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The Strange Link between Sumerian A & E-Wordsand Scandinavian Æ-Words

 jwr47 

The Proto-Sumerian words A and E

The simplest words are the 1-vowel words, which exist in archaic Sumerian and ancientScandinavian dictionaries.

In The Proto-Sumerian Lanuae Invention Process !ohn ". #alloran claims that earliest words had $een desined as vowel-onl% words &e.., a, ' (water().

In Sumerian, one can see that phoneticall% simple words correspond to earl%, $asicconcepts and phoneticall% complex words correspond to later, culturall% advanced

concepts. *hen the proto-Sumerians $ean inventin their lanuae, the% started withvowel-onl% words &e.., a, ' (water()...

+ course this process ma% also $e expected in the case o Scandinavian lanuaes, $ut the straneeect occurs i exactl% the same vowels " are involved in the ollowin 4 or / equivalenttopics0

1. !ust lie in Proto-Sumerian " and in 2utch lanuae and other uropean lanuaesnumerous rivers have $een named "a1, &and in a minorit% "e or e).

3. !ust lie in Proto-Sumerian " and in old-nlish the liature  as $een associated

◦ &1) with river, runnin water 3,

◦ &3) with with law, scripture, ceremon%, custom, marriae.

5. !ust lie in Proto-Sumerian " and in Scandinavian dialects the liature  is $ein used asa proclitic deinite article, or example in æ hus &the house).

4. !ust lie in Proto-Sumerian in Icelandic the interjection 6  ah8,  oh8, alas8 has $eenspeciied.

/. In Sumerian lanuae the o-pronoun had $een desined as a 9:e9-structure, which ma%have developed to ;ree <o=, in Scandinavian to Icelandic <&)=, in ;erman <Ich=, in2utch <I=.

>rom the Sumerian vowel-onl% &?) words5  &see "ppendix) the ollowin entries or the vowels aand e4 ma% $e compared to Scandinavian et%molo%0

1. a, e4: n., water; watercourse canal@ seminal luid@ o!!s"ring@ !ather@ tears@ lood.

◦ inter#$ alas%.◦  prep., locative suix - where@ in@ when - denotes movement towards or in avor o a

 person.◦ de!$ article, nominaliAin suix or a noun or noun clause, denotin (the(.

1 The lon vowels B, C, D3 >rom Proto-;ermanic *ahwō, rom Proto-Indo-uropean *h ek̫ eh₂ ₂. Eonate with +ld >risian â, ê, +ld Forse á,

+ld Saxon and +ld #ih ;erman aha, and ;othic ahwa@ and with Latin aqua.5 !ohn ". #alloran

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The ual vowel utch words Aa and Ee

There are numerous uropean rivers named <"= or <"a=0 Aa is the name o a lare num$er o small uropean  rivers. "a oriinated rom an Indo-uropean word meanin water, and it can $eseen in the ;erman ach or aach or the Forth ;ermanic a or &as a lon vowel) aa.

In the Fetherlands numerous rivers and crees "a ma% $e ound. See the lists at0 "a &water-name),discernin0 "a, "e, 2ie, e, I!. The name Greda derived rom brede Aa &(wide "a() and reers to theconluence o the rivers Har  and "a.

The choice or these names ma% have $een initiated rom similar Sumerian water names, which arehihlihted %ellow0

1. a, e4: n., water; watercourse canal@ seminal luid@ osprin@ ather@ tears@ lood4.

 Fote that most  o the 2utch rivers have $een named  "a, respectivel% in a minorit% "e or  e. Thelowest namin reuenc% is ound in 2ie and I!. Host names have $een ormulated or lon vowels,which in 2utch are $ein written as dou$led vowels, except or a ew anomalies0 " or Peel " and

 and I!e &which also had $een named ). The "e-rivers represent a sinle vocal sound  &as amedian vocal $etween " and ).

The old-English and old-'orse words Æ

In analo% to the 2utch river names &"a, "e, 2ie, e, I!) the old-nlish  &and alternativel% Ca)is associated with river, runnin water /.

"dditionall% in old-nlish  is associated with law ,  scripture , ceremony , custom , marriageJ.

