THE STUDY OF TURN-TAKING

IN JANE EYRE MOVIE 2011

PUBLICATION ARTICLE

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Getting Bachelor Degree of Education

in English Department

by:

ID HARUDDIN HANIF ABDULLAH

A320120129

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2016

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THE STUDY OF TURN-TAKING IN JANE EYRE MOVIE 2011

ABSTRACTS

ID HARUDDIN HANIF ABDULLAH. A320120129. THE STUDY OF TURN-

TAKING IN JANE EYRE MOVIE 2011 Research Paper. School of Teaching Training

and English and Education. Muhammdiyah University of Surakarta. 2016.

Turn-taking is important aspect of conversation. It can be said that it is the

system to organize of the flow of conversation. To do a conversation, one must

understand the techniques in taking a turn in conversation so the conversation goes

smootly. This research analyzes about turn-taking used in the conversation in Jane Eyre

Movie 2011 based on Sack (1974) theory of turn-taking. The aims of this research are (1)

identifying the kind of turn-taking techniques the speaker used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011

and (2) examining the intention of each type of turn-taking used by the speaker in the

movie.

This research is analyzed using descriptive qualitative method since this

research analyzes the data in words form. In analyzing data, the writer uses Sack‟s theory

of turn-taking to answer the first problem and theory of context in discourse to answer the

second problem. The writer took 14 data to be analyzed in this research.

Based on Sack‟s theory, there are three turn-taking techniques, namely:

Current speaker selects next technique, self-selection technique and current speaker

continues technique. Based on data analysis, it is found that the most used technique is

current speaker selects next technique which is used in 12 of 14 data, then followed by

self-selection technique which is used in 10 of 14 data and the last current speaker

continues technique which is used in 6 of 14 data. The speaker‟s intention of using

current speaker selects next technique are to get a responses or demanding responses from

the hearer. While the intention of using self-selection technique, the speaker has the

intention to support or oppose the argument of the previous speaker and to give

explanation of what is said by previous speaker. The intention of using current speaker

continues technique is to convince the hearer. Another intention is to take some times to

thinks of what next the speaker want to say.

Keywords: Turn-taking, Speaker‟s intention, Conversation Analysis, and IRF.

ABSTRAK

Pengambilan giliran bicara merupakan sebuah aspek penting dalam percakapan.

Dapat dikatakan bahwa itu merupakan sebuah sistem yang mengatur jalannya sebuah

percakapan. Dalam melakukan percakapan, kita harus memahami teknik-teknik dalam

pengambilan giliran bicara sehingga percakapan berjalan lancar. Penelitian ini

menganalisis pengambian giliran bicara yang digunakan dalam percakapan di film Jane

Eyre 2011 berdasarkan teori Sack (1974). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1)

mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis teknik pengambilan giliran bicara yang digunakan penutur

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dalam film Jane Eyre 2011 dan (2) memeriksa maksud dari tiap-tiap penggunaan teknik

pengambilan giliran bicara yang digunakan penutur dalam film tersebut.

Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif karena

data yang dianalisis berbentuk kata-kata. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan

teori pengambilan giliran bicara dari Sack untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan

teori konteks dalam wacana untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua.

Berdasarkan teori Sack, terdapat tiga teknik pengambilan giliran bicara, yaitu :

teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya, teknik seleksi mandiri dan teknik

penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa teknik

yang paling sering digunakan adalah teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya

yang digunakan di 12 dari 14 data, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan teknik seleksi mandiri

yang digunakan dalam 10 dari 14 data dan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran

yang digunakan dalam 6 dari 14 data. Maksud penutur menggunakan teknik penutur saat

ini memilih penutur berikutnya adalah untuk mendapatkan tanggapan dari pendengar.

Sementara niat menggunakan teknik seleksi mandiri, penutur memiliki maksud untuk

mendukung atau menentang argumen dari pembicara sebelumnya dan memberikan

penjelasan tentang apa yang dikatakan oleh pembicara sebelumnya. Maksud

menggunakan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran adalah untuk meyakinkan

pendengar. Maksud lainnya adalah untuk berhenti sejenak untuk memikirkan tentang apa

yang selanjutnya penutur ingin katakan.

