The Struggle to Control the Past: Memory, Commemoration, and the Bear River Massacre of 1863

8/8/2019 The Struggle to Control the Past: Memory, Commemoration, and the Bear River Massacre of 1863

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3/28

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7/28

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9/28

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10/28

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11/28

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12/28

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|ildu uc j {`jbl wglql j aluulq ~mlw bc|è al gje cn mu nqci ugl qcjewj}$:7

Ugl {qc{cdldur jde elrmodlqr cn ugl icd|ildu wjdule uc a|mè rcilugmdougju wc|è al dcumble, jde ugl} wjdule rcilugmdo r{lbmnmb ijel fdcwd jdeqlilialqle8 ugju wgju gj{{ldle ju Aljq Qm~lq wjr jbbl{uja`l, l~ld dca`l$J {lqrmruldu ilicq} ql)j{{ljqr8 ugl ijrrjbql ijel rluu`lqr `m~lr jde {qc{)lqu} rjnlq md Bjbgl ^j``l}$ Ugl lde cn Rgcrgcdl el{qlejumcdr iljdu oqljulq{qcr{lqmu} jde j i|bg nqllq ej})uc)ej} lmruldbl$

Ugl rluu`lqr md Bjbgl ^j``l} cwle j elau cn oqjumu|el uc ugl rcèmlqr wgcl`mimdjule ugl {qmijq} ugqlju uc uglmq rjnlu} jde m~l`mgccer, jde acug ugl :=21

jde :=;r, ugl :=21 {`jz|l ql{qlrldur j ilicq}

rgmnu$ Ugl `jdo|jol bciilicqjulr rcèmlqr wgc nc|ogu, r|nnlqle, jde emlea|u wlql uglirl`~lr dcu {jqu cn ugl `cbj` cq ql`momc|r bcii|dmu}$ Rgcqu`} jn)ulq gmr jqqm~j` md ugl ulqqmucq} md :7>1, Bc`$ [juqmbf Bcddcq wqcul uc gmr r|{l)qmcqr mdrmrumdo ugju ugl Icqicdr wlql j bcii|dmu} cn uqjmucqr, i|qelqlqr,njdjumbr, jde wgcqlr$1; Ugl gcrum`l nll`mdor wlql i|u|j`$ [lulq Ij|ogjd, jql`momc|r cnnmbmj` md Bjbgl ^j``l}, r{cfl elqmrm~l`} cn ugl rcèmlqr jde ucèAqmogji ]c|do ugju ugl} ijdmnlrule ugl icru nmùg} jde emro|rumdo bcel cnBm~m`mxjumcd M gj~l l~lq gljqe$1: ]c|do gmirl`n ajuu`le ajbf jde ncqug wmugBcddcq c~lq {c`mumbj` jde lbcdcimb bcduqc` cn ugl qlomcd ncq }ljqr$ ]lu md :=21

ugl {`jz|lr j|ugcqr bgcrl uc ilicqmj`mxl {lc{`l wmug wgci ugl qlomcdr :7>2Icqicd {c{|`jumcd wjdule `muu`l jrrcbmjumcd$Jbbcqemdo uc ugl Elrlqlu Dlwr, Bcddcqr rcèmlqr nc|ogu wmug mdecimuja`l

wm`` jde aqj~lq}, jde ugl Rj~jol nlqcbmu} cn ugl Rgcrgcdlr wjr c|uijubglea} oldlqj`rgm{, aqj~l ild jde occe qmn`lr$11 Ugl {ql~mc|r wllf ugl lemucqcn uglDlwrwqcul8 wl bcdb`|el ugju ugl VBj`mncqdmjY ^c`|dullqr i|ru gj~lilu ugl Mdemjdr wmug j aqj~lq} rlèci lz|j``le VrmbY a} qlo|`jqr$ Mdrujdblr

77 M UGL [\A@MB GMRUCQMJD

:?$ _jufmd @$ Qcl, Rq$, _g} Dcu A|mè j Icd|ildu3 Nqjdf`md Bc|du} Bmumxld, J|o|ru 2:,:=21$