In old-Forse  is associated with eer, at any time &and in Icelandic 6  always, !oreer )

(atrimonial relevance and )amil* traditionsGoth derivations êa, ê  and  â respectivel%  á ma% have $een deteriorated rom êwa, êha,Kaiw ,KaiwaA, $ut in Sumerian lanuae a direct correlation exists to a and e in their matrimonialrelevance and amil% traditions0

a, e4: n., water@ watercourse, canal@ seminal luid@ o!!s"ring@ !ather@ tears@ lood7.

The parental lin ma% have $een $ased on seminal luid, which in archaic eras had $een consideredas water M0

+roclitic de!inite article

"nd at last also the proclitic  deinite article    in æ hus  &the house) ma% $e ound in 2anishdialects0

In western and southern !utish dialects o 2anish, æ is also the proclitic deinite article0æ hus ,the house, as opposed to Standard 2anish and all other Fordic varieties whichhave enclitic deinite articles &2anish, Swedish, Forweian0 huset , Icelandic, >aroese0

4 The Proto-Sumerian Lanuae Invention Process - Sumerian vowel-onl% &?) words / >rom Proto-;ermanic *ahwō, rom Proto-Indo-uropean *h ek̫ eh₂ ₂. Eonate with +ld >risian â, ê, +ld Forse á,

+ld Saxon and +ld #ih ;erman aha, and ;othic ahwa@ and with Latin aqua.J >rom Proto-;ermanic *aiwō, *aiwa" &<law=), rom Proto-Indo-uropean *oiw# &<custom, tradition, law=). Eonate

with +ld Saxon êo, +l >risian ewa, êwe, ê, â, +ld ;erman êwa, êha, êa, ê &;erman $he).7 Sumerian vowel-onl% &?) wordsM ;ree and !ewish ideas a$out reproduction in the Nur(an  O Three words are used in the Nuran and hadith in

connection with semen Futah &a small uantit% o liuid), Haa &water) and Hani%% &semen).

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h%si& &the house)). These dialects are rarel% committed to writin $ut some dialectliterature existsQ. 

These are also ound in the a, e4 - concept or the Proto-Sumerian lanuae0

a, e.: de!$ article, nominaliAin suix or a noun or noun clause, denotin (the(.

/nter#ection Alas%

In Icelandic even the interjection 6  ah8, oh8, alas8 has $een speciied. These are also ound in thea, e4  - concept or the Proto-Sumerian lanuae.

a, e4: inter#$ alas%

The Scandinavian ego-"ronoun Æ

"dditionall% I ound a Sumerian 3-letter word, which ma% $e omitted, althouh the Scandinavianlanuae also includes a 1-vowel eo-pronoun 0

In man% western, northern, and southwestern Forweian dialects1R, and in the western 2anishdialects o Th% and Southern !utland,  has a siniicant meanin0 the irst person sinular pronounI.

In Sumerian lanuae the o-pronoun had $een desined as a 9:e9- or 9:a9-structure, speciied asge3J, gá: I, m%sel@ m%, which ma% have developed to <o=, in Icelandic <&)=, in ;erman

<Ich=, in 2utch <I=, in #ittite <=.

In a similar manner the Sumerian eo-pronoun e3J, a11 has $een desined as 3-letter words with an<"= or <=.

• documented at ae wr' a3-e@ e3J 9I9 13

Q Source0 6 1R dialectal, mostl% ound in TrUndela, northern Forwa%, and parts o western and southern Forwa%.11 Sumerian word <I= &the o-pronoun) - e3J13 Penns%lvania Sumerian 2ictionar% &PS2) project 

() umerian word +- .the $go#pronoun/

 0) 1e(2 # +-

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0 1 e i A 1 2%

In act joes have $een made or the Scandinavian sentences which have $een desined rom 1-vowel words onl%150

In the Eentral Forweian dialect words have $een so shortened that it(s possi$le to

construct sentences entirel% made o vowels. This is a amous joe0" school id is walin home ater his irst da% at school. #e meets a riend who ass09*hich class do %ou attendV9 The child answers0 e i ", lit. 9I am in &class) "9. Thenhe ass $ac0 9Gut what a$out %ouV9 #is riend answers0 W, 6 e i " 6 X8, lit. 9oh, I amin &class) ", me too89See here the meanin o the sinle words0 6 - I, me@ e - am, are, is@i - in@ " - &class) "@ X - oh, too.

The same ma% $e desined rom the Sumerian vowel-onl% &?) words in the appendix...