Kata kunci: Giliran bicara, Maksud penutur, Analisis Percakapan, dan IRF.

1. INTRODUCTION

A conversation is social exchange. Exchange occurs when A initiates

the conversation, then B gives respons and then A gives the follow-up. In the

other hands, exchange system is the combination of initiation, response and

follow-up (IRF). According to Dobson (1997: 17), conversation can be defined as

the exchange of thought and information with spoken language. As the social

beings, human cannot separate conversation from their interaction.

In doing conversation, speakers speak to each other in certain order. It

is called turn-taking in coversation. The study of turn taking is the central feature

of conversation analysis. It becomes important part because in doing conversation,

it would be good if the conversation run smoothly without interruption or overlap.

Turn-taking exist to organize the run of a conversation. In verbal communication

turn-taking used to organize talks in interview, debate, ceremonies, conversation

etc. Sack calls this as „speech exchange system‟ (Sack et al.1974: 696). The

analysis of turn-taking is concerned with how interactants take turns speaking and

how who speaks when is determined. According to Levinson (in Herman, 1995:

78), “turn-taking has been described as a process in which „one participant A talks,

stops; another, B, starts, talks, stops; and so we obtain as A-B-A-B-A-B

distribution of talk across two participants‟. This explain that only one speaker

talk at a time then another when the turn is possible”.

Turn-taking is interesting to be studied because it covers the

organization of a conversation. Many of the researchers have conducted the

analysis of turn-taking in movies or talkshow. For example, Nuri Saraswati‟s

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research (2015), Dwi Sulistyowati (2009), Shelly Rosyalina (2012) , and Ari

Nugroho and Lisetyo Ariyanti‟s research (2014). Most of the research above are

describing the turn-taking technique used in the movie and talkshow. That is why,

the writer not only want to describe the turn-taking technique based on Sack‟s

theory but also dercribing the speaker‟s intention.

After fore observation of Jane Eyre Movie, the writer finds that some

dialogues that diffucult to determine who the next to talk because the first speaker

doesn‟t select the next speaker. According to Sack‟s rules of turn-taking, if the

current speaker use selects next speaker technique, then the party selected has the

right and is obliged to take next turn to speak; no others have such right and

obligations, and transfer occurs at that place. Sack also suggest that there is at

least and not more one party talk at a time. The reason why the writer choose Jane

Eyre Movie 2011 because the participants of the conversation have equal power

between them. Jane Eyre Movie 2011 is a good movie with late 18th century

background of England and has good dialogues based on the original novel by

well-known writer, Charlotte Bronte. This phenomenon has made the writer

curious in finding the kinds of turn-taking teachniques used and the speakers

intention found in Jane Eyre Movie 2011‟s dialogues.

This research aims to (1) identify the kind of turn-taking techniques

the speaker used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011 and (2) examine the intention of each

type of turn-taking used by the speaker in the movie above. In order to prove the

originality of this research, the writer summarized some relevant research from

previous researchers. The first research which related to the writer‟s research was

conducted by Nuri Saraswati (2015) entitled “A STUDY OF TURN TAKING

USED IN HARD ROCK FM RADIO TALK SHOW UNDER THE TOPIC

“GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT WITH MYRA

BROWN”. Her research aims to identify the types of turn-taking, the speakers‟

strategies, some reasons that the speakers took the turn, and the relation among

the speakers after they took the turn. She uses three main theories to analyze

her research, those are were discourse analysis by Gee (2011), turn-taking by

Renkema (2004), and context by van Dijk (2009). Her research findings

discovered that there were three types of turn taking. They are speaker‟s

selection, speaker‟s self choice, and speaker‟s determination. Strategies that are

used by the speakers, they are overlap, interruption, back-channel, and silence.

One of the reasons that the speakers took the turn was the hosts wanted the guest

to tell any information related with the topic.

