THE STUDY ON MEKI IRRIGATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ... - JICA · japan international cooperation agency (jica) oromia irrigation development authority (oida) the study on meki irrigation

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

OROMIA IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (OIDA)

THE STUDY

ON MEKI IRRIGATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

IN OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA

VOLUME III : APPENDIX X VERIFICATION STUDY

MARCH 2002

NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

No.

AFA

JR

01-78

LIST OF REPORTS Volume I Main Report Volume II Sector Studies Appendix I Socio-Economy and Institutions Appendix II Meteorology and Hydrology Appendix III Agriculture Appendix IV Animal Husbandry Appendix V Agricultural Support System Appendix VI Irrigation Development Appendix VII Rural Infrastructure Appendix VIII Environmental Assessment and Watershed Management Appendix IX Project Evaluation Volume III Verification Study Appendix X Verification Study

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

US$ 1.00 = Ethiopian Bir 8.577 = ￥121 as of 23rd November 2001

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The Study on

Meki Irrigation and Rural Development Project Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Appendix X

Verification Study

Table of Contents

Page

Chapter 1 General 1.1 Authority .................................................................................................. X-1-1 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................... X-1-1 1.3 Verification Study Programs ...................................................................... X-1-2

1.3.1 Selection Criteria of Verification Study Programs ........................ X-1-2 1.3.2 Selected Programs.......................................................................... X-1-3

1.4 Organization Set-Up................................................................................... X-1-3 1.4.1 Executing Agencies........................................................................ X-1-3 1.4.2 Program Coordinators .................................................................... X-1-3 1.4.3 Participants and Target Group for Capacity Building.................... X-1-4

1.5 Study Activities and Major Events............................................................. X-1-5

Chapter 2 Training of Analytical Methodology for Water Resources Development 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ X-2-1

2.1.1 General ........................................................................................... X-2-1 2.1.2 Objectives....................................................................................... X-2-1 2.1.3 Plan of Operation ........................................................................... X-2-1

2.2 Workshop on Analytical Hydrology .......................................................... X-2-2 2.2.1 Participants..................................................................................... X-2-2 2.2.2 Presentation of Meki-Ziway System Water Balance Study........... X-2-3 2.2.3 Questionnaire Survey ..................................................................... X-2-3 2.2.4 Results of Questionnaire Survey.................................................... X-2-4 2.2.5 Technical Topics for Workshop..................................................... X-2-5 2.2.6 Introduction of Basic Computer Use.............................................. X-2-5 2.2.7 Microsoft Excel for Data Analysis................................................. X-2-5 2.2.8 Water Resources Assessment......................................................... X-2-6

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2.2.9 Crop Water Requirements Analysis using CropWat ..................... X-2-6 2.2.10 Probability Analysis ....................................................................... X-2-6 2.2.11 Simple Water Balance Calculation ................................................ X-2-6 2.2.12 Feedback of Workshop .................................................................. X-2-6

2.3 Intensive Training Program........................................................................ X-2-7 2.3.1 Topics and Schedule of the Intensive Training.............................. X-2-7 2.3.2 Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel............................................ X-2-7 2.3.3 Correlation and Regression Analysis for Estimating Missing Data .................................................................................. X-2-7 2.3.4 Rainfall Runoff Analysis................................................................ X-2-7 2.3.5 Flow Analysis................................................................................. X-2-9 2.3.6 Crop Water Requirements using CropWat .................................... X-2-9 2.3.7 Probability Analysis ....................................................................... X-2-9 2.3.8 Flood Analysis ............................................................................... X-2-10 2.3.9 Feedback of Intensive Training Program....................................... X-2-10

2.4 Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................ X-2-11 2.4.1 Present Status of Hydrologist/Engineers of OIDA ........................ X-2-11 2.4.2 Major Difficulties of OIDA Staff in Hydrological Analysis ......... X-2-12 2.4.3 Hydrological Analysis Target for Hydrologists/Engineers............ X-2-12 2.4.4 Required Training Program to Achieve the Target Level.............. X-2-13

Chapter 3 Establishment of Management Information System of the OIDA Irrigation

Schemes 3.1 Overview of Irrigation Development in Oromia ........................................ X-3-1

3.1.1 Categories of Irrigation Schemes ................................................... X-3-1 3.1.2 Irrigation Development by the Government .................................. X-3-2 3.1.3 Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA)....................... X-3-3 3.1.4 Irrigation Performance ................................................................... X-3-4

3.2 Objectives of Program 2............................................................................. X-3-5 3.3 Study Methodology .................................................................................... X-3-5

3.3.1 Review of Previous Studies ........................................................... X-3-5 3.3.2 Visit to Branch Offices................................................................... X-3-5 3.3.3 Data Format and Methodology ...................................................... X-3-6

3.4 Information Obtained ................................................................................. X-3-6 3.5 Current Positions of the Projects ................................................................ X-3-7

3.5.1 Project Works................................................................................. X-3-7 3.5.2 Project Beneficiaries ...................................................................... X-3-9 3.5.3 Project Status and Documents........................................................ X-3-10

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3.5.4 OIDA’s Supports for O&M ........................................................... X-3-10 3.5.5 Water Users Association (WUA)................................................... X-3-11

3.6 Problem Analyses....................................................................................... X-3-11 3.6.1 Headworks...................................................................................... X-3-11 3.6.2 Main Canals ................................................................................... X-3-12 3.6.3 Secondary and Tertiary Canals and Drainage System ................... X-3-13

3.7 Basic Information of Initial Investment for OIDA Schemes ..................... X-3-14 3.7.1 Objectives....................................................................................... X-3-14 3.7.2 Project Cost .................................................................................... X-3-14

Chapter 4 Environmental Monitoring – Irrigation Water Use in the Meki Area

4.1 Policy and Institutional Background .......................................................... X-4-1 4.1.1 National Environmental Policy ...................................................... X-4-1 4.1.2 Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework.................................... X-4-1

4.2 Irrigation Water Use in the Meki Area....................................................... X-4-3 4.2.1 Environmental Background of the Meki Area ............................... X-4-3 4.2.2 Meki-Ziway Irrigation Scheme ...................................................... X-4-4 4.2.3 Small-scale Irrigation Schemes...................................................... X-4-4

4.3 Climatic Conditions of Meki Area ............................................................. X-4-6 4.4 Hydrology................................................................................................... X-4-7

4.4.1 General ........................................................................................... X-4-7 4.4.2 Meki River ..................................................................................... X-4-8 4.4.3 Ziway Lake..................................................................................... X-4-9 4.4.4 Bulbula River ................................................................................. X-4-9 4.4.5 Abijata Lake ................................................................................... X-4-9

4.5 Water Use ................................................................................................... X-4-10 4.6 Objectives of Environmental Monitoring under Program 3....................... X-4-11 4.7 Inventory of Small Irrigation Pumps.......................................................... X-4-11

4.7.1 Data Collection............................................................................... X-4-11 4.7.2 Location and Pump Owners ........................................................... X-4-12 4.7.3 Pump Capacity (horsepower) and Irrigation Areas........................ X-4-12 4.7.4 Estimated Water Use by the Small Pumps..................................... X-4-13

4.8 Water Consumption of Meki-Ziway Irrigation Project .............................. X-4-13 4.8.1 Operation in 2001........................................................................... X-4-13 4.8.2 Operation Records.......................................................................... X-4-14

4.9 Water Consumption of Meki-Ziway Irrigation Project .............................. X-4-14 4.10 Monitoring Program................................................................................... X-4-16

4.10.1 Selection of Monitoring Aspects.................................................... X-4-16

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4.10.2 Assessment Required ..................................................................... X-4-17

Chapter 5 Guideline for Formation and Operation of Water Users Associations (WUA) 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ X-5-1

5.1.1 Background .................................................................................... X-5-1 5.1.2 Objectives....................................................................................... X-5-2 5.1.3 Approach to the Study.................................................................... X-5-2 5.1.4 Plan of Operation ........................................................................... X-5-2

