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The Story of the Standard

Susan Jaques

Chair of ME-038 Committee

Prepared for presentation at APGA Annual Convention, October 2015

OUTLINE 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2

2. What are Standards? ...................................................................................................................... 3

3. Standards Australia, AS 2885, and ME-038 .................................................................................... 3

3.1. Sectors ..................................................................................................................................... 3

3.2. The Electrotechnology and Energy Sector .............................................................................. 4

3.3. Technical Committees and Subcommittees ........................................................................... 5

3.4. Nominating Organisations ...................................................................................................... 6

3.5. ME-038 Subcommittees and Publications .............................................................................. 6

3.6. ME-038 Current Active Projects .............................................................................................. 8

4. Timeline of AS 2885 ........................................................................................................................ 8

5. Underlying Philosophies of AS 2885 ............................................................................................. 10

6. International Participation ............................................................................................................ 12

7. Standards Development and Review Cycle .................................................................................. 13

8. Closing Comments ........................................................................................................................ 14

9. References .................................................................................................................................... 15

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1. Introduction In late 2014, I was appointed as the new Chair of ME-038, the committee overseeing the suite of Standards that apply to Australian high-pressure transport pipelines. Prior to this, the Chair was ably held for many years by industry stalwart Phil Venton. This paper presents an overview of Australian Standards in general, a review of the AS 2885 suite of Standards in particular, and how it fits into the Standards Australia structure, as well as briefly describing the work of the committees responsible for the Australian pipeline standards. Much of the information below in Sections 2, 3, 6 and 7 of this paper is derived from information available on the Standards Australia website: www.standards.org.au. Section 4 and 5 rely heavily on the text from the referenced items (Section 9). This introduction paraphrases parts of the Standard itself. The AS 2885 Standard exists for the safety of the general public, the protection of the environment, and for security of supply. It has been created by industry professionals, technical experts, and researchers, for the purpose of providing and authoritative source of fundamental principles and practical guidelines, to be used by responsible and competent persons and organisations. Most pipelines to which this Standard applies will be designed, constructed, tested, and operated under some form of license or regulation, and the Standard does not supersede or take precedence over the requirements of any Statute or Regulation. The Licensee, a defined entity that the regulatory authority holds accountable for the pipeline, is responsible for the safety of the pipeline. This includes responsibility for the engineering design, construction, and maintenance of pipeline integrity during operation. The Australian pipeline industry is proud of this Standard and where it has come from, because it is ours, it applies to our circumstances and industry, and it should to be used and applied appropriately. The AS 2885 Standard is not an instruction manual for untrained persons. It is not a detailed design specification; appropriate experience and competent engineering judgement are the foundations of the Standard. Pipelines designed to AS 2885 are required to have sufficient strength to withstand all forces to which it will be subjected during construction, testing, and operation. All threats to the pipeline will be identified and either controlled, or the associated risks will be evaluated and managed to an acceptable level, and the design is reviewed and approved. Once a pipeline is in service, the integrity and safe operation is maintained in accordance with an approved pipeline management system. If changes occur in relation to the pipeline, appropriate steps are to be taken to assess and resolve those changes in order to maintain safe operation of the pipeline. At the end of its system design life, the pipeline is to be abandoned unless an approved engineering investigation determines that its continued operation is safe.

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All of these fundamental principles within AS 2885 mean that we rely up the skills and experience of pipeline engineers and technicians to implement these principles in the design, construction, and operation of pipelines.

2. What are Standards? After rapid industrialisation in the early nineteenth century, the general absence of national standardisation caused huge inefficiencies. Absence of national standardisation is still apparent today in different railway gauges between states, and on an international scale, the different electrical plug-in designs. Occupational injury also became a major issue during industrial advancement, which was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of Standards, particularly due to the high number of fatalities in the late 1880s caused by explosions in pressure systems. Standards are a uniform set of criteria presented as published specifications that establish a common language – and expectation – to produce, in this case, pipelines that are safe, reliable, and consistently perform in the way they are intended to. An important part of Standards development is the reliance on consensus from a committee of technical experts. Committee members are chosen to bring a broad range of viewpoints to the committee deliberations. According to the Standards website, in Australia, there are around 9,000 technical committee members. For the AS 2885 suite of Standards, which is overseen by the ME-038 Technical Committee, there are over 100 industry personnel involved in the subcommittees supporting our standards. These subcommittees include representation from each of the state regulatory authorities.