Second research is ”TURN TAKING STRATEGIES USED BY THE

MAIN CHARACTER IN THE PURSUIT OF HAPPYNESS MOVIE” by Dwi

Sulistyowati (2009). Her research aims to discover the turn-taking strategies used

by the character of the movie based on Strensom‟s theory which divides turn

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taking strategies into taking the turn strategy, holding the turn strategy, and

yielding the turn strategy. The findings of her research show that those strategies

are found in every conversation.

The third research was conducted by Shelly Rosyalina (2012) entitled

“THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE “TOY STORY

3” ANIMATION MOVIE SCRIPT”. The objectives of her research are to describe

the allocation of turn taking in the script of “Toy Story 3” Animation

Movie and to describe the adjacency pairs appeared in the dialogue of the script of

“Toy Story 3” Animation Movie. She found 1144 turns in the script of Toy

Story 3. There are 42 characters in this movie. The turn allocation component

dominated by the 1 rule. The percentage of turn rules are 59. 20 % of rule 1, 26.

53 % of rule 2, and 14. 26 % of rule 3. The form of repair found 3 times, and 9

times of overlapping. The dominant character who takes the turn are Woody,

Buzz, Jessie, Lotso and Mr. Potato Head/One Eyed Bart.

The fourth research is a journal by Ari Nugroho and Lisetyo Ariyanti

(2014) entitled “A STUDY OF TURN-TAKING USED IN INTERVIEW TV

PROGRAM “INDONESIA NOW EXCLUSIVE AGNES MONICA WITH DALTON

TANONAKA” ON METRO TV”. The aim of their study was to find the way

participants in a conversation take and construct the turn to talk. In this study they

used some theories from Sacks, et al (1974) theory about turn-taking systems and

also Tannen (2005), and Yule (1996) theory about turn taking strategies such as

overlap, interruption and backchannel signal, and Kurylo (2013) about the cultural

background of conversation in using turn taking strategies.

Although the three researches above have the same object with this

research, that is the study of turn taking, this research has the differences. This

research focus on analyzing the types of turn-taking, the intention of the speaker

and the characteristic of the speaker in Jane Eyre Movie 2011.

Several theories also presented in order to give a clear understanding

about the research such as, notion of conversation analysis, pragmatics of

conversation, notion of discourse analysis, transription system, notion of turn-

taking, turn-taking rules, and turn-taking approach. Cutting (2008) defines

conversation as informal and unplanned discourse mutually constructed and

negotiated in time between speakers. A conversation can be succeed when there is

a mutual interesting of the topic they talk about or connection between the

speakers.

Coulthard (1985: 60) argues that Conversation Analysis (CA) had

been developed by three siciologist, Sack, Schegloff and Jefferson. They saw

conversation analysis as the first step to achieve naturalistic discipline “to deal

with detail of social interaction in arigorous, empirical and fornal way”.

According to Cutting (2008: 22), CA is a field that studies “the way that what

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speakers say dictates the answer expected, and the speaker take turns when they

interact”. Conversation analysis deals with conversation structure. In conversation,

there is a term called „floor‟ which can be defined as the right to speak. Having

control if the floor at any time is called a „turn‟. In any situation where the control

is not fixed in advance, anyone can get the control. It is called turn-taking (Yule,

1996: 72).

Most of the conversation involves two or more participants taking the

turn and only one party talking at any time. Such silence or overlap is not

tolerated in English conversation. According to Yule (1996: 72), smooth

transitions from one speaker to the next seem to be valued. Transition with long

silence between turns or with substantial overlap (i.e. both speaker trying to speak

at the same time) are felt to be akward. When two people attempt tohave a

conversation and discover that there is no „flow‟, or smooth rythm to their

transitions, much more is being communicative than it said.

Discorse study has become popular term and major field of study and

research. Many expert have defined the notion of discourse. Stubbs (in Fauziati,

2009: 174) states that Discourse is language above sentence level. While

according to Fairlough (in Fauziati, 2009:174), Discourse is more than language

use: it is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social

practices. Renkema (1993: 1) states that discourse studies is the disciple devoted

to the investigation of the relationship between form and function in verbal

communication.