5.2 Identification of Constraints and Prospects................................................ X-5-4 5.2.1 Review of Existing Guidelines and Manuals ................................. X-5-4 5.2.2 Workshop with OIDA’s Social Workers ....................................... X-5-4 5.2.3 Farmers’ Groups Applied for Pump Irrigation Scheme................. X-5-5

5.3 Basic Concepts for Community-based Irrigation Development ................ X-5-7 5.4 Preparatory Works...................................................................................... X-5-8

5.4.1 General ........................................................................................... X-5-8 5.4.2 Scope of Responsibilities of OIDA and WUAs............................. X-5-8 5.4.3 Selection of the Study Sites and Communities .............................. X-5-9 5.4.4 Cost and Benefit Analysis.............................................................. X-5-10 5.4.5 Preparation of Draft Guideline....................................................... X-5-10 5.4.6 Organizational Set-up for the Field Study ..................................... X-5-10

5.5 Work Flow of Community-based Irrigation Development ........................ X-5-11 5.5.1 General ........................................................................................... X-5-11 5.5.2 Activities ........................................................................................ X-5-11

5.5 Lesson Learnt ............................................................................................. X-5-15 5.6.1 Awareness Creation ...................................................................... X-5-15 5.6.2 Membership.................................................................................... X-5-15 5.6.3 Land Consolidation ........................................................................ X-5-15 5.6.4 Cost and Benefit Analysis with WUA ........................................... X-5-16 5.6.5 Group Fund Formation................................................................... X-5-16 5.6.6 Engineering Support Required....................................................... X-5-16 5.6.7 Construction Period........................................................................ X-5-17

5.7 Feedback to Guideline................................................................................ X-5-17 5.8 Recommendations ...................................................................................... X-5-17

Chapter 6 Community Resource Mapping

6.1 Administrative and Demographic Conditions of Dugda Bora Wareda...... X-6-1 6.2 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) .................................................................... X-6-1

6.2.1 Objectives....................................................................................... X-6-1

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6.2.2 RRA at Kooffe Bare Community of Bekele Girisa PA ................. X-6-2 6.2.3 Village Resource Mapping............................................................. X-6-2 6.2.4 Stakeholder Analysis...................................................................... X-6-3 6.2.5 Indigenous Organizations............................................................... X-6-5 6.2.6 Information Channels between DA and Villagers ......................... X-6-6

6.3 Community Resource Mapping (CRM) for Extension Services................ X-6-7 6.3.1 Objectives....................................................................................... X-6-7 6.3.2 Map Coverage ................................................................................ X-6-8 6.3.3 Mapping Team ............................................................................... X-6-8 6.3.4 Material and Methods .................................................................... X-6-8 6.3.5 Community Resource Map ............................................................ X-6-9

6.4 Application of CRM for Agricultural Extension........................................ X-6-9 6.4.1 Improvement of Extension System (Modified T&V System) ....... X-6-9 6.4.2 Application to Extension Package Program (EPP) ........................ X-6-13 6.4.3 Provision of Extension Message to Meet Local Requirement ....... X-6-15

6.5 Potential Use of Community Resource Map.............................................. X-6-17 6.5.1 Identification of Bottom-Up Needs................................................ X-6-17 6.5.2 Strategic Extension Program with Development Targets .............. X-6-18 6.5.3 Potential Use of Community Resource Map.................................. X-6-19

Chapter 7 Preparation of Extension Tools and Research Program for the Meki Area

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ X-7-1 7.2 Objectives ................................................................................................... X-7-2 7.3 Plan of Operation........................................................................................ X-7-2 7.4 Extension Materials .................................................................................... X-7-3

7.4.1 Responsibilities .............................................................................. X-7-3 7.4.2 Existing Extension Materials ......................................................... X-7-3 7.4.3 Basic Conditions of Extension Materials Required for the Maki Area....................................................................................... X-7-4 7.4.4 Drafts of Extension Handbook....................................................... X-7-7 7.4.5 Verification of Prototype Extension Materials .............................. X-7-9

7.5 Preparation of Research Programs ............................................................. X-7-11 7.5.1 REAC System ............................................................................... X-7-11 7.5.2 Farmers Research Group and Future Prospect............................... X-7-13 7.5.3 Relation with REAC ...................................................................... X-7-14 7.5.4 Identification of Production Constraints at Zonal Level of REAC .............................................................................. X-7-14 7.5.5 Results of Workshop with Development Agents (DAs) ................ X-7-16

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7.5.6 Results of Community Meeting ..................................................... X-7-17 7.5.7 Review of Research Output ........................................................... X-7-18 7.5.8 Proposed Research Program for the Meki Area............................. X-7-20

List of Tables

Table X.1.1 Program Coordinators for Verification Study Programs 1 - 4 (OIDA) ...................................................................... X-1-6 Table X.1.2 Program Coordinators for Verification Study Programs 5 & 6 (OADB) ..................................................................... X-1-6 Table X.1.3 OIDA Hydrologists/Engineers to be Trained under Program 1 ........... X-1-7 Table X.1.4 OIDA Engineers Participating in Program 2 ....................................... X-1-7 Table X.1.5 OIDA Engineers and Experts Participating in Program 3 ................... X-1-8 Table X.1.6 OIDA Sociologists and Social Workers Participating in Program 4 .... X-1-8 Table X.1.7 OADB Experts Participating in Program 5 .......................................... X-1-9 Table X.1.8 OADB Experts Participating in Program 6 .......................................... X-1-9 Table X.2.1 Participants of Workshop...................................................................... X-2-3 Table X.2.2 Technical Background of Trainees ....................................................... X-2-4 Table X.2.3 Hydrological Analysis Experience........................................................ X-2-4 Table X.2.4 Participants of Intensive Training ......................................................... X-2-7 Table X.2.5 Intensive Training Program................................................................... X-2-8 Table X.2.6 Present Status of Hydrologists/Engineers of OIDA.............................. X-2-11 Table X.2.7 Major Difficulties Faced by the Engineers in Hydrological Analysis .. X-2-12 Table X.2.8 Target Level for Analytical Hydrology................................................. X-2-13 Table X.3.1 Staff Structure of OIDA (November 2000) .......................................... X-3-3 Table X.3.2 Irrigation Area by Branch Office (May 2000) ...................................... X-3-4 Table X.3.3 Summary of Branch Office Visits......................................................... X-3-6 Table X.3.4 Summary of Site Visits by Branch Office (As of November 8, 2001) .................................................................... X-3-6 Table X.3.5 Irrigation Schemes Categorized by Water Source (May 2000) ............ X-3-7 Table X.3.6 Irrigation Schemes Categorized by Intake Structure (May 2000) ........ X-3-8 Table X.3.7 Type of Headworks (October 2001) ..................................................... X-3-8 Table X.3.8 Average Canal Length (October 2001) ................................................. X-3-8 Table X.3.9 Average Number of Related Structures (October 2001)....................... X-3-8 Table X.3.10 Planned Irrigation Area (October 2001) ............................................... X-3-9 Table X.3.11 Number of Beneficiaries (May 2000) ................................................... X-3-9 Table X.3.12 Project Status (October 2001) ............................................................... X-3-10

