The state of human development in the world and in Moldova

Antonio Vigilante

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

1. Norway 0.953

2. Switzerland 0,944

3. Australia 0, 959

187. South Sudan 0,388;

188. Central African Rep 0,367; 189. Niger 0,354

112. MOLDOVA (high HD) 0,700 Europe and central Asia 0,771

better than 19 countries with higher GNI per capita

52. Romania - 68. Albania - 77. Bosnia and Herzegovina - 83. Armenia -88. Ukraine - 105. Uzbekistan - 108 Turkmenistan

MOLDOVALife expectancy : 71,7 (Albania 78,5) ECA 73,4Expected years of schooling: 11,6 (Ukraine 15) ECA 13,3Mean years of schooling: 11,6 (Albania 10) ECA 7,9GNI p/c ppp : $5,504 (Uzbekistan 6,470; Albania 11,886 ECA 13,688)

(Norway 67K; Italy 35K)

G A P S between countries

31,9 years 17,5 years 12,6 years

HDI TRENDS

CHANGE IN RANK 2012-17 Ireland +13 Turkey, Dominican Rep., Botswana +8 Syria -27 Lybia -26 Yemen -20 Venezuela -16

MOLDOVA -3 (Bosnia and Herz. +7)

HDI AVERAGE ANNUAL PROGRESS 1980-2017

MOLDOVA 0,27

Mozambique 2,77 Mali 2,30 Niger 1,95 Cambodia 1,79 China 1,51

Lesotho, Lybia, Tajikistan 0,15

HD gap between countries decreasing: OECD 0,49 - Developing countries 1,04 –LDCs 1,55 No country retroceded

HDI trends

MOLDOVA HDI average annual progress 0,27 (Albania 0,73; Ukraine 0,23; Romania 0,54; Armenia 0.57;ECA 0,62) passed by 23 countries.In 1990 Moldova, Armenia and Albania had similar HDI

HDI INEQUALITY

Coefficient of human inequality

Japan 3,3 Comores 44 MOLDOVA 10,3 (ECA 11,6; S.S.A. 30.7)

Inequality in MOLDOVA contained, especially in income distribution, in line with ECA group

Inequality varies by geographic group:Sub-Saharian Africa highest in life expectancySouth Asia highest in educationLat. America and Carib. highest in income distrib.OECD and ECA lowest

GENDER INEQUALITY

Gender Inequality index: 1. Switzerland 2. Denmark 3. Netherlands158. Chad 159. Papua New Guinea 160. Yemen

MOLDOVA 48/160 (Romania 31 – Albania 52 - Ukraine 61)

In the GDI, 20 countries (including Moldova) have a higher HDI for female than male, but only one has a higher female income p/c: BurundiIf female HDI in Moldova had not been higher, the country would have fallen in the medium HD category

Largest overall gap in South Asia and Arab States

Maternal mortality : Iceland, Finland, Greece 3/100000 - Sierra Leone 1,366Parliamentary seats w: Rwanda 57% - Papua NG 0%Secondary Education only LAC parity 59/59%

Health and Education outcomes

MOLDOVA health indicators in line with Europe and central Asia, except very high male mortality rate (similar to Least Developed Countries) and Health expenditures (double than ECA).

MOLDOVA education indicators in line with ECA. Excellent literacy rates and pre-primary enrollment, government expenditures above average, low tertiary enrollment rate

Gaps in:

Infant mortality Iceland 1,5/000 - C.A.R. 88,5Literacy rate Ukraine 100% - Niger 15,5Some secondary education Iceland 100% - Niger 6,6 (Moldova 96)Primary enrollment lowest Eritrea 54%Tertiary enrollment Greece 117%; Turkey 95% - Eritrea 2% (Moldova 41)

WORK AND EMPLOYMENT

MOLDOVAvery low employment/population 40,46% andlabor force participation 42,5% (similar to average Arab States)

Labor force: Madagascar 86% - Samoa 31,5% - Jordan 39,1% Albania 56% Armenia 60,1% Ukraine 54,1 – Uzbekistan 65% - ECA 57%

High employment in agriculture 33,9% (ECA 21%)

Low and below ECA average unemployment rate 4,5% and youth unemployment 12,8%

27,8% youth not employed nor in school ECA 21,5% - Romania 17% - Armenia 36% - Albania 32%-Ukraine 18% Uzbekistan 14% - FyRoM 24,3%

South Asia: low unemployment (4%) many working poor (42%)S.S. Africa: unemployment 7% - Working poor 62%

MOLDOVAHigh male suicide rate 22,3/00000

ECA 18,8 - S.S.A 20,4 – East Asia 8 Sri Lanka 58 Greece 1,2

Low homicide rate 3,2/00000

Japan 0,3 - El Salvador 82,2ECA 4,2 East Asia 1,4 Latina Am. 23,1 OECD 4,1 Developing countries 5,7

