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The State, the Unions, and the Fairer Sex:. The Twentieth Century American Economy. Today’s Plan. Setting the Stage The New Century The Roaring ’20s A New Deal Cold War Prosperity The Second Shift Malaise and Morning Legacy. Our Focus. The Government - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The State, the Unions, and the Fairer Sex:
The Twentieth Century American Economy
Today’s Plan
• Setting the Stage• The New Century• The Roaring ’20s• A New Deal• Cold War Prosperity• The Second Shift• Malaise and Morning• Legacy
Our Focus
• The Government– Including (especially) the legal regime
• Labor– Organized and otherwise
• Women– Their role in the economy
Setting the Stage
The Law
• Autonomous Individuals
• Liberty of Contract– So no regulation
• Freedom of Trade– So no outside interference– Court injunctions against picketing, etc.
• The Lochner Era
The Octopus
The Plight of (Southern) Farmers
• Sharecropping• Falling (and
unstable) cotton prices
• Railroad and interest rates
• Anti-Trust Law• Railroad Reg.
Labor and Women
• The Pullman Strike– Eugene V. Debs
Retrenchment• Labor: Samuel Gompers
– American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Suffrage: Carrie Chapman Catt– National American Woman Suffrage
Association
The New Century
1900 Occupations
1900 Occupations
1900 Occupations
James Duval Phelan
• Mayor of San Francisco
• 1901 Challenges– Carnegie Gift– San Francisco
Waterfront Strike
Urban Unrest
Los Angeles Times Bombing (1910)
• 20 Dead, 17 Injured
Industrial Disasters
• Triangle Fire (1911)– Triangle Shirtwaist
Company– 146 Dead
Women Workers
Fordism
Progressive Constitution
• 16th Amendment: Income Tax
• 19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage
• Maternalist Welfare v. Liberty of Contract
Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt
• “Trust-Buster”
• Railroad Regulation
• Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act
• New Nationalism
Eugene V. Debs
• Reform Socialism– Gov’t Control of
RR, Banks– Unemployment &
Min. Wage– Education
• Populist & Labor Communities
“While there is a lower class, I am in it,… while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.”
Wilson’s Economic Policy
• Lower Tarriff, Gov’t Loans for Farmers
• Protecting unions from anti-trust laws
• New Freedom
Wilson’s Big Government
• WWI– Espionage and
Sedition Acts– Debs in jail, again
• Red Scare– Crippling Labor
Roaring ’20s
“Silent Cal” Coolidge“The chief business of the American people is business”
• Return to “normalcy”
• Welfare Capitalism
• The American Plan
ERA Debate
Document 1
• What strikes you?
• What surprises you?
• What puzzles you?
• What connections do you see to other historical events/documents?
A New Deal
First New Deal
• Emergency Banking Act
• Glass-Steagall Act
• “Alphabet Soup” of Keynesian Economics– FDIC, NRA, CCC, TVA, AAA, FHA, SEC, etc.
Second New Deal
• Economic Security– Wagner Act– Social Security Act
• Holes in the Safety Net– Domestic & Agricultural Workers– Southern Veto
The Supreme Court Objects
• Interstate Commerce Clause (A1,S8,C3)– “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,
and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;”
• Court Fight/Packing
• Economic Recovery/Security trumps Liberty of Contract
• In economic rights, class trumps individual
The New Deal and the Unions
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)– United Auto Workers (UAW)
• National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
• “The President Wants You to Organize!”
Women
Modern Liberalism
• Balancing– Cultural Pluralism/Civil Liberties– Socially Conscious State/Economic Planning
Cold War Prosperity
Global U.S. Economy
• Military Keynesianism
• Dollar as the Global Benchmark Currency
• Economic Dominance Replaced Colonial Dominance
“Godless Communism”
• An offense to America’s religious ideals– As a “Christian Nation”– The second of the Four Freedoms
• A challenge to Free Enterprise– “socialized”
1950s Consensus
• Modern Republicanism– Moderated expansion of
New Deal
• Consensus– Individualism– Private Property– Defense Spending
The Kitchen Debate
• American Exhibition in Moscow
• Richard Nixon & Nikita Khrushchev
• Consumer Freedom and the People’s Capitalism
The Freeway System
Suburbanization
• Federal Housing Administration
• G.I. Bill• Defense
Spending• Freeway
Family
• Women/Housewives
• Cold War Weapon
• Center of:– Consumption– Leisure– Sexual Pleasure
Turning the Tide on Labor
• Post-WWII Unionism– 1955 AFL-CIO Merger– Slowing growth from 1950-1970
• Taft-Hartley
• Right-to-Work movement
Ronald Reagan
• New Deal Democrat– Actor/Spokesperson
• FDR, Army, Truman
– Union Leader• SAG
– Liberal Anti-Communist
• G.E. Spokesman– Value of business– Limited government, anti-tax message
Young Americans for Freedom
Document 2
• What strikes you?
• What surprises you?
• What puzzles you?
• What connections do you see to other historical events/documents?
The Second Shift
The Great Society
• Speech at Howard University
• Medicaid & Medicare
• Cabinet-Level Positions
• The War on Poverty– Food Stamps & Job Training
Second Wave Feminism
• Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
• Equal Pay Act• Civil Rights Act of
1964– Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Percent of Women in the Labor Wage Force
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1890 1920 1940 1960 1980 1999
All
White
Nonwhite
Percent of Married Women in the Wage Labor Force
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1890 1920 1940 1960 1980 1999
MarriedWomen
Women as Percentage of Total Wage Labor Force
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
1890 1920 1940 1960 1980 1999
TotalWorkforce
United Farm Workers (UFW)
Cesar Chavez
Dolores Huerta
Nixon’s New Federalism
• Restoring the balance between Federal and State governments
Actual Policy Changes:• Environment
– Environmental Protection Agency– Clear Air Act, Clean Water Act– Endangered Species Act
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
• Title IX
Malaise and Morning
The Decline of Cold War Prosperity
• Stagflation
• Decline of Manufacturing
• Rise of Sunbelt
1970s Political Battles
• ERA– Liberation/
Maternalist Divide
• Tax Revolt– Prop 13
Reagan Revolution
Reaganomics
• Supply-side/trickle-down economics
• Anti-union (air traffic controllers)
• Success in:– Business profitability– Rate of inflation– Stock market
Reaganomics
• Deindustrialization
• Growing economic divides
Federalist Society
• 1982, in opposition to “orthodox liberal ideology which advocates a centralized and uniform society.”
• Supreme Court: Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia, Thomas, Alito
Legacy
The New Economy, 1
• Clinton-era prosperity– Rising wages– Low unemployment– Rising stock market– Federal budget surplus
• Deregulation– Repeal of Glass-Steagall
• Tech Bubble (2000)
The New Economy, 2
• 2002 Recession– “Jobless Recovery”– Bush Tax Cuts
• 2008 Financial Meltdown– “subprime” mortgages– Mortgage-backed securities
• Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
Income Inequality
Unemployment
Unemployment
Unemployment
Unemployment