15 *ho needs consonants &Forweian)

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The Sumerian 3Water4-5odes !or 6!!s"ringInspired $% !ohn ". #alloran(s Proto-Sumerian Lanuae Invention Process  I anal%Aed theSumerian <*ater=-Eodes or +sprin, which all seemed to have $een $ased on the $asic onevowel-word <a= &water).

Three paternal generations

G% enterin the ePS214 Sumerian Sin-name Index I searched the Sumerian data$ase or structuresand it is eas% to ind the hierarchical $einnin o lanuae $% listin the ollowin <"=-entries, inwhich each eneration represents an additional <a=. The search ma% $e started $% looin or <water= or <semen=, <ather= and <randather=0

• a Y*"TZ[ wr. a 9water; semen; "rogen*9 ". m\@ rih\tu• a%a Y>"T#Z[ wr. a-a@ a%a3@ a-ia 9!ather9 ". a$u

• a%a%a Y;Z"F2>"T#Z[ wr. a%a%ax&]"."."])@ " 9grand!ather9

*e automaticall% ma% concatenate other enerations $% simpl% addin another <"=, which produceictional cuneiorm words &these are m% own amateurish entries O &I thin, the% have not $een oundin cuneiorm %et)0

• a%a%a%a Y;reat-;randather[ wr. ."a%a%a%ax&]"."."."])@ " 9reat-randather 9

• a%a%a%a%a Y;reat-;reat-;randather[ wr. a%a%a%ax&]"."."."])@ " reat-reat-randather 

• and so on...

Semen-water

This s%m$ol is the irst eneration o <semen=-water, rom which we ma% derive the ather(s s%m$ol $% duplicatin the <semen=-s%m$ol <"=. This character has $een used rom 5RRRGE.

14 Penns%lvania Sumerian 2ictionar% Project &PS2) - *elcome to the we$site o the Penns%lvania Sumerian2ictionar% Project &PS2). The PS2 is preparin an exhaustive dictionar% o the Sumerian lanuae which aims to

 $e useul to non-specialists as well as Sumeroloists. In addition, we are developin tools and datasets or worinwith the Sumerian lanuae and its text-corpora. "ll materials will $e made reel% availa$le on this we$site

 3ig' 4) 5unei!orm symbols !or a .water/ 6 also representing one generation .0 7 semen#water/

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)ather

The uppermost ather s%m$ol a-a &a%a) represents the oriinal dou$led <semen=-water s%m$ols. Theother s%m$ols are simpli%in derivations, which caused <"= to $e understood as <ather= as well."%a3  is a deteriorated s%m$ol, which proves the Horris Swadesh(s claim o a deca%in wordstructure. The s%stem will prove its correctness $% anal%Ain <randather=0

7rand!ather

The ollowin entr% illustrates the randather(s s%m$ol $% simpl% addin an <"= semen= or eacheneration0

ach eneration thereore reuires a letter <"=, which represents the eneration(s <semen=-water.

Thereore the s%m$ol <"= or ather or randather is a simple a$$reviation or shortcut.

 3ig' 8) 3ather#cunei!orm symbols !or aya .a#a/ 6 representing ( 7 semen#water 

 3ig' 9) 3ather#cunei!orm symbols !or ayaya .a#a#a/ 6 representing 4 7 semen#water 

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 Pap

"nother has $een deined as <pap=, which ma% have $een inherited to the western <papa=0

•  pap YZL"TI+F[ &MJx0 +ld "adian, r III, +ld Ga$%lonian) wr. pap 9irst and oremost, pre-eminent@ ather@ male, virile@ $rother9 ". a$u@ ahu@ a^arCdu@ Aiaru

This cuneiorm sin uses two crossed <$asic cuneiorm-s%m$ols &seedsV)= to s%m$oliAe the master  !ather . In another dictionar% this word also had $een denominated <ather, mother=, or parent1/0

)ive +aternal 7enerations

In Latin0

• the randather had $een named aus &<randather, ancestor, old man=)1J

• the randmother had $een named aa'

The abaus  had $een derived rom ab &or alternativel% B) _ aus &<randather=) and s%m$oliAedthe a reat-reat-randather  

The ataus had $een derived rom at  &or alternativel% atue ' *ád  :) ; aus &<randather=) ands%m$oliAed the reat-reat-reat-randather .