3. Standards Australia, AS 2885, and ME-038

3.1. Sectors Standards Australia and the development of Standards is organised by “Sector”. Below are the twelve Sectors identified by Standards Australia, and the number of Technical Committees within each Sector. ME-038 is part of the “Electrotechnology and Energy” Sector.

Australian Standards - SECTORS # of Technical Committees

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Food 26

Mining 12

Manufacturing and Processing 174

Building and Construction 134

Electrotechnology and Energy 87 (includes ME-038)

Water and Waste Services 40

Transport and Logistics 38

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Australian Standards - SECTORS # of Technical Committees

Health and Community Services 47

Consumer Products, Services and Safety 69

Education and Training Services 3

Communications, Information Technology and e-Commerce Services

38

Public Safety; Public Administration; Business and Management

89

3.2. The Electrotechnology and Energy Sector Within the Electrotechnology and Energy Sector, there are 87 Technical Committees, of which 57 are active committees. Below is the list of the 57 currently active Electrotechnology and Energy Technical Committees:

Electrotechnology and Energy Sector – Active Committees

AG-001 Gas Appliances

AG-006 Gas Installation Committee

AG-008 Gas Distribution

AG-009 Natural Gas Vehicle Refuelling Stations

AG-011 Industrial and Commercial Gas-Fired Appliances

AG-012 Gas Appliances - Quality of Servicing

AG-013 Components used for Gas Appliances and Equipment

EE-001 Residential Air-conditioning

EE-003 Mirror to ISO Technical Committee 285

EL-001 Wiring Rules

EL-002 Safety of Household and Similar Electrical Appliances and Small Power devices

EL-003 Electric Wires And Cables

EL-004 Electrical Accessories

EL-006 Industrial Switchgear And Controlgear

EL-007 Power Switchgear

EL-008 Power Transformers

EL-009 Rotating Electrical Machinery

EL-010 Overhead Lines

EL-011 Electricity Metering Equipment

EL-013 Measurement And Protection Transformers

EL-014 Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres

EL-015 Quality and Performance of Household Electrical Appliances

EL-020 Electric Water Heating Appliances

EL-022 Primary Cells And Batteries

EL-024 Protection Against Lightning

EL-027 Power Electronics

EL-034 Power Quality

EL-036 In-service Testing of Electrical Equipment

EL-041 Lamps and Related Equipment

EL-042 Renewable Energy Power Supply Systems & Equipment

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Electrotechnology and Energy Sector – Active Committees

EL-043 High Voltage Installations

EL-044 Safe Working on Low-Voltage Electrical Installations

EL-049 Safety of Electrical Equipment for Measurement and Laboratory Use

EL-050 Power System Control and Communication

EL-052 Electrical Energy Networks, Construction and Operation

EL-053 Fire Hazard Testing - Electrical Equipment

EL-054 Remote Demand Management of Electrical Products

EL-056 Room Air Conditioners

EL-057 Boating and Boating Marinas Installations

EL-058 Energy Efficiency for Swimming Pool pumps

EL-059 Dishwashers, Clothes Washers and Dryers

EL-060 Household Refrigerating Appliances

EL-061 Electrical Energy Storage

EL-062 Smart Grids

EL-063 Environmental standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems

EN-001 Energy Auditing

ET-006 Australian IEC Conformity Assessment Committee

EV-020 Sustainability Criteria for Bioenergy

LG-002 Lighting for Roads and Public Spaces

ME-038 Petroleum Pipelines (Chair = Susan Jaques)

ME-070 Liquefied Natural Gas Storage and Handling

MS-011 Classification Of Hazardous Areas

MS-066 Hazardous Areas Competencies

MS-067 Ex Mark Committee

NU-001 Dummy to IEC SC 45B

QR-012 Conformance Marking to Regulatory Requirements

TE-021 Energy performance for Audio/Video, ICT and Associated Equipment

3.3. Technical Committees and Subcommittees Each Technical Committee in the above list has a Chair, chosen from within the industry it represents and appointed by Standards Australia, and a Project Manager, appointed by Standards Australia. The Project Manager works with the Committee Chair to assist the Committee to meet the agreed outcomes of their projects. This means the Project Manager arranges meetings, takes minutes at those meetings, and provides input and information into the process. In particular, they coordinate the public commenting process and help to achieve resolution of the comments through the consensus approach. Technical Committee members do not represent their employers. Each Technical Committee constitution is made up of Nominating Organisations, who are interested parties such as associations, government departments, and in some cases, academia. Technical Committee members are appointed as representatives of the Nominating Organisations, and represent the views of that Nominating Organisation's interest group. The names of the Nominating Organisations represented in the development of Australian Standards are listed on the inside cover of all Australian Standards, however

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names of the individuals representing those Nominating Organisation is not made public by Standards Australia. It should be highlighted, as we are very proud of this detail, that each State Regulator (and New Zealand) nominates a representative on ME-038 to protect their public interest in pipeline safety. The regulators are active and valuable contributors to the committee work.