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Table X.3.13 Documents and Drawing (October 2001) ............................................. X-3-10 Table X.3.14 OIDA DA and Farmers Training (October 2001)................................. X-3-10 Table X.3.15 OM Manual and OM Charge (October 2001)....................................... X-3-11 Table X.3.16 Water Shortage and Dispute (October 2001) ........................................ X-3-11 Table X.3.17 WUA Established and Registered (October 2001) ............................... X-3-11 Table X.3.18 Problems of Headworks (No. of Schemes) ........................................... X-3-12 Table X.3.19 Problems of Main Canals (No. of Schemes)......................................... X-3-13 Table X.3.20 Problems of SC, TC and Drainage (No. of Schemes)........................... X-3-14 Table X.3.21 Annual Investment in 1991 - 2000........................................................ X-3-15 Table X.4.1 Irrigation Farmers Groups in Dugda Bora Wareda............................... X-4-5 Table X.4.2 Rainfall Season in the Area................................................................... X-4-7 Table X.4.3 Main Features of Lakes......................................................................... X-4-7 Table X.4.4 Main Features of Rivers ........................................................................ X-4-8 Table X.4.5 Monthly Discharge of Meki River Near Meki Town............................ X-4-8 Table X.4.6 Average Water Level of Ziway Lake and Outflow to Bulbula River ... X-4-9 Table X.4.7 Water Use in the Meki-Ziway System .................................................. X-4-11 Table X.4.8 Summary of Inventory of Small Pumps................................................ X-4-12 Table X.4.9 Tree Planting Program under WFP....................................................... X-4-15 Table X.4.10 Number of Seedlings Planted in 1999/2000.......................................... X-4-16 Table X.4.11 Environmental Monitoring under Program 3........................................ X-4-17 Table X.5.1 Farmers Groups in Dugda Bora Wareda............................................... X-5-1 Table X.5.2 Farmers Groups Applying Pump Irrigation Scheme............................. X-5-2 Table X.5.3 Selected Farmers Groups of the Study.................................................. X-5-10 Table X.5.4 WUAs Signing Agreement ................................................................... X-5-12 Table X.5.5 Salient Features of Irrigation Schemes ................................................. X-5-13 Table X.7.1 Common Languages in Meki Area ....................................................... X-7-4 Table X.7.2 Subjects Selected in Meki Area ............................................................ X-7-5 Table X.7.3 Crops Selected in Meki Area ................................................................ X-7-6 Table X.7.4 Gap Analysis of Extension Materials Required by End-Users ............. X-7-7 Table X.7.5 Outline of Community Workshop......................................................... X-7-9 Table X.7.6 Result of understanding Extension Materials ....................................... X-7-10 Table X.7.7 Profile of the Community...................................................................... X-7-18

List of Figures

Figure X.1.1 Assignment Schedule of the JICA Study Team in Phase II Study ....... X-1-10

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Figure X.1.2 Organization Set-up for Programs 1 to 4 .............................................. X-1-11 Figure X.1.3 Organization Set-up for Programs 5 and 6............................................ X-1-12 Figure X.3.1 Irrigation Development in Oromia Region ........................................... X-3-2 Figure X.3.2 Irrigation Performance and Years after Construction ........................... X-3-4 Figure X.3.3 Irrigation Area per Household .............................................................. X-3-9 Figure X.3.4 Unit Cost of Irrigation Development .................................................... X-3-15 Figure X.4.1 Meki-Ziway-Abijata System................................................................. X-4-10 Figure X.4.2 Relationship between Pump Capacity and Irrigation Area ................... X-4-13 Figure X.5.1 Work Flow of the Study........................................................................ X-5-3 Figure X.5.2 Location of Newly Applied Irrigation Schemes ................................... X-5-6 Figure X.5.3 Group Fund Formation of WUA........................................................... X-5-7 Figure X.5.4 Consolidation and Exchange of Lands.................................................. X-5-7

List of Attachments

Attachment X-2-1 Comments on Workshop on Analytical Hydrology................... X-2-15 Attachment X-2-2 Comments on Intensive Training on Analytical Hydrology...... X-2-16 Attachment X-3-1 Location Map of Oromia Region and Existing OIDA Schemes X-3-16 Attachment X-3-2 Irrigation Schemes in Oromia Region ....................................... X-3-17 Attachment X-3-3 Plan Area and Actually Irrigated Area in OIDA 96 Schemes ... X-3-20 Attachment X-3-4 Data Format ............................................................................... X-3-21 Attachment X-3-5 OIDA Database.......................................................................... X-3-29 Attachment X-4-1 Meki-Ziway-Abijata System...................................................... X-4-19 Attachment X-4-2 List of Irrigation Pumps in Dugda Bora Wareda ....................... X-4-20 Attachment X-4-3 Miki-Ziway Irrigation Project – Pump Operation Records ....... X-4-22 Attachment X-5-1 Management of WUA................................................................ X-5-18 Attachment X-5-2 Agreement between OIDA and WUA ....................................... X-5-19 Attachment X-5-3 Guideline for WUA Establishment............................................ X-5-22 Attachment X-6-1 Detailed Mapped Area ............................................................... X-6-20 Attachment X-6-2 Explanation of CRM.................................................................. X-6-21 Attachment X-6-3 Questionnaire for Community Leaders and Results .................. X-6-22 Attachment X-6-4 Community Resource Map ........................................................ X-6-25 Attachment X-7-1 General Work Flow of Program 6 ............................................. X-7-23 Attachment X-7-2 List of the Collected Existing Extension Materials ................... X-7-24 Attachment X-7-3 Types of Posters and Understanding of Farmers ....................... X-7-25

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Attachment X-7-4 Poster: Soil Conservation in Dugda Bora (Amharic and Oromo Version) .................................................. X-7-26 Attachment X-7-5 Poster: Improvement of Rain-fad Farming (Amharic Version). X-7-27 Attachment X-7-6 Poster: Improvement of Rain-fad Farming (Oromo Version) ... X-7-28 Attachment X-7-7 Extension Handbook.................................................................. X-7-29 Attachment X-7-8 Extension Brocks ....................................................................... X-7-62 Attachment X-7-9 Agronomic Constraints in Dugda Bora Wareda ........................ X-7-63 Attachment X-7-10 List of Research Reports Collected ........................................... X-7-65 Attachment X-7-11 Summary of Reviewing Research Output.................................. X-7-66

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Chapter 1

General

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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL

1.1 Authority

The Study on the Meki Irrigation and Rural Development Project (hereinafter referred to as “the Study”) is currently undertaken pursuant to Clause VI of the Scope of Work (the S/W) agreed upon between Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) on 28th March, 2000.

Within the framework of the Study, the Verification Study (the V/S) was carried out through the Phase-II Study from May to November 2001 according to the S/W. The JICA Study Team proposed six (6) programs for the V/S. The objectives and activities for each of the six (6) programs were discussed and agreed in the Steering Committee meeting held on 8th March 2001.

1.2 Objectives

The Master Plan is composed of six (6) components as illustrated below.

Mater Plan Components

Under six (6) components, 21 projects were preliminarily formulated as stipulated in the Interim Report submitted in March 2001. The anticipated implementation agencies of the proposed 21 projects are to be not only Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA) but also Oromia Agricultural development Bureau

OIDA OADB

Master Plan21 Projects

IrrigationDevelopment

Rainfed Agriculture

Improvement

Livestock Modernization

Community Develop. &

Cooperative Promotion

EnvironmentalConservation

CapacityBuilding of

OIDA & WaredaStaff

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(OADB). Especially for improvement of rain-fed agriculture and livestock sectors, OADB will play a key role. Moreover, community development and environmental conservation are to be promoted by both OIDA and OADB.

The S/W directed the Study to examine technical and financial viability of the draft Master Plan and to select pilot activities (study aspects) for the V/S as mentioned in Clause V of the S/W. All the results of the V/S will be incorporated into the final Master Plan in Draft Final Report to be submitted in March 2002. The objectives of the V/S can be summarized as illustrated below.

Objectives of Verification Study

The V/S is expected to provide a lot of valuable information for confirmation and elaboration of the Mater Plan. In addition, the V/S is envisaged to contribute to the capacity building for the government staff, who will play key roles in the implementation of the Mater Plan in future and the direct benefits to target groups through the implementation of the V/S.

1.3 Verification Study Programs

1.3.1 Selection Criteria of Verification Study Programs

The V/S programs were selected under the following conditions.

(1) Pilot projects to confirm viability of the priority projects among 21 projects and identify unforeseeable constraints for their elaboration

(2) Pilot projects to contribute effectively to the capacity building of OIDA and OADB for future smooth implementation of the Master Plan

Final Report (Master Plan)

Verification Study

Interim Report (Draft)

Selection ofStudy Aspects

Confirmation& Elaboration

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(3) Pilot projects to be completed within definitive time period, i.e. six (6) months from May to November 2001, for earlier commencement of the actual Master Plan

1.3.2 Selected Programs

The following six (6) programs were selected for the V/S.