:7$ Gjqqmrcd Q$ Ilqqm``, Ijqflq Qlje} uc \d~lm`, Nqjdf`md Bc|du} Bmumxld, J|o|ru 2:,:=21$

:=$ _mdulq, Rmulr cn Ilicq}, Rmulr cn Ic|qdmdo, ==$1:$ Mame$, 1:1$11$ Ugl Ajuu`l cn Aljq Qm~lq, Elrlqlu Dlwr, Nlaq|jq} ::, :7>2$


13/28

cn mdem~me|j` ejqmdo jql rc d|ilqc|r, ugju mu wc|è al md~memc|r uc om~l ugldjilr cn cd`} ugl nlw ugju ij} gj~l qljbgle c|q ljqr$12 Ugl @cojd @juulq)ej} Rjmdur wjqe, md uglmq cnnmbmj` imd|ulr jde qlbcqer, wldu rc njq jr uc mdrmru

ugju Bcddcqr jbumcdr ju Aljq Qm~lq bcdrumu|ule jd mdulq~ldumcd cn uglJìmogu}$15 Elruqc}mdo ugl Rgcrgcdl ljqdle Bcddcqr rcèmlqr j r{lbmj` {`jblmd `cbj` ilicq}$ Rcèmlqr gjule md Rjù @jfl Bmu} jde Bjbgl ^j``l} alncqlAljq Qm~lq wlql qlilialqle wmug jeimqjumcd jde {qjmrl jnulq ugl ijrrjbql$Bcddcqr eller uq|i{le, ju ljru ncq j aqmln umil, jd} jdmicrmumlr$ Ugl ili)cq} rgmnu uccf ugl rcèmlqr nqci ~m``jmdr uc rj~mcqr$ A|u l~ld mn gcw ugl rcèmlqrwlql qlilialqle bgjdole, cdl uglil qlijmdle8 ugl {ljbl jde rlb|qmu}jbgml~le a} Aljq Qm~lq wlql cn oqljulq mi{cqujdbl md ~mrma`l ilicq} ugjdwjr ugl r`j|ogulq cn g|deqler cn Rgcrgcdl ild, wcild, jde bgmèqld$

Fdcw`leol cn ugju r`j|ogulq wjr wmelr{qlje md ugl qlomcd$ Aqmogji ]c|dofdlw cn Aljq Qm~lq, jde wqcul uc j nqmlde md Dlw ]cqf ildumcdmdo ugl ijr)rjbql8 Bc`$ Bcddcq, jr }c| rjw dcumblr, wldu mduc Bjbgl j``l} jde juujbflejde elnljule j ajde cn Mdemjdr $ $ $ ugl {jqumb|`jqr }c| wm`` rll md ugl VEl)rlqluY Dlwr$1< @mflwmrl, @juulq)ej} Rjmdur bg|qbg lèlq Olcqol J$ Rimugfdlw cn ugl ijrrjbql rgcqu`} jnulq mu cbb|qqle$ Emrb|rrmdo jnnjmqr md Bjbgl^j``l}, gl wqcul, Bc` Bcddcq jde gmr rcèmlqr elruqc}le rcil 1 Rimug

wjr icql bcdblqdle wmug ugl njbu ugju `mnl wjr dcw ruja`l md ugl ~j``l} ugjdugju 12, rgcqu`} jnulq ugl ijrrjbql, \ujgrulqqmucqmj` Mdemjd r|{lqmduldeldu Hjilr Ecu} wqcul8 Ugl ajuu`l wmug uglRgcrgcdlr $ $ $ cd Aljq Qm~lq wjr ugl rl~lqlru jde icru a`cce} cn jd} wgmbggjr l~lq cbb|qqle wmug ugl Mdemjdr wlru cn ugl Imrrmrrm{{m$ Mu ruq|bf ulqqcq

mduc ugl gljqur cn ugl rj~jolr g|deqler cn im`lr jwj} nqci ugl ajuu`lnmlè$17

[lc{`l wl`` al}cde Bjbgl ^j``l} fdlw jac|u ugl a`ccergle$UglDlw ]cqf Umilr nmqru ql{cqule Bcddcqr b`ljq rwll{ cn jd Mdemjd dlru

ju Aljq Qm~lq cd Nlaq|jq} 12, jde uglmq bcqqlr{cdeldu ulqile mu j rgcqu,rgjq{ jde elbmrm~l Mdemjd wjq, qlr|ùmdo md ugl lulqimdjumcd cn ugl Ajd)

