful = If she were beautiful .. - Were Mr. Tanaka honest = If Mr. Tanaka were honest .. - Had I much money = If I had much money .. - Had She been rich = If she had been rich .. - Should Amanda be here = If Amanda should be here .. -Should it rain = If It should rain, etc.

Past subjunctive by using :As if: seolah- olah, seakan-akan, bagaikan,e.g.:

- She orders me as if I were her husband.- He nods his head as if he understood what I said.- Paula talks about Hollywood enthusiastically as if she knew the place.

As though; seolah-olah, seakan-akan, bagaikan.e.g.:

- He walks as though he were drunk.- She acts as though she were an actress.- Laura speaks as though she were the owner.

Even though: meskipun , walaupun.e.g.:

- Event though you had much money, you could not buy happiness.- Event though she were at home, she wouldnt meet you. - You could never get her heart even though you tried hard.

Even if : meskipun, walaupun.e.g.:

- Even if he had been there a week ago he wouldnt have given any information to me. - Even if Mr. Andrio had been rich, He wouldnt have resigned from his position. - She would never stop learning even if she had been old enough.

Wish : is used to show regret in the present or past.e.g.:

- I wish she were kind to me. (but she is not)- She wishes she were a millionaire.- He wishes he could fly . (but He cant)

- I wish I had known your address. (but I didnt)

Unless : jika tidak.e.g.:

- She wouldnt come unless you persuade her. - Unless having much money I would not try to take her out.


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- Unless the rain stop we would go shopping.

If only : seandainya, umpamanya, jikalau.e.g.:

- If only I had the time I would come to take you out to the bookshop.- Mr. Harry would be loyal to you if only you were his girl friend.- If only I had wings I would pick you some stars.

In order that or so that : supaya, agar.e.g.:

- I went early to my office by public t ransportation so that I wouldnt get traffic jam. - Many passengers came early to the train station in order that they shouldnt miss the

train.- Amanda stayed for few days at home so that she could take care of her mother.

For fear that or lest : takut kalau, kalau-kalau,e.g.:

- She took an umbrella with her for fear that it should rain.- I brought some food in my bag with me for fear that I could be hungry.- Remain me for it lest I should forget.

9. PHRASAL VERB / ADVERBIAL PARTICLES

It is an adverb to be a preposition, to be put after verb that the function to change or to add themeaning of the verb into the new one.

Some verbs can be separated from their particle and some cannot be separated.There are two kinds of Phrasal verbs, :

9.1. Separable - Adverbial Particle.9.2. Inseparable - Adverbial Particle.

9.1. Separable-Adverbial Particle.Separable-Adverbial Particle, there are two words or elements are of verb with its particle inwhich we can separate it by a direct object coming between them. We can insert the directobject after verb before its particle or it is vise versa. But the pronoun as object (me, you, us,them, his, her, it) must come between them.e.g.:

- The thief broke down the door. Or The thief broke the door down.- She couldnt blow up the candle. Or She couldnt blow the candle up. - I promised to call up her at 7 oclock. Or I promised to call her up at 7 oclock. - He put it on. , etc.

9.2. Inseparable- Adverbial Particle. Inseparable-Adverbial Particle is a combination of verb with aparticle that has meaningful unit, but it never be separated by the presence of a direct objectbetween them.e.g.:

- The police are looking into some bandits hide in the forest. (look into = investigate)- When she grows up, she wants to be a pilot.

- I always get up late on Sunday, etc.ng- Lets get on the bus not Lets ge t the bus on., etc.

LIST OF SEPARABLE ADVERBIAL PARTICLEAsk out = to invite someone to go somewhere with you.(mengajak pergi)Blow out = to extinguish a flame. (memadamkan api)


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Blow up = to destroy with an explosion.(menghancurkan, meledakkan)Break down = cause collapse using force, mentally defeat.(patah semangat)Bring up = to mention, to educate or raise the children. (membesarkan anak)Burn down = destroy by fire.(terbakar habis)Call up = to telephone.(menelpon)Call back = to telephone someone at later time.(menelpon kembali)Call off = to cancel.(menunda)Carry out = to perform an activity.(melaksanakan)Check in/into = to register at a hotel or a conference.(mendaftar masuk hotel ataukonferensi)Check out = to investigate something, to leave the hotel.(memeriksa, meninggalkanhotel)Clean up = to tidy a mess. (membersihkan)Clear up = to make something tidy or clean, to become sunny. (membersihkan)Cut up = to cut into small pieces.(memotong)Do over = to repeat something.(mengulangi)Drive off = to leave in a car.(meninggalkan mobil)

Eat up = to finish eating.(menghabiskan , selesai makan)Figure out = to find the answer by thinking. (membayangkan), calculate (menghitung)Fill in = to complete forms and documents. (mengisi formulir atau dokumen)Fill out = to complete forms and documents.(mengisi formulir atau dokument)Find out = to discover.(menemukan)Get back = to recover, to have returned. (sembuh, kembali)Get down = to fetch something from a higher point. (menurunkan)Give back = to return something to its owner.(mengembalikan)Give out = to distribute.(membagikan)Give up = to stop doing something, to abandon.(berhennti, menyerah).Go away = to leave.(meninggalkan)