Stubbs (in Fauziati, 2009: 175) also states that discourse analysis is

used to refer mainly to the linguistic analysis of naturaly occuring connected to

the spoken or written discourse. Therefore, discourse analysis is studying larger

linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. Based on

explanation by expert above, the writer concludes that discourse analysis is the

study of linguistic attempts to analyze the relation between form and function both

spoken or written language.

Although discourse analysis is often mistaken with conversation

analysis, they both have significant differences. Discourse analysis cover both

spoken and written language for instance, pharagraph or passage, books or film.

On contrary, conversation analysis only study on naturally occurance spoken

language, for instance, film, talkshow or everyday conversation. In other word,

discourse analysis has larger field than conversation analysis. In this case

conversation analysis is more suitable to analyze this research because it has more

narrow approach than discourse analysis.

The meaning of a conversation is not always represented in words. In

order to understand the conversation, one must infer it. Inference and intention are

related to context. According to Cutting (2008: 3), there are three kinds of context

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for analysing language use, those are, situational context is a context related to

what speakers know about what they can see around them. The situational context

is the immediate physical co-presence, the situational where the interaction is

taking place at the moment of speaking. Background-knowledge contexta is a

context related to what speakers know each other in the world. This can be either

cultural and interpersonal background-knowledge. Cultural is general knowledge

that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life. Interpersonal

is specific knowledge about history of the speakers themselves. Co-textual context

is a context related to what speakers know about what they have been saying.

Many linguists use transcription system to convert the recorded verbal

interaction into written representation. A transcription system as Renkema (1993:

107) describes in his book is a method required in the study of verbal interaction.

According to Wikipedia, Transcription refers to the systematic representation of

language in written form both spoken and written language. By using transcription

system, we can know the intonation, who is the current speaker and who said what

then. In this research the writer use orthographic transcription system to transcript

the dialogues in the movie. According to Wikipedia, Orthographic transcription is

“a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target

language”.

- Distribution aspect in turn-taking

- Transition Relevance Place (TRP) or Turn Constructional Unit (TCU)

- Pauses

- Overlap

- Nonverbal Action

- Raising tone

- Short hesitation

- Stressing

- Lengthening

- Interruption

- Sequence organization

- Repairs

Turn-taking is the central feature of the conversation analysis. As

Renkema (1993) says in his book, turn-taking can be quite varied. In

conversations, there is no limit to the length of a turn. According to Sack et al.

(1974), the turn-taking model consist of two components: the turn-construction

component and the turn-taking component. The first component a turn is

constructed, built up out od syntactical units: sentences, sentence fragments. Or

words. The first point at which an assignment of turns can take place is at the end

of the first units. This point called the „transition-relevance place‟ (TRP). This

first component consis of four rules.

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Sack et. al. (1974) have formulated the turn-taking rules in order to

provide the allocation of a next turn to one party, and coordinate transfer so gaps

and overlapping can be minimized. Those rules are:

1) For any turn, at the initial transition-relevance place (TRP) of an initial turn-

construction unit:

a) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as to involve the use of a „current

speaker selects next‟ technique, then the party so selected has the right

and is obliged to take the turn to speak; no others have such the rights or

obligations, and transfer occurs at that place.

b) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a „current

speaker selects next‟ technique, then self-selection for next speakership

may, but need not, be institued; first starter acquires right to a turn, and

transfer occurs at that place.

c) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a „current

speaker selects next‟ technique, then current speaker may, but need not

continue, unless another self-select.

2) If as the initial transition-relevance place (TRP) of an initial turn-construction

unit, neither 1a nor 1b has operated, and, following the provision 1c, current

speaker has continued, then the rule-set (a) to (c) re-applies at the next TRP,

and recursively at each next TRP, until transfer is affected.

From the explanation above, it can be said that there are 3 technique in

taking the turn in conversation, those are: current speaker select next technique,

self selection technique and current speaker continue.

