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THE STUDY ON SARAWAK REMOTE AREA SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATION PROBLEMS
AFFENDY BIN KOLOT
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (I-lons. ) Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System
from the Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2002
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BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
Judul: THE STUDY ON SARAWAK REMOTE AREA SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATION PROBLEMS
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2002
Saya AFFENDY BIN KOLOT mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis.
3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka.
4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.
5. * Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
6. ** Sila tandakan (�)
F-1
v
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alaniat tetap: NO 68 KAMPUNG TABUAN TENGAH, 93450 KUCHING. SARAWAK
Tarikh: / 3 p4
e
(TANDATANVAN PENYELIA)
MR. NAZERI ABDUL RAHMAN Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: % S
CATATAN * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
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Approval Sheet
This project report attached here to, entitled "The Study on Sarawak Remote Area Solar
Energy Application Problems" prepared and submitted by Affendy Bin Kolot as a partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in
Mechanical and Manufacturing system is hereby read and approved by:
IMR NAZERI AHDUL RAHMANSUPERVI
Date: / 5 '/ C;; ).. rL
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first person that the author would like to show his gratitude to is his supervisor Mr.
Nazeri Abdul Rahman. It is because without his guidance, patience and support, this
project will never be completed and the author was very grateful to him. The author also
would likes to express his gratitude to Mr. Christopher Taylor and Mr. Jafar Amin from
Sarawak Wildlife and Natural Park Department and the Mechanical Engineering staff for
being so helpful during data collection and all the staff at Samusan National Park,
Tanjung Datu National Park and Talang-Talang Besar Island for their cooperation.
Not to forget the author's parent and family and friend for being so understanding. Thank
you for being so understanding and for all the support and author really appreciate the
kindness. Thank you very much and the author wills never forget all the good deed that
you all have done.
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ABSTRACT
This study is conducted on the Samusan National Park, Tanjung Datu National Park and
Talang-Talang Besar Island. The focus of this study is to identify the problems associated
with application of solar energy for remote area electrification. The problem that been
identified were the incorrect system design, insufficient number of expertise, weather
condition and low user knowledge. The problem with weather condition will always
occur but the other problem can be reduced or prevented. Before the solar energy system
installation, it will be best to provide the training and knowledge to the user so the system
failure potential will be reduced. In the future, the solar energy system designer will use
the finding from this study, in order to designing the proper system.
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ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dilakukan pada sistem perbekalan tenaga di Taman Negara Samusan,
Taman Negara Tanjung Datu dan Pulau Talang-Talang Besar. Fokus kajian ini adalah
untuk mengenalpasti masalah yang timbul daripada aplikasi tenaga matahari bagi tujuan
perbekalan tenaga elektrik di kawasan yang terpencil. Masalah yang telah dikenalpasti
adalah rekaan sistem pembekalan tenaga yang tidak sesuai, kekurangan pakar, keadaan
cuaca dan pengetahuan pengguna yang rendah. Masalah daripada keadaan ini tidak dapat
dielakkan tetapi masalah yang lain dapat dikurangkan ataupun dielakkan. Sebelum
sesuatu sistem hendak dipasang, latihan dan pengetahuan tentang sistem tersebut haruslah
diberikan terlebih dahulu supaya risiko kerosakan pada sistem tersebut dapat
dikurangkan. Pada masa yang akan datang, pereka sistem tenaga matahari akan
menggunakan maklumat yang telah diperoleh daripada kajian im untuk merekacipta
sistem yang betul dan sesuai.
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLDEGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
INDEX TO TABLES
INDEX TO FIGURES
INDEX TO GRAPHS
NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Renewable energy source
1.3 Introduction to solar energy
1.4 History of photovoltaic technology
1.5 The challenges of solar energy
1.6 The objective of this project
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Photovoltaic (PV) system technology
2.2 Photovoltaic collector
2.2.1 Flat-plate collector
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2.2.2 Focusing collector 10
2.3 Photovoltaic system performance problem 10
2.4 Photovoltaic system component 12
2.4.1 Photovoltaic cells 12
2.4.2 Photovoltaic cells efficiency 13
2.4.3 Photovoltaic module characteristics 15
2.4.4 Inverters 16
2.4.5 Batteries and controller 17
2.5 Sun declination and surface inclination angle 18
2.6 Environment considerations 19
2.6.1 Safe handling, storage and disposal of materials 19
2.6.2 land requirements and impact on wildlife and natural habitat 20
2.6.3 Safety 20
2.7 Stand-alone solar energy system 21
2.8 Hybrid system 22
CHAPTER 3-METHODOLOGY
3.1 Solar radiation estimation method
3.2 Data collection method
3.3 Energy collected and load estimation method
3.4 System performance evaluation method
3.5 Associated information on system gathering
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CHAPTER 4-DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Estimated energy collected
4.1.1 Estimated solar radiation
4.1.2 Estimated solar energy collected