* * *

Highest number of refugees by origin: Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar (2017)

In most countries, women justify “wife beating” more than men

Some human security observations

HUMAN MOBILITY

MOLDOVA

Migrant remittances: 20,17% GDP (Kyrgyzstan 32%; Romania 2%, Albania 10% Haiti 29%)

Internet access: 71%(Norway 97%; ECA 56%; Romania 59%; Eritrea 1,2%; ECA 56,2%)

Mobile phones: 93%(Austria 163; South Sudan 22,1%; ECA 109%)

Tourism (2016): 121,000(Albania 4,070K; Bosnia 770,000; Armenia 1,260K, Montenegro 1,662K; Ukraine 13,333K; Mongolia 404,000

ODA % of GNI : 4,1% (developing countries 0,4; SSA 2,7%, ECA 0,7%)

PERCEPTION OF WELL-BEINGMOLDOVALife satisfaction : 5,3 Latina America & C. 6,1; South Asia 4,2; ECA 5,4 – Finland 7,7Burundi, Afghanistan, South Sudan <3

Standard of living 56% ECA 60; Norway, Denmark 95; South Asia 74 Afghanistan 19

Feeling safe: male 50% (Finland 98%; Afghan. 24% OECD 76% ECA 71%

female 35% (Switzerland 87%; Afghan.15%; ECA 59%; Liberia 34%; S.S. Africa 49; Lat Am C 32 (lowest)

Trust in government (2012-17) 13%ECA 55; Brazil 17; Ukraine 11; Bosnia 13; Greece 14; Salvador 27; L.A.C 27; Albania 46; Rwanda 98, Switzerland 82; OECD 42

MOLDOVA: women feel very unsafe (?? ? - low homicide rate, but high violence by intimate partner)

Latin America M/F most satisfied but most unsafe and lowest trust in Government

QUALITY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

MOLDOVAHealth: better than average physicians 32/10,000 hosp. beds 62/10,000

Education: students assessment low Standard of living: Rural electricity 100%

World : Large gaps

Pupil/teacher ratio: Norway 9; Central African Republic 83 ECA 18 (MOLDOVA 17)Hosp. beds 0/0,000: Japan 137; Mali 1 ECA 51Physicians 0/0,000: Cuba 75; Tanzania, Ethiopia, Liberia, Niger 0,2 – SSA 1,9- ECA 24,7

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYMOLDOVA

Fossil fuels 88,7 % Sweden 26; Russia 90 ECA 87,2

Renewables 14 % India 45%; China 2,6 ECA 9,1

Emissions tonnes p/c CO2: 1,4 Qatar 45; USA 16; Brazil 2,5; China7,5, Russia 11,9; ECA 5,1

Mortality by air pollution: 78/00000 Finland 7,2; Nigeria 307 ECA 66,5

Mortality by water pollution: 0,1/00000 New Zealand 0,1 Chad 101 ECA 0,5

Forest area, change 1990-2015 : +28,2 % Togo -72% Iceland +205% ECA +8,3%

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

MOLDOVA

Adjusted net savings %GNI : 13,8 (Nepal 32; Angola -58; ECA 8,5)

Skilled labor Force %: 60,7 (Japan 99,9; Burkina F. 4%; ECA 71%)

R & D % GDP: 0,4 (Korea 4,2 ; Albania 0,2; Romania 0,5; Ukraine 3,2 ECA 0,8)

Military exp. % GDP: 0,4 (Saudi A. 10,8 Albania 1,3 Ukraine 4 ECA 2)

Educ.+health/milit. exp: 51,4 (Mauritius 58; Azerbaijan 1,8, Albania 8,8 ;South Sudan 0,4 ; ECA 4,5)

Income quintile ratio annual av.ge change (2005-2017): -3,8% (Bolivia -5,4 ;Benin 13,3; Albania -1,8)

Necessary to achieve SDGs for human developmentLeave no one behind

For MOLDOVA, especially important goals:8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all10. Reduce inequalities within and among countries16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for SD, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

For our common future, we must eradicate poverty and hunger, reduce inequalities and implement effective climate action.

The Millenium Film Festivalat the crossroad of art and civic engagement for SDGs

“I am one of those who think and say that it is possible to destroy extreme poverty. Mark you, gentlemen, I am not saying ‘reduce’, ‘lessen’, ‘limit’, ‘control’, I said destroy. Poverty is a disease of society such as leprosy was a disease of the human body, and can be eliminated just as leprosy has disappeared. Yes, it is possible. Legislators and policymakers must think about it constantly, for as long as the possible is not done, our duty will never be fulfilled.”

Victor Hugo, 1849