Before discussing several aspects in turn-taking, the writer thinks it is

necessary to discuss the turn-taking approach. According to T.P. Wilson, et al.

(1984), there are three approaches which can be used as a reference to analyze

turn-taking especially in conversation interaction. The three approaches are: (1)

stochastic modelling approach, (2) signalling system approach, and (3) sequential

production approach in conversation. The merger approach (2) and (3) above is

very important to be considered in order to produce the accurate understanding of

turn-taking.

Stochactic modelling approach firstly presented by Jaffe & Feldstein

(1970) refers to the instrument to analyze the measurement the physical

characteristics of the acoustic signal associated with the conversation. This

stochastic model used to present the information of conversation data in term of

quantity gradation, such as the length of silent and overflowing self-speakers,

silent length and overflow between speakers, individual vocal characteristics, and

coincidental utterances. Jaffe & Feldstein (1970) also develop the study of turn-

taking especially whether or not there is a speaker exchange after silences.

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Meanwhile, signalling system approach in turn-taking refers to the

transition of a turn which organized by switching signs, such vocal or gesture. In

this approach, Duncan (1972) formulates sign system and rule called turn system,

which is hypotesized to organize turn-taking in face to face conversation of two

people. The assumtion of turn-taking system is each speaker assumes that they

stand in one of two sides, that is: speaker, who demands the turn; hearer, who

don‟t demand the turn. So, there are four conditions in two people conversation,

that is: (1) A as speaker, B as hearer; (2) A as hearer, B as speaker; (3) A and B as

speakers; and (4) A and B as hearers.

The basic mechanism of turn-taking system has two signs: the sign of

speaker turn or turn yielding turn and attempt suppresing signal (Duncan & Fiske,

1977: 188-89 in T.P Wilson, et al. 1984).

Turn-taking approach with sequential production adherents the

tradition of conversation analysis by Sacks et al. (1974). According to Sacks et al.

(1974), turn-taking system has rule and procedure that is used by participants to

exchange their turn. So after the first speaker determines the end of his turn, the

hearer side alternately take the chance to speak after that.

2. RESEARCH METHOD

In analyzing and discussing the data, the writer has to enter the

research method to get success in conducting the research. In relation to this

research, the writer chooses a descriptive qualitative method to frame the

research. In this research paper, the writer employs the qualitative research.

Qualitative research is a research which has a result of descriptive data in the

form of written or oral form observing people or behavior. Then the steps of

conducting this qualitative research are: (1) determining the object of this

research, (2) determining the source of data, (3) determining the method of data

collection, (4) determining the technique of data analysis. The writer uses the

observation technique in collecting data.

The object of this research is the study of turn-taking, the data are the

conversation including turn-taking between participants in Jane Eyre Movie

(2011). The data are transcribed using Orthographic transcription, while the

source of data is the text of the conversation in Jane Eyre Movie (2011). In

collecting data, the writer took or cut the conversation based on the profession of

the speakers and then the writer identifies and signs the data which is indicated as

a turn within conversation of the movie.

In analyzing the data, the writer refers to Sack‟s (1974) theory of turn-

taking to to describe the turn-taking technique used by the speakers and then the

writer refersto context in discourse especially situational context to examine the

intentions of the speakers.

3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

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After analyzing the 13 data conversation in “Jane Eyre Movie 2011”

based on Sacks (1974) theory of the turn taking technique, the researcher

discusses the whole data to answer the research problems. The researcher finds

that the three turn taking technique used in most data conversation. Those

technique are current speaker selects next technique, self-selection technique and

current speaker continues technique.

(1.2) Turn-taking technique used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011

The most used technique is current speaker select next technique. This

technique can be found in every data of the conversation. It is usually occurs

when the speaker initiates the conversation by addressing other speaker to start

speak with the word you or other participant‟s name or directing a question to

them. For example: ” Do you know, Jane Eyre, where thewicked go after

death::”↑(Data 3, T1), “It‟s WONderful to see you up, Miss Elliott. Last week

we thought we‟d be escorting your remains to an unmarked gra:ve.” (Data 4,

T1). It also found in the middle such as, “(0,3) And why are you not with Mrs.