+$viousl% the namin s%stem had $een desined in analo% to the concatenation o a-words, justlie0

1. a &semen) - a

3. a%a &ather) O a .< a.der/ .!ather, !rom  =roto#>ermanic *!ad?r  /

5. a%a%a &randather) - aus . < a ; *!ad?r  /

4. a%a%a%a &reat-reat-randather ) O abaus .  ' @ ; aus /

/. a%a%a%a%a &reat-reat-reat-randather ) - ataus  ' at  &atque or  *ád  / ; aus /

1/ agarin&3,5)0 ather@ mother@ wom$. In the Sumerian Lexicon ?ersion 5.R $% !ohn ". #alloran1J rom Proto-Indo-uropean *h wh os₂ ₂ . 

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Three maternal generations

 Fow I ound several words or maternal $eins170

• ama YH+T#Z[ &MJ5x0 2 III$, +ld "adian, Laash II, r III, arl% +ld Ga$%lonian,+ld Ga$%lonian, unnown) wr. ama 9mother9 ". ummu

• ama(a%a Y;Z"F2H+T#Z[ wr. ama-a-a 9randmother9• amaal Y;Z"F2H+T#Z[ &/x0 2 III$, +ld "adian, r III, +ld Ga$%lonian) wr. ama-

al 9randmother@ a priestess9• amaan YH+T#Z[ &Mx0 Laash II, r III, +ld Ga$%lonian) wr. ama-an 9$reedin emale

animal@ child-$earin mother9 ". ummu walittu• amaula Y;Z"F2H+T#Z[ wr. ama-u-la 9randmother9• ama(inana Y;+22SS[ wr. dama-dinana 9oddess9• diir(ama YH+T#Z[ wr. diir-ama 9divine mother9

(other

The sin or mother has $een composed rom the eo-pronoun and &located inside) the s%0

+$viousl% the mother had to $e interpreted as the connection $etween the eo-pronoun e3J &<I=)and the heaven respectivel% the s% &"n). The ro%al and radiatin s%-s%m$ol ma% also haverepresented the s%-od0

17 Sumerian Sin-name Index

 B) Cother   2) ky .An/D) 1e(2 # +-

 3ig' E) Fhe ky

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5hecking the correlation !or the Akkadian Sk*-god 3 Šamû” 

In "adian lanuae the s%-od GamH  &(s%(, (heaven() is descri$ed $% a similar word "F-u,which is explained as ollows0

The maternal relation (other 8 7randmother

>rom the words or ama &mother) and ama(a%a &randmother) we ma% derive the $asic structure or <mother= and $oth enerations o <semen=-waters, which simpl% had $een attached to the <mother=-s%m$ol0

 3ig' 00) mother .Ama/

 3ig' 0I) Fhe Akkadian ky#god Anu # GamH JskyJ, JheaenJ

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Progeny

"ll words related to proen% seem to $e associated with seminal <water=.

/m"regnating 3water4

a ri YIHPZ;F"T[ wr. a ri 9to imprenate9 ". reh\

Imprenatin is a com$ination o <semen=-water and another word <ri= &implant).

ven the delowerin and the etus had $een descri$ed as a <water=-process, which $oth startedwith a water-s%m$ol0

a$aara Y>TS[ wr. a-$a-ar-ra 9etus9 ". `$u

a i Y2>L+*Z[ wr. a i@ a i4 9to delower9 ". naB$u

2elowerin o$viousl% had $een interpreted as <turnin the semen-water=.

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6ther water-cunei!orm s*mbols

"dditionall% we ma% identi% other water-words.

+ressing the water

rinatin had $een s%m$oliAed $% <pressin the water=0a sur YZIF"T[ wr. a sur 9to urinate9

Seawater

a(a$a YS"[ wr. a-a$-$a 9sea&water)9

+ther water-oriented words are

• a(u Y*"TZ[ wr. a-u3@ a-u5@ a-u/@ u5@ u/ 9hih water9

• a(am$ar Y*"TZ[ wr. a-am$ar 9marsh water9 ". V

• asura Y*"TZ[ wr. a-sur-ra 9water rom the depths9 ". m ^uriV

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A""endi9 : E9tract o! Sumerian A-words>rom the ePS21M  Sumerian Sin-name Index  the ollowin words ma% $e loaded in which thehihlihted su$set o words has $een anal%Aed in this paper0