3.4. Nominating Organisations The constitution, or membership, of the ME-038 Petroleum Pipelines Technical Committee is made up of representatives from the following Nominating Organisations.

Nominating Organisations to ME-038

APGA Research and Standards Committee

Australasian Corrosion Association

Australian Industry Group

Australian Institute of Petroleum Ltd

Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA)

Australian Pipelines and Gas Association Limited (APGA)

Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy (SA)

Department of Mines and Energy (NT)

Department of Mines and Petroleum (WA)

Department of Natural Resources and Mines (QLD)

Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services (NSW)

Energy Networks Association

Energy Safe Victoria

Gas Association of New Zealand

Independent Chairperson

New Zealand Institute of Gas Engineers

Standards New Zealand (ex-officio)

Welding Technology Institute of Australia

Worksafe New Zealand

3.5. ME-038 Subcommittees and Publications The ME-038 Technical Committee for Petroleum Pipelines has six subcommittees, each with its own Chair, and when active, about 30 committee members. Subcommittee members are chosen for their technical expertise in the specific area:

ME-038 Subcommittees Chair Status

ME-038-01 Design and Construction Peter Tuft Active

ME-038-02 Welding Paul Grace Active

ME-038-03 Operation and Maintenance Ed Gaykema Hold

ME-038-04 Submarine Pipelines Andrew Pearce Active

ME-038-05 Field Pressure Testing Phil Venton Hold

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ME-038 Subcommittees Chair Status

ME-038-06 Distribution pipelines - disbanded

ME-038-07 nil - non-existent

ME-038-08 Linings for oil and gas David Anderson Active

The ME-038 Technical Committee and its subcommittees are responsible for several published Standards, including the AS 2885 Suite:

AS 2885 Suite: Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum

Current Version and Status

AS 2885.0 (General Requirements) 2012 (Amendment 2 published 1-Sep-2015)

AS 2885.1 (Design and Construction) 2012 (under revision)

AS 2885.2 (Welding) 2007 (under revision)

AS 2885.3 (Operation and Maintenance) 2012

AS 2885.4 (Submarine pipeline systems) 2010 (commencing revision process)

AS NZS 2885.5 (Field Pressure Testing). 2012

AS 2885.6 (Safety Management Study) New Part –expected late 2016/early 2017

For the above listed standards, the numerically associated subcommittee is responsible for the Part (ie, Part 2 managed by ME-038-2). AS 2885.0 is currently under the remit of the Part 1 committee; however given that Part 0 is an over-arching General Requirements standard, this will be moved into the remit of the ME-038 “Main” Technical Committee during the annual meeting in February 2016. The new Part 6 (Safety Management Studies) will be developed by subcommittee ME-038-01. Through subcommittee ME-038-08, ME-038 is also responsible for the coating standards below.

Coatings / Corrosion Control Standards Current Version

AS 4822 External field joint coatings for steel pipelines 2008

AS NZS 1518 External extruded high-density polyethylene coating systems for pipes

2002

AS NZS 3862 External fusion-bonded epoxy coating for steel pipes. 2002

In the past few years there have been two official rulings from Australian Standards as to the interpretation of the Standard:

Ruling Topic

RUL PP.1-2012 Application of Welding Standard

SA RUL PP.2-2013 Application of Pressure Piping

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3.6. ME-038 Current Active Projects There are currently six active projects under ME-038:

Active ME-038 Projects: Standard under Revision

Expected Completion Date

AS/NZS 2885.2 Welding Late 2015 or early 2016

AS/NZS 2885.4 Offshore submarine pipeline system

August 2016

AS/NZS 2885.1 Design and construction Late 2016 or early 2017

AS/NZS 2885.6 Late 2016 or early 2017 Late 2016 or early 2017 – New Part for Safety Management Study

AS/NZS 3862 External fusion-bonded epoxy coating for steel pipes

TBA – adoption of ISO 21809-2

4. Timeline of AS 2885

A simplified history of the AS 2885 / ME-038 suite of standards is provided below. Not every publication revision is listed.