ALJQ QM^LQ IJRRJBQL M 7=

12$ Ugl Nmogu wmug ugl Mdemjdr, Elrlqlu Dlwr, Nlaq|jq} 5, :7>2$15$ Ijerld, Ugl Rgcrgcdm Nqcdumlq, :=5$12, @lcdjqe H$

Jqqmdoucd [j{lqr, Bc``lbumcd :, {$ :>?, Ac $ Lèlq Olcqol J$ Rimug, J{qm` >, :7>2$ \ujg Hc|qdj` Gmrucq}, qll` 1;;, dc$ 1;$ R{lbmj`Bc``lbumcdr, Ilqqm`` @maqjq}, \ujg Rujul \dm~lqrmu}$

1?$ Hc|qdj` cn _m`ncqe _cceq|nn, Nlaq|jq} 2, :7>2$ \ujg Hc|qdj` Gmrucq}, qll` 1;;, dc$ 1;$R{lbmj` Bc``lbumcdr, Ilqqm`` @maqjq}, \ujg Rujul \dm~lqrmu}, @cojd$

17$ Hjilr Ecu}, R|{lqmduldeldu cn Mdemjd Jnnjmqr ncq \ujg Ulqqmucq}, :7>2$ Bjmdl Bc``lb)umcd, IRR 2, Ac 17, Ncèlq :=$ R{lbmj` Bc``lbumcdr, Ilqqm`` @maqjq}, \ujg Rujul \dm~lqrmu}, @cojd$


14/28

dcbf jde Rgcrgcdl Jqi} a} Bc`$ Bcddcqr bciijde$ Ugc|og Bc`$ Bcd)dcq bjddcu rj} M bjil, M rjw, M bcdz|lqle, gl ij} ql{cqu M wldu, M nc|ogu,M bcdz|lqle, M lulqimdjule, ncq r|bg, mdelle, wjr ugl njbu$1= Cd Ijqbg 7,

ugl Umilr dcule ugju uglql j{{ljqr j oldlqj` rjumrnjbumcd ju ugl elruq|bumcdcn ugmr ugml~mrg jde i|qelqc|r bqlw$2; Ugl Umilr j`rc dcule ugl ruqjmdle ql)`jumcdrgm{ aluwlld rluu`lqr jde Rgcrgcdlr md Bjbgl ^j``l} l~ld alncql ugl}nmqru ql{cqule cd ugl ijrrjbql8 Mn Bc`$ Bcddcq r|bbller md j}mdo j nlw cn uglqlj``} o|m`u} Mdemjdr aldljug ugl rce, mu wm`` al j occe ugmdo, jde ij} uljbg jdlblrrjq} jde rj`|ujq} lrrcd$2: Cdl }ljq jnulq ugl ijrrjbql, ugl Umilr ild)umcdle aqmln`} ugl jddm~lqrjq} a} dcumdo j oqjde ej} wjr Nqmej} md bji{VEc|o`jrY, md bl`laqjumdo ugl nmqru jddm~lqrjq} cn ugl ajuu`l cn Aljq Qm~lq$21

Ugl ilicq} {ql~jm`mdo ju ugl umil cn ugl ijrrjbqlugl ilicq} {jrrle cd

jde ruji{le md iluj` md :=21)wjr dcu ilql`} `cbj`$ Ijd} {lc{`l nqci c|u)rmel Bjbgl ^j``l} jde l~ld al}cde ugl wlrulqd rujulr wlql jwjql ugju g|d)eqler cn Rgcrgcdlr emle ju Aljq Qm~lq, jde ugc|ogu ugl r`j|ogulq jbbl{uja`l,l~ld h|rumnmle$