• "

a(a YTbT[ wr. a@ a-a 9a text, the scri$al exercise a-a9a YGIZ2-EZ[ wr. a 9a $ird-cr%9a Y*"TZ[ wr. a 9water@ semen@ proen%9 ". m\@ rih\tua Y2+[ wr. a@ a 9to do@ to mae@ to act, perorm@ to proceed, proceedin &math.)9". epC^ua%a YEZ[ wr. a@ u5 9a cr% o woe@ to cr%, roan9 ". ahulap@ nu

a%a Y>"T#Z[ wr. a-a@ a%a3@ a-ia 9ather9 ". a$u

a%a%a Y;Z"F2>"T#Z[ wr. a%a%ax&]"."."])@ " 9randather9

duru Y*T[ wr. duru/@ duru/ru 9&to $e) sot@ &to $e) wet, irriated, damp, resh9 ". la$Bu@

ra$ue Y#+S[ wr. e3@ a3@ e4 9house@ temple@ &temple) household@ station &o the moon)V@

room@ house-lot@ estate9 ". $ftue^ YT#Z[ wr. e^/@ e^-a-$i@ e^1R@ am5-mu-u^ 9three@ triplets9 ". ta^\@ ^alB^

e^ Y*"TZ[ wr. e^1R 9water9 ". m\

id YZI?Z[ wr. id3@ id5@ idJ@ id7@ id/ 9river, watercourse, canal9 ". nBru

• " ]".g.F";"]a tu Y*"S#[ wr. a tu1/@ a tu17@ a tu/ 9to wash, $athe9 ". ramBu

• " ;"Za ar YIZZI;"T[ wr. a ar 9to irriate9 ". rahBu

• " ;Ia i Y2>L+*Z[ wr. a i@ a i4 9to delower9 ". naB$u

• " ;I4 

a i Y2>L+*Z[ wr. a i@ a i4 9to delower9 ". naB$u

• " IHa tu Y*"S#[ wr. a tu1/@ a tu17@ a tu/ 9to wash, $athe9 ". ramBu

•

" "a du YIZZI;"T[ wr. a du4 9to irriate &rom canal water)9 ". ^a\ ^a eli

• " Z"a rah Y2Z+*F[ wr. a ra-ah@ a ra 9to drown9 ". V

• " Z".]#IFF]a rah Y2Z+*F[ wr. a ra-ah@ a ra 9to drown9 ". V

• " ZIa ri YIHPZ;F"T[ wr. a ri 9to imprenate9 ". reh\

1M Penns%lvania Sumerian 2ictionar% Project &PS2) - *elcome to the we$site o the Penns%lvania Sumerian2ictionar% Project &PS2). The PS2 is preparin an exhaustive dictionar% o the Sumerian lanuae which aims to

 $e useul to non-specialists as well as Sumeroloists. In addition, we are developin tools and datasets or worinwith the Sumerian lanuae and its text-corpora. "ll materials will $e made reel% availa$le on this we$site

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• " Za ru Y22IE"T[ wr. a ru 9to dedicate9 ". ^arBu

• " SZa sur YZIF"T[ wr. a sur 9to urinate9

• " ]g.F";"]

a tu Y*"S#[ wr. a tu1/@ a tu17@ a tu/ 9to wash, $athe9 ". ramBu

• " ]HH"S"L]a de YIZZI;"T[ wr. a de3 9to irriate &$% loodin)9 ". ^a\ ^a eli

• "."a(a YTbT[ wr. a@ a-a 9a text, the scri$al exercise a-a9a%a Y>"T#Z[ wr. a-a@ a%a3@ a-ia 9ather9 ". a$u

• "."."a%a%a Y;Z"F2>"T#Z[ wr. a%a%ax&]"."."])@ " 9randather9

• "."G.G"a(a$a YS"[ wr. a-a$-$a 9sea&water)9

• "."G.T"a$ YS"[ wr. a$@ a-a$-ta 9sea9 ". tmtu

• "."a(a YFHF;[ wr. a-a 9V9

• "."L.L".ZIa(allari YbEL"H"TI+F[ wr. a-al-la-ri@ a-li-ri 9an exclamation9 ". alBlu

•

".G"a$a Y*#+V[ wr. a-$a 9whoV9 ". mannuaa YZ"Z[ wr. a-a@ a-$a 9rear@ a $uildin or a part o a $uildin9 ". aratu