Selected Verification Study Programs

No. Verification Study Program Agency

1. Training of analytical methodology for water resources development OIDA

2. Establishment of management information system of the OIDA irrigation schemes

OIDA

3. Environmental monitoring – irrigation water use in the Meki area OIDA

4. Preparation of guideline for formation and operation of water users associations (WUA)

OIDA

5. Community resource mapping OADB

6. Preparation of extension tools and research program for the Meki area OADB

1.4 Organization Set-up

1.4.1 Executing Agencies

The six (6) programs were carried out under the responsibilities of OIDA and OADB as presented in the above-mentioned table. OIDA wss responsible for Programs 1 to 4, while OADB undertook Programs 5 and 6.

All the study activities were performed by both agencies in collaboration of the JICA Study Team. The assignment schedules of the JICA experts are illustrated in Figure X.1.1.

1.4.2 Program Coordinators

OIDA organized the counterpart team consisting of one (1) Leader and four (4) Program Coordinators. The organizational set-up for execution of the V/S is illustrated in Figure X.1.2. The profiles of the counterpart team members are presented in Table X.1.1. All four (4) programs were carried out under the control of both Team Leaders of the JICA Study Team and the OIDA counterpart team. Under

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them, four (4) Program Coordinators took direct responsibility for day-to-day operation of four (4) programs in parallel.

OADB organized the counterpart team consisting of one (1) Team Leader and two (2) Program Coordinators. The organizational set-up for execution of the V/S is illustrated in Figure X.1.3. The profiles of the counterpart team members are presented in Table X.1.2. Both programs will be carried out under the control of both Leaders of the JICA Study Team and the OADB counterpart team. Under them, two (2) Program Coordinators took direct responsibility for two (2) programs individually.

1.4.3 Participants and Target Group for Capacity Building

The participants of the V/S amounted to 96 persons from OIDA and OADB. Apart from the government staff, the rural communities were also involved in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and other related meetings. The total numbers amounted to 63 households of Shubi Gamo PA and some 100 households of three (3) PAs, namely Tuchi Sumeyan, Korke Adi and Sori Dolesa.

(1) OIDA

Program 1 : 12 hydrologists consisting of 4 from head office and 2 from each of four (4) branch offices (Table X.1.3)

Program 2 : 12 irrigation engineers consisting of 4 from head office and 2 from each of four (4) branch offices (Table X.1.4)

Program 3 : 7 irrigation engineers consisting of 2 from head office, 2 from central branch office and 3 from the wareda office (Table X.1.5)

Program 4 : 12 community development experts and social workers consisting of 4 from head office and 2 from each of four (4) branch offices (Table X.1.6)

(2) OADB

Program 5 : 31 OADB staff consisting of one (1) community development expert of OADB HQ, three (3) wareda staff and 27 Development Agents (DA) (Table X.1.7). The 27 DAs were fully involved in the V/S.

Program 6 : 31 OADB staff consisting of one (1) extension training officer of OADB HQ, three (3) wareda staff and 27 Development Agents (DA) (Table X.1.8)

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1.5 Study Activities and Major Events

The V/S was commenced on 30th May 2001. The study activities for each of six programs were carried out in parallel by the joint operation of the JICA Study Team and the Counterpart Teams. Apart from day-to-day study activities including ad-hoc meetings and field surveys, the V/S organized the following workshops, intensive training and educational tour.

Major Events of Verification Study

Date Program Activity Participants (No.)

June 21 - 22 1 Workshop on Hydrological Analysis 10 OIDA engineers

June 21 - 22 1 Workshop on Hydrological Analysis 10 OIDA engineers

June 25 - July 5 1 Intensive Training on Hydrological Analysis

5 OIDA engineers

June 26 5 Community Resource Map Workshop 40 SMSs and DAs

July 5 - 6 4 Workshop on Community Development 9 OIDA Social Workers

July 6 5 Community Resource Map Workshop 40 SMSs and DAs

August 9 - 10 4 Illust Meeting at Shubi-Sombo 74 villagers

August 16 1～4 PDM Workshop (OIDA) 10 OIDA staff

August 17 1～4 Interim Appraisal Workshop (OIDA) 34 OIDA staff

August 22 5 & 6 Interim Appraisal Workshop (OADB) 40 OADB staff and DAs

August 27 -29 5 & 6 Educational Tour to Research Centers 30 OADB staff and DAs

August 28 -30 2 Visit to Eastern Branch Office (Harar) 5 OIDA staff

September 5 - 6 2 Visit to Western Branch Office (Nakamte) 8 OIDA staff

September 12 - 13

2 Visit to Southern Branch Office (Robe) 4 OIDA staff

September 24 6 Extension Materials Workshop 30 DAs

October 10 4 Site Visit of the Minister of Embassy of Japan

10 OIDA staff

October 15 4 Commencement of construction (Shubi & Sombo)

10 OIDA staff

November 8 4 Site Visit of H.E. Japanese Ambassador 20 OIDA staff

November 21 1～6 Steering Committee Meeting on Progress Report (2)

No. Proposed Position for V/S Office Name Current Position Educational Work ExperienceBackground with OIDA (years)

1. Chief Counterpart HQ Mr. Teshome Atnafie Deputy General Manager & Head MSc. Soil&Water 13.90Planning and Design Departmrent

2. Program Coordinator - 1 HQ Mr. Abera Shiferaw Team Leader MSc. Hydology 6.30Survey and Design Departmrent

3. Program Coordinator - 2 HQ Mr. Teshome Lemma Design Engineer BSc. Irrig. Eng. 9.25Survey and Design Departmrent

4. Program Coordinator - 3 HQ Mr. Sileshi Getahun Hailu Head, Irrig. Extension & MSc. Agr. Eng. 10.00Water Management Department

5. Program Coordinator - 4 HQ Mr. Berhanu Hirpo Team Leader MSc. Economics 14.00Coomunity Mobilization

No. Proposed Position for V/S Office Name Current Position Educational Work ExperienceBackground with OADB (years)

1. Chief Counterpart HQ Kebede Woldegiyorgis

2. Program Coordinator - 5 HQ Benti Shomina Oromia Soil Laboratory Center CoordinatorBSc. 15 years

3. Program Coordinator - 6 HQ Mohamed Yeqin Acting Team Leader of Extension Team BSc. + 6 months 17 years

Table X.1.1 Appointment of Program Coordinators for Verification Study Programs 1 - 4 (OIDA)

Table X.1.2 Appointment of Program Coordinators for Verification Study Programs 5 & 6 (OADB)

No. Office Name Current Position Educational Work ExperienceBackground with OIDA (years)