Reed of Gateshead now::” (Data 9, T13)

The second technique is self-selection. This technique is not frequently occur

in every data conversation. Mostly, smooth conversation which contain no

overlap or interruption is not use self-selection technique. This technique can

be found in the middle of the data. It is occurs when one speaker interrupts one

another. For example, overlapping which occurs such as “//Don‟t TROuble

yourself to give her a character. I‟ll judge for myself. I have her to thank for

this SPRAIN” (Data 9, T19), “//I‟ll account for this state of affairs. Say nothing”

(Data 10, T9) and and interruption such as “=PROCEED” (Data 12, T6) and

“=YOU CANNOT” (Data 13, T10).

The last technique is current speaker continues technique. This

technique can be used when there is no other party take the turn. This

technique rarely used and not all of the data above use this technique. For

example, “SPOILT, MISERABLE BRAT::” (Data 2, T3) when Jane‟s cousin

doesn‟t take the turn and instead hit her or “There is an invisible world ALL

around you, a KINGdom of spirits commissioned to guard you, Jane. Do you

not see: them↓” (Data 5, T7) when Jane doesn‟t response to Helen and only

smiles.

Table 1: Resume of the data analysis.

Data

Turn-taking Technique

Current Speaker

selects next technique

Self-selection

technique

Current Speaker

continues technique

1 √ √ -

2 √ √ √

3 √ √ -

10

4 √ √ -

5 √ - √

6 √ - √

7 √ - √

8 - √ √

9 √ √ -

10 √ √ -

11 √ √ -

12 √ - -

13 - √ √

14 √ √ -

3.2 The speaker intention of each type of turn taking used by the speaker in

Jane Eyre 2011 movie

Based on the data analysis, the writer finds several of the speaker

intentions in using each turn taking technique and divided it into these category

as follows:

3.2.1 Intention in using Current speaker selects next technique.

In using current speaker selects next technique, the speaker has the

intention such as to get a responses or demanding responses from the

hearer. It can be found in the following example:

Mary : St. John: we would have stumbled

upon her corpse in the mo:rning (.)

And she would have HAUNted us

for turning her away:: (demanding

resposes from the hearer)

St. John Rivers : She‟s no va::grants I‟m SURE of it

(Data 1, T5)

The above example is taken from data 1, T5 and T6. It shows that

Marry is worried about the dying women taken St. John into his house

and she demands a response from St. John. As a consequence, St. John

gives her the response as above example. Here another example:

Brocklehurst : Do you know, Jane Eyre, where

the wicked go after death::↑

Jane : They go to hell

Brocklehurst : And wha::t↑ is hell

Jane : (0.2) A pit full of fire

(Data 3, T1 and T3)

The data above shows that Mr. Brocklehurst is observing Jane by

giving a question to her. He is doing so because he demands the

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resposnse from Jane. As a consequence, Jane gives the response to his

question.

3.2.2 Intention in using Self-selection technique.

In using self-selection technique, the speaker has the intention to

support or oppose the argument of the previous speaker and to give

explanation of what is said by previous speaker. It showed by the

following example:

Mary : It‟s WONderful to see you up, Miss

Elliott. Last week we thought we‟d

be escorting your remains to an

unmarked gra:ve.

Diana : She read ‘The Bride of Lindorf’

and suddenly all is woebegone

maidens and dramatic deaths.

(gives explanation about what is

said before)

Jane Eyre : I‟m sorry to have caused you so

much trouble

(Data 4, T2)

From the above example, it shows that Diana use self-selection

technique. Based on background knowledge context, Diana knows that

her sister likes to read horror books so she explains to Jane about what

is said by her sister before.