4.1.3 Calculation on photovoltaic array efficiency
4.1.5 Wind energy collected prediction
4.2 Estimated energy load
4.3 Energy storage capacity
4.4 Estimated energy collected versus estimated energy load
CHAPTER 5-RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Sites introduction
5. 1.1 Energy system descriptions
5.2 Result on sites energy system
5.2.1 Estimated daily energy load
5.2.2 Estimated study site solar radiation
5.2.3 Photovoltaic array angle efficiency
5.2.4 Estimated energy collected
5.2.5 Solar energy system performance
5.3 Result on the associated problem
5.3.1 Wind turbine failure
5.3.2 Local expertise
5.3.3 User knowledge
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5.3.4 Energy storage breakdown
5.4 Discussions
5.4.1 System energy load
5.4.2 Energy system performance
5.4.3 Photovoltaic array angle
5.4.4 Wind turbine failure
5.4.5 Unpopular energy source
5.4.6 User knowledge
CHAPTER 6-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusions
6. 1.1 Incorrect solar energy collector angle
6.1.2 System performance
6.1.3 Local market
6.1.4 User knowledge
6.2 Recommendation
6.2.1 Photovoltaic array angle adjustment
6.2.2 Provide training program
6.2.3 Government support
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
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APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX El
APPENDIX E2
APPENDIX E3
APPENDIX F
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INDEX TO TABLE
TABLE NUMBER PAGE
2.1 The Crystalline Silicon Efficiency for Flat-Plate Cells 13
2.2 Thin-Film Efficiency for Flat-Plate Cells 14
5.1 Samusan Hybrid Energy System Descriptions 36
5.2 Tanjung Datu Hybrid Energy System Descriptions 37
5.3 Talang Besar Stand-Alone Solar Energy System Descriptions 39
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INDEX TO FIGURES
FIGURE NUMBER PAGE
1.1 The Three-Main Source of Renewable Energy 2
1.2 World annual solar radiation 3
1.3 The Photovoltaic Effect In The Basic Photovoltaic Cell 5
5.1 The Study Site Location 35
5.12 Damaged Battery After Lightning Strike 51
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INDEX TO GRAPH
GRAPH NUMBER PAGE
5.1 The Samusan Estimated Daily Energy Load With Different Application 41
5.2 The Tanjung Datu Estimated Daily Energy Load With Different
Application 42
5.3 The Talang-Talang Besar Estimated Daily Energy Load With
Different Application 42
5.4 The Talang-Talang Besar Turtle Hatchery Season Estimated Daily
Energy Load With Different Application 43
5.5 The Estimated Solar Radiation on Horizontal Surface At Sites 44
5.6 Sites photovoltaic arrays angle efficiency compare to reference
Angle, Horizontal 45
5.7 The Sites Estimated Energy Collected 46
5.8 Samusan Energy System Performance 48
5.9 Tanjung Datu Energy System Performance 48
5.10 Talang-Talang Besar Energy System Performance 49
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NOMENCLATURE
a Azimuth angle [°]
C energy storage capacity [Wh]
CDOD energy storage capacity depth of discharge [%]
Cuse useable energy storage capacity [Wh]
E power of electric appliance [kW]
Ec estimated energy collected [kWh/day]
Hs hours of sun duration with 1 kW/m2
h hours angle of sun [0]
i receiving surface angle [0]
L energy load [kWh]
Lt total energy load per day [kWh/day]
1 latitude of location [°]
n number of days starting from 1s` January
Pe photovoltaic array angle efficiency
R battery capacity [Ah]
TWp total watt peak of photovoltaic array [kW]
t electric appliance usage duration [h]
Vb battery voltage [V]
X solar radiation [kWh/m2]
Xb battery quantity
Y solar radiation [MJ/m2]
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Greek Letter
6 Sun declination angle
x Surface-sun incident angle
x ill
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The energy demand on the non-renewable energy especially oil increases but that energy
source is limited and it is going to be exhausted in future. Most developing countries tried
to replace this source of energy with alternative energy source, the renewable energy of
course. There are lot of renewable energy source such as tidal, wind, hydroelectric, solar
energy and etc and this renewable energy needs more research to obtain high efficiency
and performance.
According to Hislop (1992), most developing countries started give greatest attention on
renewable energy technologies development since 1970s as a response to the oil supply
shortage and high price. When the oil prices back to lower price, the choice to use
renewable energy is not just to replace the oil but also to provide energy with low
pollution and to solve the energy problem for rural area.
1.2 Renewable energy source
There are various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric,
geothermal, tidal, wave and energy from marine currents. All of that energy source
availability has a great potential in the future use but today's application, wind, solar,
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
biomass and hydroelectric are most popular. Basically, the renewable energy is from
three different primary sources, which is the isotopic dissociation in the core of the earth,
the movement of the, planets and thermonuclear conversion in the sun. Figure 1.1 shows
the three main source of renewable energy. In Malaysia, hydroelectric already been
applied for electric energy production. There are main problem in using renewable
energy for transportation where there are no effective energy storage device or equipment
to store the energy.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.3 Introduction to solar energy
Solar energy from sun is the major energy source for many years. It can be collected
directly from the sun and everywhere on earth surfaces. This energy source is non-
constant energy where it depending on the weather condition and different locations have
different amount of solar radiation each year. Figure 1.2 shows different location in earth
received different amount of solar radiation.