1. HQ Abera Shiferaw Hydrologist MSc.Degree 6.3

2. HQ Haile Moya Hydrologist MSc.Degree 7.7

3. HQ Tesfaye Deribe Irrigation Engineer MSc.Degree 10.0

4. HQ W/Mariam Shewa Hydraulic Engineer MSc.Degree 15.4

5. Cenral Tesfaye Abebe Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 6.0Branch

6. Cenral Girma Nigussie Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 6.0Branch

7. Eastern Habtamu Emiru Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 5.0Branch

8. Eastern Asnake Teshome Hydrologist Diploma 9.0Branch

9. Western Tulu Nemera Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 5.3Branch

10. Western Chali Edessa Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 6.3Branch

11. Southern Feleke Gerbi Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 6.0Branch

12. Southern Mekonnen Zekarias Irrigation Engineer MSc.Degree 7.0Branch


1. HQ Girma Asfaw Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 7.0

2. HQ Dagnachew Alemu Irrigation Engineer MSc.Degree 8.2

3. HQ Teshome Lemma Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 9.3

4. HQ Bifa Bedhadha Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 17.0

5. Cenral Debebe Mekuria Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 5.0Branch

6. Cenral SisayFekadu Irrigation Engineer BSc.Degree 6.0Branch

7. Eastern Zewdu Tafese Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 12.0Branch

8. Eastern Belete Akele Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 8.0Branch

9. Western Takele Wakjira Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 13.0Branch

10. Western Dereje Adeba Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 10.5Branch

11. Southern Kedir Lole Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 5.0Branch

12. Southern Abomsa Kebede Agricultural Engineer BSc.Degree 4.0Branch

Table X.1.3 OIDA Hydrologists/Engineers to be Trained under Program 1

Table X.1.4 OIDA Engineers Participating in Program 2


1. HQ Seyoum Gatachew Tesfa Irrigation Water Manegement M.E. Irrigation 8Engineer Water Manage.

2. HQ Sileshi Getahun Hailu Head, Irrigation Extension & MSc. Agr. Eng. 10Water Management Department

3. Cenral Kebede Mingistu Feleke Irrigation Expert BSc. Agr. Eng. 15Branch

4. Cenral Kefiyalew Bekele Tola Irrigation Extension BSc. Agr. Eng. 12Branch

5. Dugda Bora Mengistu Bose Jiru Head, Wareda Office BSc. Agr. Eng. 5Wareda

6. Dugda Bora Sisay Abdisa Merga Irrigation Water Manegement BSc. Agr. Eng. 2Wareda Expert

7. Dugda Bora Ahimad Abdulahi Extension Expert BSc. Agr. Extesi. 6Wareda

8. Dugda Bora Dejane Bekele DA OIDA Diploma 4Wareda


1. HQ Birhanu Hirpo Community Mobilization MSc. Economics 14Team Leader

2. HQ Abdulahi Ahmed Training Team Leader BA Management 26

3. HQ Motuma Hayile Expert BA Sociology 14

4. HQ Mamitu Tolera Expert BA Economics 7.8

5. Cenral Admasu Debele Community Mobilization BSc. PSIR 20Branch Team Leader

6. Cenral Mahamed Abda Expert Diploma in Plant 9Branch Sciences

7. Eastern Abdul Hamid Mohamed Expert Diploma in 20Branch Accounting

8. EasternBranch

9. Western Daniel Gudata Community Mobilization Diploma RESD 15Branch Team Leader

10. Western Bekelech Gobbu Expert 12+6 Months 15Branch

11. Southern Tuna Usman Expert 12 Class 7Branch

12. Southern Yahiya Aman Expert BA Sociology 8Branch

Table X.1.5 OIDA Engineers and Experts Participating in Program 3

Table X.1.6 OIDA Sociologists and Social Workers Participating in Program 4

No. Office Name Current Position Educational Work ExperienceBackground with OADB (years)

1. HQ Benti Shomina Community Development Expert BSc. 15

2. HQ

3. HQ

4. Dugda Bora Tamirat Tefera Head of Bureau - Dugda Bora 12+2 13

Wareda Wareda

5. Dugda Bora Worku Nigeta Soil & Water Conservation Exper 12+2 15

Wareda

6. Dugda Bora Shumi Negesu Soil & Water Conservation Co-co 12+2 8

Wareda Forestry Expert

7. Dugda Bora Sharafadin Hasen Planning & Program 12+2 16

Wareda

Note : List of 27 DAs in Dugda Bora Wareda is attached hereto.

No. Office Name Current Position Educational Work ExperienceBackground with OADB (years)

1. HQ Mohamed Yeqin Extension Training Officer BSc. + 6 months 17

2. HQ

3. HQ

4. Dugda Bora Tamirat Tefera Head of Bureau - Dugda Bora 12+2 13

Wareda Wareda

5. Dugda Bora Birhane Glutedin Agronomy Expert 12+6 months 20

Wareda

6. Dugda Bora Akilillu Bogale Horticulture Expert 12+2 5

Wareda

Note : List of 27 DAs in Dugda Bora Wareda is attached hereto.

Table X.1.7 OADB Experts Participating in Program 5

Table X.1.8 OADB Experts Participating in Program 6

Assignm

ent Schedule of the Team in Phase

II Study

Figure X.1.1

Japan International Cooperation A

gency

The Study forM

eki Irrigation and Rural D

evelopment Project

in Orom

ia Re gion, Ethiopia

X - 1 - 10

Figure X.1.2

Organisation C

hart for Verification Study -

Programs 1 to 4


gency

The Study forM


evelopment Project

in Orom


X - 1 - 11

Figure X.1.3

Organisation C

hart for Verification Study -

Programs 5 and 6

The Study fo rM


evelopment Project

in Orom



gency

X - 1 - 12

Chapter 2

Program 1 of Verification Study

Training of Analytical Methodology for Water Resources Development

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CHAPTER 2 TRAINING OF ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 General

Program 1 aimed at execution of training of analytical methodology for water resources development. The training program consisted of the two (2) days workshop for the hydrologists and engineers of OIDA head office and branch offices and two (2) weeks intensive training program for selected engineers and hydrologists.

The data collected through the Phase I of the Study in September to December 2000 were used for explaining various methodologies of hydrology analysis such as regression, correlation and probability analysis, crop water requirement calculation and other methods. The technical training included both theory and practical exercise. Technical notes on methodology were distributed to trainees. Microsoft Excel and other software were used for demonstration of various hydrological calculation procedures as well as data management methodologies.

2.1.2 Objectives

The objectives of Program 1 are:

(1) To determine the baseline, namely the present capability and knowledge of the existing OIDA engineers on analytical hydrology for irrigation development,

(2) To optimize realistic targets to meet the tasks of OIDA,

(3) To select effective training programs necessary to fulfil the gap between (1) and (2) mentioned above, and

(4) To finalize [5-1] OIDA Engineers Training Program proposed under the Draft Mater Plan.

2.1.3 Plan of Operation

The training program for capacity building on analytical hydrology was included (i) general workshop for all engineers and hydrologists and (ii) intensive training program on analytical methodology of hydrological analysis for selected engineers/hydrologists.

(1) Workshop on Analytical Hydrology

The workshop on Analytical Hydrology was conducted for two days and this was

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attended by 10 engineers/hydrologist of OIDA of which seven engineers were from branch offices. The basin model developed in the JICA Study phase I for water balance study and results of the study were explained. The data needed for various calculations were discussed and methodology of the model was also explained. The questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the present knowledge and their requirements for the training. The use of computer for data analysis was demonstrated and practiced by trainees. Computer aided probability analysis, crop water requirement analysis and water balance analysis were explained and practiced by engineers.

(2) Intensive Training Program on Analytical Hydrology

The Intensive Training Program was conducted for the selected four (4) engineers from the head office and one engineer from the branch office. In this training program, hydrological analysis procedures were explained in detail, therefore, engineers who are really carrying out hydrological analysis for planning or other purposes and stationed at the head office or who had master degree were selected. The technical training consists of (i) theory lectures on analytical methodology, (ii) data management and analysis methods, and (iii) use of computer software for data management and hydrological analysis.

2.2 Workshop on Analytical Hydrology

2.2.1 Participants

The workshop on Analytical Hydrology was conducted for two days and this was attended by 10 engineers/hydrologist of OIDA. Total 10 persons had participated in the workshop of which 7 persons were from the branch offices and the rest were from the head office of OIDA. The basin model developed in the JICA Study phase I for water balance study and results of the study were explained. The use of computer for data analysis was demonstrated and practiced by trainees. Computer aided hydrology methods were explained and practiced by engineers. Four computers were used for the exercise, 2 to 3 participants shared each computer. The baseline survey was carried out to determine the present status of analytical hydrology knowledge and their immediate requirements for the training. The list of participants and their background is presented in Table X.2.1.

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Table X.2.1 Participants of Workshop

No. Name Position Office Technical Qualification

Experience (Years)

1 Abera Shiferaw Hydrologist HQ MSc 6

2 Tesfaye Deribe Irrigation Engineer HQ MSc 15

3 W/Mariam Shoa Hydraulic Engineer HQ MSc 10

4 Tesfaye Abebe Irrigation Engineer Central Branch BSc 6

5 Girma Nigussie Irrigation Engineer Central Branch BSc 6

6 Habtamu Emiru Agricultural Engineer Eastern Branch BSc 5

7 Tulu Nemera Irrigation Engineer Western Branch BSc 5

8 Chali Edessa Agricultural Engineer Western Branch BSc 5

9 Feleke Gerbi Agricultural Engineer Southern Branch BSc 5

10 Mekonnen Zekarias Irrigation Engineer Southern Branch MSc 7

2.2.2 Presentation of Meki-Ziway System Water Balance Study

The basin model of Meki-Ziway-Abijata system and its methodology was explained in the workshop. The water balance study, which was carried out during the last year by JICA Study Team, was presented. The whole process of the study from data collection to the results was explained to understand each step of the study. The data needed for various calculations were discussed and methodology of the model was also explained. The presentation helped the participants to understand the process of the water resources assessment and the results of the water balance study to understand present conditions of the water resources in the Rift Valley lakes. The discussion on the presentation was also carried out to clarify the queries or doubts of the participants. The participant raised several questions and discussion was fruitful.