The other intention is to support or oppose what is said by

previous speaker as showed by the following examples:

Miss Ingram : Why don‟t you send her to school::

Mr. Rochester : She has a GOVerness

Miss Ingram : Poor child:: I had about half a dozen

in my day:: all detestable incuby

Lord Ingram : Its true ((Gigling)) (Supports the

previous speaker)

(Data 11, T8)

From the above example, it shows that the intention of Lord Ingram

uses self-selection is to support the argument of Miss ingram. Based on

background knowledge context, He knows about what is said by his

daughter.

Mrs. Fairfax : I daily thank providence for

sending us Miss Eyre. She‟s an

inVAluable// ((cannot finish what

she want to say))

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Mr. Rochester : // Don’t TROuble

yourself to give her a character.

I’ll judge for myself. I have her to

thank for this SPRAIN (oppose

the previous speaker)

Mrs. Fairfax : Sir:: ↑

(Data 9, T19)

From the above example, it show that Mr. Rochester uses self-selection

technique by overlapping Mrs. Fairfax‟s turn. It means that he disagree

with Mrs. Fairfax‟s opinion about Jane. He‟d like to observe and judge

people by himself.

3.2.3 Intention in using Current speaker continues technique.

The intention of using current speaker continues technique is to

convince the hearer. It shows in the following example:

Helen : You are loved↓(0,3)

Jane : ((smiles)) (to convince the hearer)

Helen There is an invisible world ALL

around you, a KINGdom of

spirits commissioned to guard

you, Jane. Do you not see:

them↓(to convince the hearer)

(Data 5, T7)

From the above example, it shows that Helen‟s intention in using

current speaker continues technique is to get Jane convinced by her

statement. Based on situational context, Helen is trying to cheer her up

after being punished by Miss Scatcherd.

Another intention is to take some times to thinks of what next

the speaker want to say. Is shows in the following example:

Mary : You‟re not fit enough to work. Is

she, Di:: ((staring at Diana))

Diana : No:: Stay with us

St. John River : You return to your posts at the

end of the month:: What must

Miss Elliott do then:: ((looks at

Jane)) (0,5) I’ll endeavour to

help you (0,2) if that’s what you

wish. (takes some time to think of

what next to say)

Jane Eyre : With all my heart, sir::

(Data 4, T11)

13

From the above example, it shows that St. John uses current speaker

continues (showed by pauses). The intention is to take some time to

think of what next to say. Based on situational context, St. John is

confuse because his sister will return to their post by the end of the

month and he must seek a job to Jane.

4. CONCLUSION

Based on the research questions and discussion of the data analysis,

the following conclusion describes the study of turn-taking in Jane Eyre Movie

2011.

From 14 data taken in previous chapter, the most used turn-taking

technique used in the conversation of the participants of Jane Eyre Movie is

current speaker select next technique which is used in 12 of 14 data. Then

followed by self-selection technique which is used in 10 of 14 data. The last is

current speaker continues technique which is used in 6 of 14 data.

The function of the turn-taking techniques in conversation is to

organize the hearer when they want to take the turn. The current speaker selects

next technique is used to give away the turn to the hearer by addressing, yelling or

directing a question. Mostly, the party who uses this technique is the first speaker.

Self-selection technique is used to take over the turn from other speaker by

interrupting or overlapping the turn of one party. Current speaker continues

technique is used to continue the turn if there is no party take the turn after the

current speaker end the turn.

In using current speaker selects next technique, the speaker has the

intention such as to get a responses or demanding responses from the hearer.

While the intention of using self-selection technique, the speaker has the intention

to support or oppose the argument of the previous speaker and to give explanation

of what is said by previous speaker. The intention of using current speaker

continues technique is to convince the hearer. Another intention is to take some

times to thinks of what next the speaker want to say.

After the writer conducts this research, he gets the understanding

about the techniques of turn-taking in conversations, what we have to do when we

want to take the turn, continue the turn and give the turn. As social being, this is

very important for us when we interact each other in our live. By having

understanding about turn-taking techniques and apply it in our everyday

conversations, our conversation will go smoothly.

14

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VIRTUAL REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics), accessed on March 27,

2016.