Ugl {`jz|l {`jble a} ugl Ej|ogulqr cn \ujg [mcdllqr md :=


15/28

mr dc c|uqjol, dc bcdelidjumcd cq ildumcd cn ugl i|qelq cn wcild jde bgm`)eqld, dc emrb|rrmcd cn bmqb|irujdblr$ Ugmr wjr occe o|}r jde ugl wm~lr cn c)bj` rluu`lqr ~lqr|r ugl l~m` Rgcrgcdlr$ Ugl ilicq} cn ugmr bqmumbj` umil wgldl~lq} ijd, wcijd, jde bgm`e wjr j Imd|ul Ijd mr dlju, b`ljd, ruji{lemd iluj`, jde jnnmqile ugqc|og `julq wqmumdo$2? Ugmr ilicq} mr b`ljq, jde mubcilr ugqc|og dcu cd`} md ugl {`jz|lr `jdo|jol, a|u j`rc md gcw ugl icd|)ildu nmur md ugl aqcjelq rbglil cn E\[ bciilicqjumcdr ugqc|ogc|u dcucd`} \ujg {qc{lq a|u j`rc ugl aqcjelq Icqicd qlomcd$ Ugju ugl E\[ a|m`uj icd|ildu uc {mcdllq wcild ju Aljq Qm~lq jde mdb`|ele mu md uglmq rlqmlr

cn ijqflqr elicdruqjulr uglmq al`mln ugju ugl wcild {lqncqile dca`l ellerjde r{lbmj` rlq~mbl uc ugl bcii|dmu}, j`` elrlq~mdo ilicqmj`mxjumcd$Ugl :=


16/28

allgm~l bjq~mdo jecqd ugl {`jz|lr uc{$ Ugmr r}iac` cn ugl E\[ jrrlqur uglmijol cn ugl ljq`mlru rluu`lqr md ugl Oqlju Ajrmd$ Ugl cld }cfl ql{qlrldur ugljdmij`rdcule ncq uglmq ruqldoug jde lde|qjdblugju bjqqmle Icqicd rlu)

u`lqr nqci ugl Ljru$ Ugl allgm~l 'j`rc j r}iac` cn ugl rujul cn \ujg jde uglaqcjelq Icqicd Fmdoeci cn Xmcd- r}iac`mxlr mde|ruq} jde ugqmnu$ Bci)amdle, uglrl mijolr ql{qlrldu dcu cd`} ugl bm~m`mxjumcd ugl Icqicdr al`ml~leugl} aqc|ogu uc ugl qlomcd, a|u r{lbmnmbj``}, ugl z|j`mumlr uglmq wcild li)acemle8 ruqldoug jde lde|qjdbl ugqc|og uqmj`r cn emnnmb|ù nqcdumlq m~mdo$ Uglrlmijolr liace} dcu cd`} ugl nc`f`cql r|qqc|demdo Bjbgl j``l}r rluu`lqr, a|uugju cn j`` wgc bjil _lru md ugl Icqicd limoqjumcdr$ Ugl ilrrjol ilrglrwl`` wmug ugl {`jz|lr {qjmrl cn ugl {mcdllq wcild wgcrl fdcw`leol jdel{lqmldblelqm~le nqci ugl ~lq} nc`f`cql ugl r}iac`r ilicqmj`mxlrj~le

ugl rcèmlqr `m~lr$Ugl icd|ildur rgj{l jde `j}c|u r|oolru j bcii|dj` ojuglqmdo {cmdu,rcilugmdo jqc|de wgmbg ugl bcii|dmu} bjd ojuglq uc qlilialq$ _mdulqwqmulr cn gcw L|qc{ljd _cqè _jq M icd|ildur wlql {`jble uc j``cw ojug)lqmdor j`cdormel$27 Ugju rluumdo eclr dcu gj~l ugl rjil lnnlbu cd ugcrl ojug)lqle jqc|de uc ~mlw$ Ugl Aljq Qm~lq icd|ildu mr icql cn j ncbj` {cmdu, l~ldj qj``}mdo {cmdu, ncq bl`laqjumcd cn ugl bcii|dmu}r glqmujol jde ~j`|lr$ Jnldbl uwc nllu gmog r|qqc|der mu$ Ugl icd|ildur ugju _mdulq wqmulr cn rgjqlugmr nlju|ql8 j nldbl, eccqwj}, cq acqelq b`ljq`} ijqfmdo ugl emrumdbumcd al)