2.2.3 Questionnaire Survey

The baseline survey was carried out to determine the present knowledge and their requirements for the training. The participants required to fill questionnaire on the participants’ present hydrological analysis knowledge, technical experience, computer knowledge, problems in hydrological analysis and their needs for technical training. The questionnaire survey helped in evaluating the present status of the OIDA engineers and hydrologist and planning the training according to their present qualifications and requirements. The questionnaire from used for the survey is presented in Attachment X-1.

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2.2.4 Results of Questionnaire Survey

The ten persons attended the workshop and answered the questionnaire. Four (4) of them had master degree while others had bachelor degree in engineering. The average technical experience of trainees was 7.2 years. Only few of them had earlier experience in using computer. The technical background of the participants is summarized in Table X.2.2.

Table X.2.2 Technical Background of Trainees

Description No. of Trainees

Technical degree Master degree = 4 persons

Bachelor degree = 6 persons

Technical Experience Average experience = 7 years

Computer Knowledge/Experience Some experience = 4 persons

No experience = 6 person

Technical Position Hydrologist = 2 persons

Irrigation Engineers = 8 persons

The analytical hydrological experience of the participants varies from person to person according to their technical background and present position. The design engineers of branch offices had some experience in analysis of crop water requirements, while they had not experience in rainfall analysis and flood analysis. The participants had not experienced in estimating missing data or correlation and regression analysis. Participants were interested in data management, estimating of missing data, crop water requirements and flood analysis. The hydrological analysis experience of OIDA engineers is summarized in Table X.2.3.

Table X.2.3 Hydrological Analysis Experience

Hydrological Method Some Experience No Experience

Rainfall Analysis 2 8

Regression and Correlation Analysis 0 0

Frequency/ Probability Analysis 6 3

Flow Analysis 8 2

Crop Water Requirements 9 1

Flood Analysis 2 8

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2.2.5 Technical Topics for Workshop

The technical training topics for the workshop were decided taking into consideration the engineers’ background and their priority. The most of the engineers/hydrologist have no knowledge and experience in using computer and interested to have training in data management and analysis and crop water requirements analysis. Therefore, on first day it was decided to provide basic knowledge of computer and computer use for data analysis. The technical topics of training program were as follows:

Day 1: Introduction to Computer System Basic Operation of Windows System and Practical Exercise Use of Microsoft Excel for Data Analysis and Practical Exercise

Day 2: Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration (Eto) using FAO’s CropWat Calculation of Crop Water Requirements using FAO’s CropWat Probability Analysis Simple Water Balance Calculation using Microsoft Excel

2.2.6 Introduction of Basic Computer Use

The component of computer system and its use were explained. The basic operation of the computer system was explained and demonstrated. Microsoft Windows 98 system’s general features, useful commands, keyboard shortcuts, and useful Windows procedure were explained and demonstrated. The maintaining computer system was also explained. Participants carried out exercises on the basic operation of the computer system and useful windows procedures such creating folders, copy and paste, dragging, deleting, empty trash, moving files and folders, shut down computer, starting program, saving file, opening file and others.

2.2.7 Microsoft Excel for Data Analysis

The basics of the Microsoft Excel was explained and demonstrated. The data entry and formatting cells and columns were explained and demonstrated. The use of formula for calculation was explained and its use for data analysis was demonstrated. The use of formula for calculation of sum, standard deviation, average, multiplication of column, calculation of mass curve and residual mass curve was demonstrated. The preparation of various kind of graph such as X-Y, Bar, Line and Pie graphs were explained and demonstrated. Participants carried out exercises on the calculation of sum, average, standard deviation of the data and multiplication of columns. They prepared various kinds of graphs.

X – 2 - 6

2.2.8 Water Resources Assessment

The procedure of assessment of available water resources for the design of irrigation system was explained. The assessment of flood was also explained which is important for the design of structures such as dams, drainage canals and weirs.

2.2.9 Crop Water Requirements Analysis using CropWat

The FAO procedure for the calculation of the potential evapotranspiration and crop water requirements was explained and demonstrated using FAO CropWat program. Participants carried out the exercises on the calculation of the potential evapotranspiration from sample climatic data and later practiced crop water requirements calculation from the sample cropping pattern, climatic data and project data.

2.2.10 Probability Analysis

The probability distribution functions such as Normal, Log-normal, Log Pearson III and Gumbel were explained. SMADA software was used to fit the distribution and determine the probable rainfall at different return periods. Participants carried out the exercise to fit distribution and determine the probability of rainfall at different return periods.

2.2.11 Simple Water Balance Calculation

The use of Microsoft Excel for the simple water balance of the storage structure was explained and demonstrated using sample data. The participants carried the exercise of the water balance calculation and plotted the variation of storage with time.

2.2.12 Feedback of Workshop

The comments on the Workshop were provided by the participants in the Comments Sheet. The Comments Sheet used is presented in Attachment 2-2. The comments of participants are summarized below.

(1) Participants felt that the duration of the workshop was short and they wanted to have intensive training to cover the analytical hydrology topics in detail.

(2) Participants got the basic knowledge of the computer system for data analysis but they were interested to participate in intensive training to practice more so that they can use computer for design.

X – 2 - 7

(3) Some of participants suggested to cover flood analysis, rainfall-runoff analysis, regression and correlation analysis in detail during the intensive training program.

(4) Some of participants wrote that the handouts provided during the workshop are useful but they require additional reference materials such as FAO papers and other technical reference materials or books.

(5) Some participants complained that they have no access to computer in their office.

2.3 Intensive Training Program

2.3.1 Topics and Schedule of the Intensive Training

The Intensive Training Program was conducted for the selected 5 hydrologists/engineers of OIDA of which 4 engineers were from OIDA head office and 1 engineer from branch office. The participants for intensive training were listed in Table X.2.4.

Table X.2.4 Participants of Intensive Training

Name Position Location Technical Qualifications

1. Abera Shiferaw Hydrologist Head Office M.Sc. (Engg Hydrology)

2. Haile Moya Hydrologist Head Office M.Sc. (Engg. Hydrology)

3. W/Mariam Shoa Irrigation Man. Expert Head Office M.Sc. (Hydraulic Engg)

4. Tesfaye Deriba Irrigation Man. Expert Head Office M.Sc. (Irrigation Engg)

5. Mekonnen Zekarias Design Engineer Branch Office M.Sc. (Irrigation Engg)

The intensive training program was designed to cover each subject in detail and practice the exercise intensively. One computer was provided to each participant to practice independently and intensively to learn the subject clearly.

The following topics were decided for the intensive training based on their background and requirements. The training schedule is presented in Table X.2.5.

X – 2 - 8

Table X.2.5 Intensive Training Program

Day Date Program

1 26th June 2001 Data Checking, Data Management and Data Analysis

2 27th June 2001 Rainfall Runoff Analysis

3 28th June 2001 Correlation and Regression Analysis

4 29th June 2001 Flow Analysis

5 2nd July 2001 Crop Water Requirements

6 3rd July 2001 Probability Analysis

7 4th July 2001 Flood Analysis

8 5th July 2001 Revision and Test Exercise

2.3.2 Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel

The use of Microsoft Excel for data analysis was demonstrated. The use of formula for calculation of sum, standard deviation, averages, multiplication of column, calculation of mass curve and residual mass curve was explained and demonstrated. The preparation of various kinds of graphs such as X-Y, Bar, Line and Pie graphs was explained and demonstrated. The use of copy and paste, auto fill and relative and absolute cell reference were also demonstrated. Several exercises were carried out by trainees to understand the use of Microsoft Excel for data analysis.