Year Activity

1969 Industry relied primarily upon the United States for its design, construction and operational standards for petroleum pipelines in the form of ASME B31.4 and B31.8.

1972

Australian Standard “CB 28” first published Between 1969 and 1972, Australian pipeline engineers developed an Australian Standard (CB28 – 1972) – for gas pipelines, which was, to all intents and purposes, a copy of the relevant US standards, and did not reflect Australian conditions.

1975

AS 1697 (1975) first published from CB28. Still essentially a copy of US Gas Pipeline Code B31.8, a prescriptive Standard, mandating “design” factors for pipeline thickness (this practise is still current in North America).

1976 AS 1958 (Submarine Pipelines) published.

1977

AS 2018 (Liquids) and AS 1978 (Field Pressure Testing) published.

1979- 1981

AS 1697 revisions While this new standard better reflected Australian conditions, it still bore a

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Year Activity

strong resemblance to the US standard.

1981 AS 1958 (Submarine Pipelines), AS 2018 (Liquids) revisions

1985-87 AS 1958 + AS 2018 + AS 1697 combined and published as AS 2885. In the late 1980s, there was a clear intention by a small number of pipeline engineers to develop the Australian pipeline standards according to the “laws of nature” rather than the earlier paradigm of “laws of man”. That is, to apply the outcomes of research and intelligent application of science and mathematics to setting standards, rather than relying upon empiricism and rules of thumb. This new approach was first implemented through AS 2885 - 1987. Concept of “approval” and “responsibility” introduced. Subsequently AS 2885 was separated into Parts through the early ‘90s.

1994 COAG Hobart 25 February 1994 - Free and fair trade in gas The COAG (Council of Australian Governments) agreed to adopt AS 2885 to achieve uniform national pipeline construction standards. Australian States/Territories references AS 2885 as the technical standard for pipeline design, construction and operation.

1995 AS 2885.2 (Welding) was created to “supersede and radically revise AS 2885-1987 Section 7 Welding” (as noted in the Preface to the 2002 edition).

1997 Among other updates and changes, AS 2885.1 - 1997 removed the external interference protection “design factors”, and now requires the designer to consciously design for safety, via the Safety Management Study (SMS) process.

2002 Published: AS/NZS 1518 External extruded high-density polyethylene coating systems for pipes AS/NZS 3862 External fusion-bonded epoxy coating for steel pipes. Revised: AS 2885.2 Welding

2003 AS 2885.4 (Submarine Pipeline Systems) published.

2007 Revised: AS 2885.2 Welding Revised: AS 2885.1 Design and Construction. This revision had a gestation of nearly ten years. It was catalysed by a desire in some parts of the industry to allow MAOP upgrade on existing lines, and hence the entire Standard was reviewed with that change in mind. A lot of issue papers were written around this edition. Section 9 MAOP Upgrade was introduced and the SMS

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Year Activity

requirements were substantially revised and improved. This is clear evidence of the industry’s response to industry-initiated change. The change is considered and studied, and, as appropriate, the Standard is revised to address it.

2008 AS 4822 External field joint coatings for steel pipelines AS 2885.0-2008 General Requirements (new)

2012 AS 2885.1-2012 Design and Construction AS 2885.3- 2012 Operations and Maintenance AS/NZS 2885.5: 2012 Field Pressure Testing The 2012 round of revisions were motivated partly by a desire by then Chair Phil Venton, to harmonise the various Parts, which prior to this had drifted off in various directions and introduced some inconsistencies.

2013 Commencement of projects for major revisions to: AS 2885.1 Design and Construction AS 2885.2 Welding

2015 September 2015: AS 2885.0-2008 Amendment 2 published. In late 2015 or early 2016, we expect to be publish a much-anticipated revision to AS/NZS 2885.2 (Welding)

2016-17 In 2016-17, we expect: AS/NZS 2885.4 Revision (Submarine Pipelines) AS/NZS 2885.0 Revision (General Requirements) AS/NZS 2885.1 Revision (Design and Construction) AS/NZS 2885.6 New Part (Safety Management Study)

5. Underlying Philosophies of AS 2885

There are many reasons for having an Australian standard, some of which are outlined below. The AS 2885 suite of standards is not meant to be regarded as being either an instruction manual for untrained persons, nor is it a complete detailed design specification. Although certain sections of the Standard contain specific requirements, they do not replace the need for appropriate experience and competent engineering judgement. Fundamental, sound engineering principles should be followed using the principles and practical guidelines of the Standard. It is known as “the thinking person’s standard”.