uwlld jd jqlj jehjbldu uc ugl icd|ildu, j r{jbl rlu j{jqu nqci ugl q|rg cnejm`} mnl$2= Ugl elrmodlqr {`jble j nldbl ucc rij`` uc rlq~l jd} {|q{crl cuglqugjd jlruglumb jde r}iac`mb rl{jqjumcd$ Ugl bcii|dmu} eme ojuglq jqc|deugl rucdl icd|ildu uc bl`laqjul$ Md :=21, wgld ugl ijqflq wjr |d~lm`le,nlrum~mumlr ju ugl rmul mdb`|ele ugl `cbj` Ac} Rbc|ur, ajde bcdblqur, rmdomdo,jd md~cbjumcd, {qmxl)wmddmdo lrrj} qljemdor, {mcdllq uj`fr, j bji{ nmql, jder|deq} bcii|dmu} {juqmcumb jbum~mumlr$5; Ugl bcii|dmu} md~lrule j oqlju elj`cn umil jde ldlqo} mduc bciilicqjum~l jbum~mumlr ncq Aljq Qm~lq$ Ugl {`jblwglql Bcddcqr rcèmlqr fm``le rc ijd} Rgcrgcdl ild, wcild, jde bgmèqld

wjr j gj``cwle {`jbl jqc|de wgmbg ugl bcii|dmu} ojuglqle uc bl`laqjul,jde uc qlilialq$[lc{`l md jde al}cde Bjbgl ^j``l} fdlw wgju gj{{ldle cd ugl icqdmdo

cn Hjd|jq} 1=, :7>2, jde icru mdembjumcdr jql ugju ugl} cnnlqle `muu`l, mn jd},{qculru cq c|uqjol$ Bjbgl j``l}r qlrmeldur md :7>2 jbbl{ule ugl aq|uj`mu} jdebjqdjol albj|rl `mnl wjr ljrmlq wmugc|u ugl Rgcrgcdlr$ Ijd} elbjelr `julq,j icd|ildu j{{ljqle bciilicqjumdo ugl ajuu`l jde h|rumn}mdo ugl fm``mdocn wcild jde bgmèqld$ ]ljqr `julq j ilicqmj` j{{ljqle gcdcqmdo ugl ~j`)`l}r aqj~l wcild wgc lli{`mnmle uglmq umilr jde jdrwlqle ugl bj`` cn e|u}$

Ej~me Ugl`ld wqmulr ugju md qlilialqmdo ugl {jru, cnuld {lc{`l qlrgj{l,

=1 M UGL [\A@MB GMRUCQMJD

27$ _mdulq, Rmulr cn Ilicq}, Rmulr cn Ic|qdmdo, =>$2=$ Mame$5;$ Rl{ulialq


17/28

cimu, emrucqu, bciamdl, jde qlcqojdmxl elujm`r nqci ugl {jru md jd jbum~l jder|ahlbum~l wj}$5: H$ I$ _mdulq lbgclr ugmr wgld gl jqo|lr ugju bciilic)qjumcd uc|bglVrY j`` ugl bgcqer cn `cbj` `c}jùmlr, {luu} mduqmo|lr, nj~c|qumri,

j{jug}, jde mdemnnlqldbl$51

Ugmr mr ugl bjrl ju Aljq Qm~lq, dcu cd`} ncq {lc{`lmd Bjbgl ^j``l} md :7>2, a|u al}cde mduc Rjù @jfl Bmu} jde l~ld ugl djumcd$@ccfmdo jglje nqci :7>2, :=21, jde := Md ugmr bjrl, cbj` bciilicqjum~l ilicq} bgjdole uc qln`lbu ugl rgmnu

md djumcdj` ilicq}$

Ugl Rgmnu md Rbgc`jq`} Ilicq}

Ugl dlw icd|ildur ql{qlrldule j rlj bgjdol, dcu cd`} md Aljq Qm~lqrbciilicqjum~l gmrucq}, a|u j`rc md gcw gmrucqmbj` rbgc`jqrgm{ j{{qcjbgle uglijrrjbql$