2.3.3 Correlation and Regression Analysis for Estimating Missing Data

The estimation of missing records of hydrological or meteorological data is generally required hydrological analysis. In cases where portions of observed rainfall or runoff records are missing, the missing records are estimated by correlation with those recorded at other observation stations. The correlation analysis is performed with other stations to get the highest correlation coefficient. The procedure for the correlation analysis is demonstrated using StatView software using sample rainfall data. The missing values are then estimated by applying regression equation with the observation stations having the highest correlation. The both simple or bivariate and multivariate regression analysis were explained and procedure was demonstrated. The participants carried out exercise to fill-in missing data using the multiple regression equation in order to complete the record.

2.3.4 Rainfall Runoff Analysis

The runoff estimation is required for the design of diversion structure in a watershed.

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The runoff estimation can be carried from rainfall and characteristics of watershed. HEC-HMS program can efficiently calculate the runoff from a watershed. Procedure for calculation runoff from HEC-HMS program was demonstrated using sample example. The trainees practiced the sample example to understand the procedure and use the program for calculation of runoff from a watershed.

2.3.5 Flow Analysis

The design engineers carry out design calculation of weir, open channel, or orifice. They solved flow equation for design of the control structure or channel. The use of Microsoft Excel for solving Manning’s formula was demonstrated to design the trapezoidal channel. Trainees also practiced the exercise to solve the Manning’s formula to design the channel section. Use of FlowMaster software was also demonstrated to design weir, trapezoidal channel, irregular channel and orifice. Trainees also practiced the exercise to design channel, pipe, weir using FlowMaster software.

2.3.6 Crop Water Requirements using CropWat

The crop water requirements or diversion water requirements are required to design the intake channel or decide the irrigation area according to available water resources. The required data and procedure for calculation of potential evapotranspiration using Penman-Monteith Method was explained and demonstrated using FAO’s CropWat program. Trainees practiced the calculation of potential evapotranspiration with sample data using CropWat program.

The calculation dependable rainfall was explained and participants calculated dependable rainfall for the dry year, average and wet year. The method of calculation of effective rainfall was also explained. Selection of crop coefficient during various growing stages and land preparation period and initial water requirement for land preparation were explained. The calculation of crop water requirements for the sample cropping pattern was demonstrated and practiced by the trainees.

2.3.7 Probability Analysis

The probability analysis of rainfall and discharge data is important for the design of the diversion structures for the irrigation. The probability distribution functions such as Normal, Log-Normal, Log Pearson Type III and Gumbel were explained. SMADA software was used to fit the distribution and determine the rainfall at different return periods. Trainees carried out the exercise to fit distribution and

X – 2 - 10

determine the probability of rainfall at different period. Use of the Microsoft Excel for determining the plotting positions using Weibull method and to determine the probability with the Log Pearson III distribution were demonstrated. Trainees carried out the exercise to determine the probability of discharge data with Log Pearson Type III distribution using Microsoft Excel and distribution table.

2.3.8 Flood Analysis

A synthetic unit hydrograph may be developed for ungauged areas, when streamflow records are not available, based on the known physical characteristics of the basin. These synthetic unit hydrographs are computed either from direct analogy with the basin or from an indirect analogy with a large number of other basin through the application of empirical relationship.

This SCS method is easy to apply. The only parameters that need to be determined are the peak discharge and time to peak. A standard unit hydrograph is constructed using two parameters. For the development of the SCS Unit hydrograph, the curvilinear unit hydrograph is approximated by a triangular unit hydrograph.

The 40-Step procedure for calculation of peak runoff or flood discharge using SCS method was demonstrated using Microsoft Excel. The trainees carried out the exercise to calculate flood discharge using sample data by Microsoft Excel.

2.3.9 Feedback of Intensive Training Program

The feedback of the participants was taken at the end of the intensive training in the comment sheet, which is attached in Annex. The comments of the participants on the intensive training program are summarized below.

(1) Participants recognized the use of computer for data analysis and hydrological calculations.

(2) Participants felt that they have gained the knowledge of using computer for data analysis and hydrological calculation so it is application to their future activities such as design works.

(3) Participants suggested that computer should be used for design works by engineers and it should not be used exclusively for writing letters or documents as a typewriter.

(4) Participants were satisfied with computer-aided analytical hydrological training program and they were confident in using computer for the design of small-scale irrigation projects.

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2.4 Conclusion and Recommendation

2.4.1 Present Status of Hydrologist/Engineers of OIDA

The hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, and irrigation design engineers of OIDA carry out the hydrology or hydraulic calculations for the design of irrigation structure. The hydrologists and hydraulic engineers are stationed at the head office while the design engineers are stationed at branch office. The design engineers at the branch office carry out the diversion water requirements, probability analysis, flood analysis, low flow analysis and hydraulic calculations for the design of diversion structure for irrigation. The present status of the hydrologists/engineers of OIDA determined through questionnaire survey is presented in Table X.2.6.

Table X.2.6 Present Status of Hydrologists/Engineers of OIDA

Description Hydrologist Hydraulic Engineer Design Engineer

Technical degree

Engineering Hydrology Hydraulic Engineering Irrigation Engineering or

Agricultural Engineering

Job Location Head Office Head Office Branch Office

Responsibilities Check the hydrology analysis in the design report prepared by the engineers of branch office.

Technical support to design engineers of branch office in hydrological analysis.

Prepare TOR for branch office.

Examine the consultant’s technical report and give his comments.

Check the hydraulic analysis in the design report prepared by the engineers of branch office.

Technical support to design engineers of branch office in hydraulic analysis.

Prepare TOR for branch office.

Examine the consultant’s technical report and give his comments.

Study & design small- scale irrigation scheme. Carry out hydrological and hydraulic calculation, crop water requirement calculation and prepare design report

Analytical Hydrology Knowledge

- Flood Analysis

- Low Flow Analysis

- Probability Analysis

- Crop Water Require.

- Flow Analysis

- Flood Analysis

- Crop Water Requirement

- Flow Analysis

- Flood Analysis

- Low Flow Analysis

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2.4.2 Major Difficulties of OIDA Staff in Hydrological Analysis

The major difficulties faced by the engineers of OIDA are determined through the questionnaire survey and presented in Table X.2.7.

Table X.2.7 Major Difficulties Faced by the Engineer in Hydrological Analysis

Item Problem Faced

Data Lack of meteorological and hydrological data especially of rainfall intensity and river discharge is the main problem for the design engineers.

Reference Material Lack of literature on hydrological analysis methods, FAO Irrigation and Drainage papers and other reference materials on recent topics and methods.

Flood Discharge Design engineers facing problem in determining the flood discharge for the design of weir or diversion structure where rivers are not gauged.

Computer Knowledge and Facilities

The lack of computer knowledge and no access to computer system

Experience Design engineers have not enough experience in hydrological data analysis as well as lack of training for hydrological analysis

2.4.3 Hydrological Analysis Target for Hydrologists/Engineers

The target level of the hydrologists/engineers is set based on their responsibilities and experience. The set targets for the hydrologists and design engineers are presented in Table X.2.8.

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Table X.2.8 Target Level for Analytical Hydrology

Description Target Level Hydrologists/Hydraulic Engineers (Head Office)

1. He/She should have B.S. degree in engineering plus 5 years experience or M.S. degree in engineering (hydrology/hydraulic/irrigation) plus 3 years experience.