Hand in = to give something to someone by hand, to submit. (membagikan,mengambil)Hand out = to distribute by hand.(membagikan)Hang up = to place on a hook.(menggantung)Leave on = to leave something turned on. (membiarkan )Leave out = to omit.(menghilangakan)Let in = to allow someone to enter a place. (mempersilahkan masuk)Let out = to allow someone to leave. (membiarkan keluar, mengeluarkan)Look over = to inspect critically. (memeriksa)Look up = to search for something in a book or a dictionary.(mencari sesuatu di buku)Make up = to invent, to use cosmetics. (membuat buat, memakai kosmetik)Pay back = to repay, or return money to someone.(membayar kembali)Pick out = to choose, to select. (memilih)Pick up = to lift, to collect someone to act.(menjemput)Play back = to listen to a recording. (mendengarkan rekaman)Point out = to show, to indicate.(menunjukkan)Put away = to put in the customary place. (menyimpan, menyisihkan).Put back = to return something to its original place. (mengembalikan)Put off = to postpone.(menunda, membatalkan)Put on = to dress in clothes. (memakai)Put through = to connect someone on the phone.(menelpon)Put up = to provide accommodation.(menyediakan akomodasi)Set up = to start something.( memulai sesuatu)

Shut down = to close down.( mematikan, menutup)Take away = to remove, to subtract. (memindahkan, mengambil)Take back = to return something to a place. ( mengembalikan)Take down = to write down.( menulis)Take off = to remove (clothing) (melepas)Take out = to entertain somebody in a public place.(mengajak jalan jalan)


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Tear down = to pull down, to demolish.(meembongkar, menghancurkan)Tear up = to tear into little pieces. (merobek)Think over =to consider. (mempertimbangkan)Throw away = to discard.(membuang)Try on = to test clothing for fit and appearance. (mencoba baju)Turn off/on = to switch on/off.(menyalakan, mematikan)Turn up = to increase the volume. (membesarkan volume)Use up = to finish, to consume everything. (habis masa pakai)Wear out = to consume through long usage. (usang)Work out = to find the answer by calculation or consideration.( menyusun rencana,pertimbangan)

LIST OF INSEPARABLE ADERBIAL PARTICLE

Ask for = to demand or request.(meminta, memhon)Break down = to stop functioning properly.(mogok, rusak)

Break up = to end a relationship, to disintegrate, or cause to disintegrate.(putushubungan)Call on = to visit, to ask someone (to do something) (berkunjung)Care about = to be concerned with, to be interested in. (peduli)Care for = tend, guard, supervise.Carry on = to continue.(meneruskan)Catch up with = to overtake, but not pass someone or something.(mengejar, menyusul)Come across = to find by chance.(bertemu tiba tiba, secara kebetulan)Come back = to return.(kembali)Come out = to finish, to have as a final result. (selesai)Come over = to visits someone home. (berkunjung)

Come around = to regain consciousness (Siuman), to change your opinion. (setuju)Come to = to regain consciousness. (sadar, siuman)Count on = rely on. (menyadari)Cut down = to reduce.(mengurangi )Eat in = to stay at home to eat. (makan dirumah)Eat out = to leave home for a meal. (makan diluar)Get away = to escape, to leave someone quickly. ( meninggalkan)Get down = to leave the table after meal.Get in = to arrive, enter.(dating, masuk).Get off = to receive punishment. (V. Intrans.), to descend from. (v. trans.)Get along/on with= to have a friendly relationship with someone. (berhbngan baik dgn orang)Get in = to arrive at a place. (tiba, sampai)Get over = to recover from an illness or a misfortune. (sembuh)Get up = to rise from a bed or a chair. (bangkit)Go along with = to agree. (setuju)Go off = to start a journey, to explode.(mulai, berangkat)Go on = to continue.(meneruskan, melanjutkan)Go out = to leave somewhere, to be extinguished. (meninggalkan)Go over = to examine, to repeat something. (menguji, mengulangi kembali)Grow up = to become adult.(tumbuh dewasa)Hang up = to finish a telephone call.Hold on = to wait. (menunggu)Join in = to become involved in. (terlibat)

Keep on = to continue. (meneruskan, tetap).Live on = to subsist (by eating) (mempertahankan hidup)Look after = to take care of. (menjaga)Look at = to regard, observe. (melihat, memperhatikan )Look for = to try to find, to search for. (mencari)Look forward to = to expect with pleasure. (berharap)


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Look into = to investigate.(menyelidiki)Look like = to resemble. (menyerupai)Look on = to be a spectator, to consider.(penonton, mempertimbangkan)Make for = to have as a final destination. (menuju)Move out = to leave a house or apartment with ones possession. (pindah)Put up with = to bear (problems) patiently, to tolerate. (bersabar)Ring off = to end a telephone. (mengakhiri telepon)Run into = to meet accidently.(bertemu tan pa disengaja)Run out of = to have consumed all of something . (habis)Run over = to hit in a car. (menabrak)Send for = to make a request for something. (memohon)Send off = to start ( a journey, a series of events ) (memulai)Show up = to appear. (menunjukkan)Stand back = to keep a safe distance from something. (menjaga jarak)Stand for = to represent. (mewakili)Stay up = to remain out of bed. (bermalasan di tempat tidur)Take after = to resemble somebody. (menyerupai, mirip)

Take off = to leave the ground.(tinggal landas)Think of = to have an opinion of, to have in mind (mengingat)Turn out = to become known, to result (mematikan, menghasilkan)Turn up = to arrive unexpectedly. (muncul)

Wake up = to stop sleeping. (bangun)Work out = to exercise in a gymnasium or health clu b.(berlatih)

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