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Some reasons for a strong Australian-based Standard for gas and liquid pipelines1:

Keyword Description

Consensus Prevents proliferation of different requirements in different jurisdictions.

Ownership / Responsibility

Australian industry personnel have ownership of technical and safety requirements applicable to Australian stakeholders. This includes the technical regulators, and the public at large. AS 2885 is an industry-created standard, and it is referred to in legislation as the single and sufficient Standard. That is, the legislators trust the industry to develop and implement a standard that guarantees public safety. Within the use and application of the Standard, there is a process to ensure proper accountability for all of the decisions that are made requiring a formal approval process for all aspects of design, construction, testing, operation, and maintenance of a high pressure pipeline.

Access / Responsiveness Local and rapid access to the Committee personnel for training, and for resolution of uncertainties, and correction of errors.

Local Conditions

The Australian landscapes, and its population density conditions, are different to overseas (European and North American) conditions, and the small markets and long distances in Australia dictate the use of different technology, with an emphasis on smaller diameter, high-strength pipe with correspondingly thinner wall.

Age of infrastructure

On average, Australian pipelines are younger than those in Europe and North America. In the main, they have therefore utilised more modern technology with better quality materials (including coatings) and processes.

Size of Australian Industry

The small number of people involved in the Australian pipeline industry, and the associated regulatory organisations, together with the assistance of Standards Australia and the industry supported Research and Standards Committee (RSC) means that the processes for updating the Australian Standard are relatively very quick, and there is a steady supply of enthusiastic volunteers to undertake the task.

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Some reasons for a strong Australian-based Standard for gas and liquid pipelines1:

Keyword Description

Relevant Research

The innovative environment encouraged by having our own responsive Standard has helped foster an active and ongoing program of pipeline industry research, which has contributed significantly to the economy and integrity of Australian pipelines. The welding Standard, AS 2885.2, in particular has benefited from this research.

Cooperative Approach, Regulator Involvement

The AS 2885 suite of standards have been developed in a cooperative manner, including the Regulators, who each hold a voting position on the ME-038 committee. This provides the State-based regulators a common framework from which to address local requirements. The regulator’s participation on the committees goes a long way to ensuring that the Standard is not in conflict with state-based legislation.

Application of Sound Knowledge

The Standards Australia pipeline committees have used a first principles approach to the development of technical requirements. The Committee has as its catch-phrase that it needs to understand the laws of nature so that it can set down effective laws of man. Therefore, rather than users having a rote prescription or recipe-based approach, AS 2885 requires understanding the basis behind the application in order to properly use it.

6. International Participation

Since the early 2000s, through the APGA Research and Standards Committee, and the ME-038 committees, there has been an effort to be involved in the international technical committee responsible for pipeline-related activities. Standards Australia has a policy of adopting International Standards wherever possible. This policy is in line with Australia's obligations under the World Trade Organization's Code of Practice, which requires the elimination of technical Standards as barriers to international trade. However, where there is no equivalent relevant international standard, local standards still apply (hence, the AS 2885 suite of standards for Australian conditions).

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The technical committee ISO TC 67 is the associated international committee that ME-038 monitors, via a representative from the industry who attends the plenary meetings and coordinates the activities required for participation in ISO TC 67. ISO TC 67’s scope is the standardisation of the materials, equipment and offshore structures used in the drilling, production, transport by pipelines and processing of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons within the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Within ISO/TC 67 there are seven subcommittees (SC), listed below. TC 67/SC 02 is of most interest to ME-038:

SC 01 Line Pipe (disbanded)

SC 02 Pipeline Transportation Systems

SC 03 Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements

SC 04 Drilling and production equipment

SC 05 Casing, tubing and drill pipe

SC 06 Processing equipment and systems

SC 07 Offshore Structures

The ongoing intention of ME-038, and the APGA Research and Standards Committee, is to continue our participation in the ISO TC 67/SC 02 activities.