2. He/She should have knowledge of the following analytical hydrological methods

- Data Checking - Estimation of Missing Data - Probability Analysis - Flood Analysis - Low Flow Analysis - Crop Water Requirements - Flow Analysis 3. He/She can provide technical support to the design engineers on

the above methods of analytical hydrology 4. Evaluate the technical report prepared by the design engineer of

branch offices 5. He/She can use computer and perform data analysis using

computer 6. He/She can prepare the TOR for the branch office 7. He/She can understand the technical report prepared by the

consultant and can provide comments Design Engineers (Branch Office)

1. He/She should have B.S. degree in engineering 2. He/She should have knowledge of the following analytical

hydrological methods - Data Checking - Estimation of Missing Data - Probability Analysis - Flood Analysis - Low Flow Analysis - Crop Water Requirements - Flow Analysis 3. He/She can use computer and perform data analysis using

computer 4. He/She can prepare design report

2.4.4 Required Training Program to Achieve the Target Level

The training program is necessary to achieve the target level of hydrologist/design engineers for analytical hydrology calculations. The training program may be cover the following topics of the analytical hydrology:

(1) Use of Computer for Data Analysis

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(2) Data Checking

(3) Estimation of Missing Data

(4) Calculation of Crop Water Requirements

(5) Probability Analysis

(6) Flood Analysis

(7) Low Flow Analysis

(8) Preparation of Design Report

(9) Preparation of TOR

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Attachment X-2-1

Comments on Workshop on Analytical Hydrology

21st June 2001

Queen of Sheba Hotel, Addis Ababa

Personal

Name

Present Position

Please write your comments/impression on the Analytical Hydrology Workshop on the following:

Analytical Hydrology

Hydrology analysis methods

Computer Knowledge

Basic Computer Knowledge

Computer Use for Data Analysis

Computer Use for Hydrological Analysis

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Attachment X-2-2

Comments on Intensive Training on Analytical Hydrology

Personal

Name

Present Position

Please write your comments/impression on the Analytical Hydrology Intensive Training:

Analytical Hydrology

Data Management

Data analysis

Hydrological analysis

Other Comment

Computer Use for Hydrological Analysis

Write the impact of intensive training on the following:

Basic Computer Use

Computer Use for Data analysis

Software Use for Hydrological Analysis

Data management and presentation

Other Comments

Chapter 3

Program 2 of Verification Study

Establishment of Management Information System of the OIDA Irrigation Schemes

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CHAPTER 3 ESTABLISHMENT OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE OIDA IRRIGATION SCHEMES

3.1 Overview of Irrigation Development in Oromia

3.1.1 Category of Irrigation Schemes

The Oromia Region is the largest region in Ethiopia with a total coverage of 353,007 km2 or 34% of the national land and provides livelihood to 22.35 million or 37% of the national population in 2000. The economic active population in the Region accounts for 75% of the age of 10 years and above, of which 93% was engaged with agriculture, forestry and fishery sector.

Oromia has 63 river systems and 688 tributary streams, which annually generate 58 billion m3 of surface water, the equivalent of half the nation’s surface water resources. Irrigated agriculture constitutes less than 5% of the potential and about 2.14% of the total cultivated area. In 1998, about 92,000 ha of land were under both traditional and modern irrigation.

Four (4) major categories of irrigation schemes are known to exist in Oromia. They are traditional, large-scale, modern communal and private.

(1) Traditional Schemes

Traditional schemes have long been practiced in Oromia, particularly in Welega and Harar. They are based generally on simple diversion structures constructed with mud, rocks, twigs, etc. by peasants. These structures are generally washed away by floods during the rainy seasons and require maintenance or reconstruction at the end of each rainy season. The schemes are generally less than 100 ha. It is estimated that the total extent of the traditional schemes amounts to 49,000 ha in the Region.

(2) Modern Communal Schemes

The previous government constructed communal schemes in support of communities mainly in settlement areas. Following the severe drought of 1984, the small-scale irrigation was extensively constructed in the Region for the purposes of food security and income generation. The schemes are based on springs, streams and small rivers in size from a few ha to 200 ha with simple headworks and water distribution systems. The existing modern communal schemes are estimated to cover an area of 16,840 ha. The schemes were operational until the change of the government in 1991, after which most of them were abandoned along with the dissolution of farmers’ co-operatives.

(3) Irrigated State Farms

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There are nine (9) schemes in Oromia run by the Federal Government. They produce sugar canes, fruits and vegetables. Wanji, Matahara and Funchaa sugar estates comprise a total area of 20,916 ha and produce 240,700 ton of sugar annually. Nura Era produces horticultural crops and maize in a total area of 5,334 ha. It is said that large irrigation schemes have adverse social impacts especially to nomadic population by reducing their traditional grazing areas.

(4) Private Farms

There are a few private farms, which are of recent origin. They are limited to the eastern shore of the Ziway lake within the Rift Valley system. Some 180 small pumps have been introduced for horticultural production by private investors.

3.1.2 Irrigation Development by the Government

The Government continued to direct their efforts for the community-based irrigation development since 1992 immediately after the previous regime. As of May 2000, 96 irrigation schemes are developed with a total command area of 9,644 ha (Attachments X-3-1 and X-3-2).

Most of them were constructed by the previous water bureau and currently under the control of Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA). The expansion of irrigation area in Oromia is illustrated below.

Progress of Irrigation Development in Oromia Region

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Figure X.3.1 Irrigation Development in Oromia Region

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3.1.3 Oromia Irrigation Development Authority (OIDA)

OIDA was established in July 1999 with aims at streamlining overall irrigation development under the sole organizational framework. The main task is to develop irrigation schemes in line with the national policy of food security and poverty reduction. According to “Oromia Regional State Irrigation Development Authority Establishment Proclamation, No. 30/1999,” the major tasks of OIDA includes:

i. Study, design and construction of irrigation schemes in potential areas,

ii. Contribution towards hastening the socio-economic development in rural areas,

iii. Assistance to rural communities to benefit from irrigation projects through participation in study, construction and operation,

iv. Provision of technical assistance in irrigation extension, operation and water management of community-based irrigation schemes, and

v. Promote environmental conservation through watershed management relevant to irrigation development.

All the activities of OIDA are under the control of the head office in Addis Ababa. Then, the zonal operation is entrusted to four (4) branch offices, namely Central, Eastern, Western and Southern branch offices, and further to district offices. Central Branch Office is responsible for irrigation development in the central part of the Region consisting of four (4) zones, namely East Shoa, North Shoa, West Shoa and Arsi Zones.

OIDA is organized by 720 staff in total consisting of 102 staff for the head office, 407 staff for four branch offices and 211 staff for 69 wareda offices as of November 2000. The technical staff accounts for 430 or 60% of the total staff. Engineering staff such as agricultural and irrigation engineers, hydrologists, geologists, etc. accounts for 195 staff or 84% of the total technical staff. In addition, 31 social workers take responsibility for community development and capacity building. The staff structure of OIDA is presented in Table X.3.1.

Table X.3.1 Staff Structure of OIDA (November 2000)

Total Staff Technical Staff No. Headquarters and Offices No. % No. %

1 Addis Ababa HQ 102 14.2 45 10.5 2. Central Branch Office 136 18.9 72 16.7 3. Western Branch Office 121 16.8 51 11.9 4. Eastern Branch Office 82 11.4 32 7.4 5. Southern Branch Office 68 9.4 32 7.4 6. District Office (32) 211 29.3 198 46.0

Total 720 100.0 430 100.0

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3.1.4 Irrigation Performance

According to the inventory in May 2000 (Attachment X-3-2), the irrigation performance of 96 schemes remained at only 5,560ha or 58% of the plan area, i.e. 9,644 ha. The performance varies by scheme. They are summarized in Table X.3.2.

Table X.3.2 Irrigation Area by Branch Office (May 2000)

Branch Office

Planed Irrigation Area Actually Irrigated Area

Nos. of Scheme

(ha) (%) (ha) (%)

Achieve- ment (%)

Central 37 4,823 51% 3,034 55% 63%

Western 24 1,685 17% 514 9% 31%

Eastern 23 1,948 20% 1,456 26% 74%

Southern 12 1,188 12% 556 10% 47% Total/Average 96 9,644 100% 5,560 100% 58%

The comparison between plan area and actually irrigated area is illustrated in Attachment X-3-3. The relationship between the performance (actual area / plan area) and the years after construction completion are illustrated in Figure X.3.2.

Figure X.3.2 Irrigation Performance and Years after Construction

The relationship between the irrigation performance and the years after construction do not show significance. This means that the lower performance is not always caused by deteriorated irrigation facilities. The analysis implies the necessity of further data collection and analysis focusing on both project facilities and project management. It was expected that the study would provide valuable information for rehabilitation of project facilities linked with reinforcement of water users association (WUA).

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