Figure 1.2 World annual solar radiation (Solar Electric Inc. 2001)
The main application in using solar energy is for heating and provides electric energy but
there are other application such as for cooling and transportation. The usage of this
energy source with different application will achieve different level of success (Brown,
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1988). According to Borlow (1993), the strength of sunlight is measured in Watts per
metre square area. Total power absorbed on a horizontal surface reach maximum of a
1000W/m2 at sea level.
Solar energy technology is improved quickly and the potential for these energy sources to
provide electric energy increase with the increasing in solar module efficiency.
According to Weinberg (1991), since the potential depend to the technology itself, the
photovoltaic industries could help solar energy to reach it's full potential.
In future, this source of energy can promise great potential where a lot of researches will
continually improving that solar technology but still, resource management also
important in maintaining the performance of those solar energy system and resources.
1.4 History of photovoltaic technology
The discovering of a photovoltaic effect from the n-p doped silicon was the first stage in
the development of photovoltaic technology. In the photovoltaic cell, the sufficient
energy of light that falls on the cells will produce excess of electron in the n-region and a
deficiency in the p-region. Figure 1.3 shows the photovoltaic effect in photovoltaic cell.
When this n-p region connected together with a conductor and load, it will produce
power. According to Hislop (1992), French scientist, Becquerel was the first person that
observing this phenomena. After the Becquerel discovery on the photovoltaic effect,
other research been done to find the most active material that showing photovoltaic
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
effect. According to Laughton (1990), the Bell Telephone Laboratories discovered the
silicon cell with efficiency 10 times then the traditional light-sensitive materials used in
earlier devices in 1954. More and more research been done so the photovoltaic cell can
be used to convert light to electric energy in practical. According to Kelly (1992), in the
early 1970s, the photovoltaic cell has been in practical application. According to Stone
(1993), the demonstration of higher performance, lower cost and better reliability in
today's photovoltaic cell is leading many different end users to assess the value of these
potential for their particular applications.
Figure 1.3 The Photovoltaic Effect In The Basic Photovoltaic Cell (Barisal, 1990)
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.5 The challenges of solar energy
The availability of solar energy at the earth's surface varies in several different ways and
on different time scales where the amount of solar radiation in India is different in
Malaysia at noon. According to Bahm (2001), the greatest challenge to the designer of
solar energy systems is first to forecast the availability of that solar energy at some time
in the future, and then to provide system to capture the energy, and store it when
necessary, so that it will be available when needed.
The actual output of the sun varies slightly due to the occurrence of sunspots, and
possibly some other factor, but this variation is so small compared to the foregoing
effects that it is ignored by most of solar systems designers.
According to Bahm (2001), the second great challenge is to make a device to capture the
solar energy in the form of radiation, and to convert it to a useful form of energy
The amount of energy falling on a flat level surface one-meter square for one day is
roughly 5 kilowatts hours and averages in 24 hours per a day is about 0.2 kWh/m2. The
challenge occurs when this power output is compared to other modern energy sources
where this is not very concentrated. The usage of 100-Watt light bulb at its surface has
an intensity of about 12 kW/m2. How about the power that 500-Watt electric stove uses.
Surely we are going to need and about 25 kW/m2. This shows a lot of solar cells and land
requirement is needed just to power that electric stove. Thus solar energy systems need to
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
have collectors over a relatively large area compared to other energy sources that we are
familiar with.
According to Bahm (2001), the third great challenge is economic. The concepts of
collection and storage of solar energy are very simple, but those collectors and that
storage unit price must compete economically in a world, which already has fairly
inexpensive energy sources. This is the problem with solar energy where the cost in most
of the case is not affordable.
The forth challenge will be in transportation where according to Brown (1998), the solar
energy will be less efficient for transportation. Most of the transportation such as cars is
using fuel and more comfortable compare to solar car, which is small in size and slow in
speed. The technique in refilling the energy will also be the most important problem in
solar car.
1.6 The objective of this project
Solar energy can be collected everywhere on earth surface and this source of energy have
great potential to be applied in Malaysia. The government, private's organization and
foreigner from other countries already applying this technology to remote area.
The main objective of this study was to identify problem from the application of solar
energy for the remote. area in Sarawak.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will cover the technical knowledge of some component of solar energy
system. Hybrid solar system and stand-alone solar system will also be explained.
2.1 Photovoltaics (PV) system technology
The photovolatics power system technologies involve the photovolatics modules as the
main component and other devices that can greatly increasing the system performance.
The simplest photovoltaics power system consist photovolatics modules and batteries but
for large power application it is enhanced by the controller and inverter. This photovoltaic
system was known as stand alone solar energy system where the system only depending
on the amount of solar irradiation. In Asia, the weather always changes where there is
time with low level of solar energy source but higher level of other energy source such as
wind energy. According to Hislop (1992), these stand-alone systems have higher potential
to be applied at location with high and constant amount of solar radiation per year.
There are lots of improvements to the system in the order to solve the problem for solar
energy application in Asian. The latest system was hybrid system which it combine the
solar energy with other renewable energy source such as wind. These new systems have
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