Md :=7?, gmrucqmjd [juqmbmj Dl`rcd @milqmbf jqo|le ncq j dlw j{{qcjbg uc

ugl Jilqmbjd _lruj{`jbl jr c{{crle uc j ilql{qcblrr, jr Nqlelqmbf Hjbf)rcd U|qdlq gje |delqrucce mu$ Md ugju{`jbl {lc{`l jde oqc|{r wlql ugl ~mb)umir cn bcdz|lru ugju ajrmbj``} md~c`~le ugl eqjwmdo cn `mdlr cd j ij{, ugl

ALJQ QM^LQ IJRRJBQL M =2

5:$ Ej~me Ugl`ld, Ilicq} jde Jilqmbjd Gmrucq},Hc|qdj` cn Jilqmbjd Gmrucq} ?-$

55$ [qlrucd Bmumxld, H|dl :2, :=?5, d${$ Bjmdl Bc``lbumcd, Dlwl`` Gjqu [j{lqr, IRR 2, Ac22, Ncèlq >$ R{lbmj` Bc``lbumcdr, Ilqqm`` @maqjq}, \ujg Rujul \dm~lqrmu}, @cojd$

5


18/28

elnmdmumcd jde j``cbjumcd cn cwdlqrgm{ '{lqrcdj`, uqmaj`, bcq{cqjul, rujul, nle)lqj`, jde mdulqdjumcdj`-, jde ugl l~c`|umcd cn `jde nqci ijuulq uc {qc{lqu}$5?

Glq jqo|ildu r{jwdle ugl dlw wlrulqd gmrucq} ugju bgj``ldole gmrucqmjdr

uc ~mlw ugl Jilqmbjd _lru lrr md ulqir cn Jilqmbjd lbl{umcdj`mri jde icqlmd ulqir cn ugcrl {lc{`l jde oqc|{r wgc cbb|{mle ugl jde alncql rluu`lildun|dejilduj``} jùlqle uglmq uqjemumcdr jde ld~mqcdildur$ Icru cn ugl wqmumdorcd Aljq Qm~lq nqci ugl ljq`} :=;;r jde mduc ugl :=?;r `ccfle ju Aljq Qm~lqjr }lu jdcuglq l~ldu md bm~m`mxmdo ugl nqcdumlq, md ugl ujimdo cn j wmè jde$ Nlwgmrucqmlr wqmuuld {qmcq uc ugl :=7;r uccf j b`crl `ccf ju ugl ijrrjbqlr aq|uj`)mu}, ju mur uq|`} g|ijd emildrmcd$

Jd jrrcquildu cn `cbj` jde qlomcdj` gmrucqmlr wqmuuld aluwlld :=:> jde:=27 ucè rmim`jq rucqmlr$ Cqrcd N$ _gmudl}r [c{|`jq Gmrucq} cn \ujg r{cfl

cn gcw Bcddcqr ~mbucq} {qc~le j oqlju accd uc ugl rluu`lqr cn Dcquglqd \ujg$Mu rc|dele j wjqdmdo uc ugl rj~jolr ugju eme dcu dlle ql{ljumdo$57 B$ H$ Aqcr)djd, md gmr Gmrucq} cn ugl Rujul cn Mejgc, wqcul ugju ugl rj~jolr wlql r|q){qmrle jde dljq`} 2;; wlql fm``le md j nlw gc|qr$ Ugl ajuu`l {|u jd lde ucMdemjd el{qlejumcdr md ugju qlomcd$5= Md :=21, Q$ Qcrr Jqdcèr Mdemjd _jqrcn Mejgc ucè cn Aljq Qm~lqr nljqn|` r`j|ogulq, jde ugl nljqn|` {|dmrgilduqlblm~le a} ugl Ajddjbfr VrmbY md qlu|qd ncq uglmq ugml~mdo el{qlejumcdr$-,:=:, :=;$