• ".G"."La$al Y2Z[ wr. a-$a-al 9to $e dr%9

• ".G".;"Z.Z"a$aara Y>TS[ wr. a-$a-ar-ra 9etus9 ". `$u

• ".G".]#IFF].gFa$ah^in Y;Z"IF[ wr. a-$a-ah-^in 9earl% harvested rain9 ". a$ah^innu

• ".G".Z".2a$ara^a YTZL[ wr. a-$a-ra-^a4 9trul%9 ". a$ar^a

• ".G"L..#"a$ala(e Y>IS#[ wr. a-$al-eu

J 9a ish9

• k..

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Appendix 2: Sumerian vowel-only (V) words

In Sumerian Lexicon ?ersion 5.R $% !ohn ". #alloran the ollowin vowels have $een deined in aspecial chapter0 Sumerian vowel-onl% &?) words, o which onl% a su$set will $e studied or comparison to modern lanuaes0

3. a, e4: n., water; watercourse canal@ seminal !luid; o!!s"ring@ !ather@ tears@ lood.◦ inter#$ alas%.◦  prep., locative suix - where@ in@ when - denotes movement towards or in avor o a

 person.◦ de!$ article, nominaliAin suix or a noun or noun clause, denotin (the(.

5. á: &c., áhi).4. a/: &c., aka).

/. e: &c., ég).J. é: house, household@ temple@ plot o land7. è: &c., éd).

M. e11: &c., èd).Q. i: n., cr% o pain &derived rom ér, ír, (tears@ complaint( V).

◦ v., to capture, deeat, overcome &c., éd, è; i) 1R. ì: &c., ìa).11. i7: &c., ída).

13. u: &c., hà).15. ú: n., plant@ veeta$le@ rass@ ood@ $read@ pasture@ load

◦ v., to nourish, support.◦ adj., stron, powerul &man).

14. ù: n., sleep &c., u/).◦ v., to sleep.◦  prep., and@ the prospective modal preix0 i@ when@ ater@ oten used as a polite

imperative.◦  pron., a pronominal preix in a compound noun, to derive a more speciic meanin.

1/. u&5,4,M): n., an expression o protest@ cries, screams@ the runtin, pantin o $attle@ iht,

dispute.◦ v., to $end over.

1J. u4: &c., ud).

17. u/: n., male $ird, coc@ totalit%@ earth pile or levee@ raised area &sometimes written ù)

◦ v., to mount &in intercourse)@ to $e on top o@ to ride@ to $oard &a $oat)@ to steer, conduct.◦ adj., &raised) hih, especiall% land or round &sometimes written ù).

1M. uJ: &c., ugJ).

1Q. uM: &c., us/).

3R. u1M[GIŠGAL]: hue.

31. u3R[ŠE]:  $arle%.

8/10/2019 The Strange Link Between Sumerian A & E-Words and Scandinavian Æ-Words

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Contents

The Proto-Sumerian words " and .....................................................................................................1The 2ual vowel 2utch words "a and e....................................................................................3The old-nlish and old-Forse words ....................................................................................3Hatrimonial relevance and >amil% traditions.............................................................................3Proclitic deinite article...............................................................................................................3Interjection "las8.........................................................................................................................5The Scandinavian eo-pronoun ..............................................................................................5W, 6 e i " 6 X8.............................................................................................................................4

The Sumerian <*ater=-Eodes or +sprin......................................................................................../Three paternal enerations.............................................................................................................../

Semen-water................................................................................................................................/>ather..........................................................................................................................................J;randather.................................................................................................................................J

Pap...................................................................................................................................................7>ive Paternal ;enerations...........................................................................................................7Three maternal enerations..............................................................................................................M

Hother.........................................................................................................................................MEhecin the correlation or the "adian S%-od <gam\=.....................................................QThe maternal relation Hother ' ;randmother..........................................................................Q

Proen% .........................................................................................................................................1RImprenatin <water=................................................................................................................1R+ther water-cuneiorm s%m$ols................................................................................................11Pressin the water......................................................................................................................11Seawater....................................................................................................................................11

"ppendix 10 xtract o Sumerian "-words........................................................................................13"ppendix 30 Sumerian vowel-onl% &?) words...................................................................................14