7. Standards Development and Review Cycle

Standards Australia has many pathways available for development of Standards. Basically, since ME-038 based Standards are established, recognised, and in use, we have a well-known approach to revisions. In order to keep the standards current and timely, the APGA RSC, and ME-038, have committed to reviewing the Standards at least every five years. ME-038 Technical Committee, since 2013, now meets annually in February, as a plenary session to receive reports from each of the subcommittee chairs, the regulators, and the international standard (ISO/TC 67/SC 02) representative. It is during these meetings that the planning for the next round of reviews is agreed to, among other plenary discussions applicable to all of the Standards that ME-038 oversees. Once a review / revision requirement is established for a Standard, the subcommittee Chair is responsible for raising a Project Proposal with Standards, which is a set process through Standards Australia. Based on resourcing availability, SA then prioritises projects twice per year, and generally the proposals become projects. For example, in 2015, we have had 3 projects accepted:

Revision to AS 2885.1

Creation of new Part AS 2885.6, and

Revision to AS 2885.4.

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In the next 12 to 18 months, the ME-038 Technical Committee will consider commencing revisions to AS 2885.3 Operation and maintenance, and AS / NZS 2885.5 Field pressure testing. Once a Project is underway with Standards Australia, the subcommittee Chair arranges the review process to take place and works with the Project Manager to progress the review. This usually occurs via meetings, email correspondence, and teleconferences. The Part 1 revision committee is currently undertaking the writing of a series of over 50 Issue Papers, which are being prepared in order to capture the numerous technical discussions and decisions being made as a course of the Part 1 revision. This process was also done for the 2007 revision; the preparation of Issue Papers is felt to be a very valuable approach. It captures the thought-process of the committee so that the discussions behind some of the decisions or changes are not lost through time and personnel changes. Once the review / revision process is complete, and the subcommittee Chair believes that the draft standard is ready for public review, it is sent for the Standards Australia “Public Comment” process. This process is typical of most standard organisations, allowing the public to comment on draft standards before they are published. Standards Australia’s public comment timeframe is 9 weeks. Once the public comment process is completed, the subcommittee Chair is responsible for reviewing and responding to the comments, in conjunction with the Project Manager and the subcommittee personnel. This usually requires a re-convening of the subcommittee to address the comments. If the comments are easily resolved, and not contentious, the draft standard is finalised and then goes to the ME-038 “Main” Committee for balloting, to agree or disagree to the publishing of the Standard. In some cases, the public comment process or final balloting uncovers technical or interpretation issues within the Standard which require resolution prior to final publication.

8. Closing Comments

This paper has been prepared by the new Chair of ME-038, in an attempt to explain and put

the ‘big picture’ around the AS 2885 Standard, and how it fits within the industry. An

important observation coming out of this exercise is that this Standard of ours has been

developed by people within the industry, and is passionately managed and maintained by

people in the industry. Importantly, we’re just people; I’ve watched over the 10 years that

I’ve been involved in the committees, how we members gather in rooms to go over, in fine

detail, the content, wording and possible interpretations of the wording for just about every

sentence in the whole Standard under review. This is an enormous task, but one that each

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of us on the various committees take very seriously, with a little bit of fun thrown in at times

too.

To quote another industry stalwart who has had an enormous influence on the AS 2885

suite, Max Kimber recently observed to me that “we now have another generation taking up

the responsibilities behind the AS 2885 Standard, and if we are to continue to use a

standard that is developed by the industry and recognised by the statutory authorities, then

we have to ensure that we follow the spirit and the contents of that standard in all

respects.” Let’s not let down those who worked so hard before us to get the Standard that

we deserve.

Please contact me, or any of the subcommittee chairs, if you have any questions, or would

like to get involved.

9. References

I would like to acknowledge the use of the following references (and people) in the preparation of this paper:

1. Fletcher et al: “Australian Standard AS 2885: A Modern Standard for Design, Construction, Welding, Operation and Maintenance of High Integrity Petroleum Pipelines” (March 2003, presentation to Joint Technical Committee)

2. Kimber, M.J.: “How Safe & Reliable are Our Pipelines?”; Published in the Australian Pipeliner, November 2003

3. Kimber, M J: “The changing face of the Australian pipeline industry, episode 3”; Australian Pipeliner July 2015.

4. Venton, P: “AS 2885 risk process: history and some thoughts”; Australian Pipeliner July 2015

5. Venton, P: Presentation to Standards Australia at the extraordinary general meeting regarding SG-009 Standards Guidelines and policies, Dec 2014

6. Standards Australia website www.standards.org.au