5=$ B$ H$ Aqcrdjd, Gmrucq} cn ugl Rujul cn Mejgc 'Dlw ]cqf8 Bgjq`lr Rbqmadlqr Rcdr, :=:> .:=1>-, :2:21$

-, ?2$


19/28

lbgcmdo gmi$ Md :=71, md Mejgc8 J O|mel ncq ugl B|qmc|r, Bcqu Bcd`l} qlnlqqleuc ugl ajuu`loqc|de jr ugl a`ccemlru oqc|de md Mejgc, wglql icql {lqrcdremle $ $ $ ugjd ju Rjde Bqllf, cq @muu`l Amo Gcqd, cq _c|dele Fdll$ Ugl

Rjmdur, gl rjme rluu`le cd Mdemjd `jder wmugc|u jd} qlbci{ldrl, jde uglDcquglqd Rgcrgcdl wjubgle ugl ldbqcjbgildu $ $ $ wmug oqcwmdo qlrldu)ildu$


20/28

Rbgmde`lq ecb|ildumdo dlw l~meldbl ugju Aljq Qm~lq gje alo|d jr j ajuu`la|u eloldlqjule mduc j r`j|ogulq$$

Aljbg wqcul ugju ju j blqujmd {cmdu md ugl nmogu ugl wcqf cn eljug bciildblemd qlj` ljqdlru$ Imeru ugl qcjq cn o|dr jde rgjq{ ql{cqu cn [mruc`r bc|è alglqe VrmbY ugl bq} ncq z|jqulqr a|u dc z|jqulqr wlql om~ld ugju ej}$ Aljbg~mrmule ugl nmlè jnulq ugl ijrrjbql jde ql{cqule 17; elje$>; Ugmr dlw l~m)eldbl ~lqmnmlr wgju Ijerld wqcul md :=7: Gl emrb|rrlr Aljq Qm~lq md j el{ug dcu

rlld rmdbl Ijerldr Ugl Rgcrgcdm Nqcdumlq$ Gjubg bj``r mu ugl `ljru)fdcwdjbu cn aq|uj`mu} md wjqnjql aluwlld ugl im`mujq} jde Mdemjdr$ Gl n|quglq el){jqur nqci Aljq Qm~lq gmrucqmcoqj{g}8

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=> M UGL [\A@MB GMRUCQMJD

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21/28

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22/28

dj` mdrmrumdo ugju Aljq Qm~lq wjr dcu j ijrrjbql, bcduqjq} uc wgju ugl D[R{`jz|l jde Mejgc am`àcjqe b`jmi$>< H$ I$ _mdulqr wqmumdor cd _cqè _jq Mbciilicqjumcd, ugc|og ugl} qlnlq uc jdcuglq umil jde {`jbl, qlrcdjul wmugAljq Qm~lqr rucq} jr wl``$ Md acug bjrlr, ilicq} rgmnur qlr|ùle md rcil el)oqll cn emrbcqe$ _gm`l icelqd mdulq{qlujumcdr, ncq ugl icru {jqu, emedu ca`mu)lqjul uqjemumcdr, ugl} ruqlubgle, l{`cqle, jde qlbcdnmo|qle ugli md wj}rugju j`jqile bcd~ldumcdj` jqumrur, wqmulqr, jde ugl {|a`mb ju `jqol$>>

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i|dmu} jde mur ~j`|lr$

=7 M UGL [\A@MB GMRUCQMJD

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23/28

Icelqd bciilicqjum~l jdo|jol, md lbgcmdo ugl ilicq} rgmnu c~lq umil,u|qdr r|bg j ul``mdo cd mur glje$ Ugl dlwlq Mejgc am`àcjqe jde ugl D[R {`jz|l

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24/28

E|qmdo ugl :5;ug jddm~lqrjq} bciilicqjumcd blqlicd} md 1;;2, juuld)ellr ojuglqle ju ugl ajrl cn ugl Mejgc am`àcjqe ijqflq, wmug uglmq ajbfr ucugl cqmomdj` rucdl icd|ildu$ Mu wjr jìcru jr mn ugl} wlql u|qdmdo uglmq ajbfr

cd ugl ilicqmlr ldrgqmdle uglql jde liaqjbmdo jr |dje|ùlqjule uq|ug uglrucq} ucè cd Mejgcr icd|ildu$Ql{cqumdo cd ugl ojuglqmdo, Fqmruld Ic|ùcd cn ugl Rjù @jfl Uqma|dl

c{ldle glq jqumb`l `mfl ugmr8 Ugl nmogu c~lq wgju uc bj`` ugl _lrur a`ccemlruMdemjd ijrrjbql mr {qluu} i|bg rluu`le$ Rgl jbfdcw`leole ugju ugl ilic)qmlr cn Aljq Qm~lq ruq|oo`le jojmdru cdl jdcuglq jde rgmnule aluwlld :7>2jde 1;;2$ Ic|ùcd wldu cd uc wqmul ugju nmnu} {lc{`l nqci \ujg jde Mejgcojuglqle uc qlilialq $ $ $ jde uc wcdelq wg} ugmr {mlbl cn gmrucq} mr rc md)~mrma`l uc Mejgcjdr jde \ujgdr$ >7 Dcu cdo jnulq ugl blqlicd}, j wcijd nqci

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25/28

jolq wmug ugl Uq|ru ncq [|a`mb @jder, rjme, ugmr mr j rucq} ugju i|ru al gljqe,dcu h|ru `cbj``}, a|u qlomcdj``} jde djumcdj``}$?:

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?:$ Fqmruld Ic|ùcd, Rgcrgcdlr Nmdj``} Olu Ijrrjbql @jde, Rjù @jfl Uqma|dl, Ijqbg 1


26/28

jde ugl ljq`mlq icd|ildur$ Ugl} gje wjmule {jumldu`} ncq ugl c{{cqu|dmu} ucqlb`jmi uglmq rucq}, uglmq djqqjum~l$ \d`mfl ugl ljq`mlq icd|ildur ugju ul`` cd`}{jqu cq cdl rmel cn ugl rucq}, ugl Rgcrgcdl ijqflqr ul`` j bci{`l rucq} cn

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27/28

Bcdb`|rmcd

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u`l wglql Bcddcqr rcèmlqr aqcfl ugl wm`` cn ijqj|emdo qle ild$ Ugl wmdercn bgjdol bjqqmle Aljq Qm~lqr ilicq} uc dlw {`jblr jde oj~l mu dlw wcqeraqmln`} md ugl ime):=?;r, ugld icql nmqi`} md :=7< jde ugl :==;r$ Dcw, uglilicq} cn Aljq Qm~lq mr ujfmdo dlw ncqir jr ugl Rgcrgcdlr ujfl bcduqc` cnuglmq {jru$

Aluwlld :7>2 jde ucej}, ugl ilicq} cn Aljq Qm~lq gjr bgjdole jde ujfldemnnlqldu rgj{lr md emnnlqldu oldlqjumcdr$ Rcil njbur gj~l qlijmdle ql`jum~l`}bcdrujduncq lji{`l, ljbg oldlqjumcd ugju gjr r{cfld cn Aljq Qm~lq jb)bl{ule ugju dljq`} 12, gcw ugcrl njbur jql |delqrucce, qlilialqle,jde bciilicqjule gjr bgjdole$

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ALJQ QM^LQ IJRRJBQL M :;2


28/28

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qmj` Nl``cw wmug ugl _lrulqd Gmrucqmbj` Z|jqulq`}$

:;5 M UGL [\A@MB GMRUCQMJD

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The Struggle to Control the Past: Memory, Commemoration, and the Bear River Massacre of 1863