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The Standard Model and Beyond. Harrison B. Prosper 6 July, 2010 Fermilab Summer Lecture Series. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin (1897) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The Standard Model. What is the Standard Model?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Standard ModelThe Standard Modeland and
BeyondBeyondHarrison B. Prosper
6 July, 2010Fermilab Summer Lecture Series
2
Where Do We Come From? What Are We?
Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin
(1897) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Standard ModelThe Standard Model
4
What is the Standard Model?What is the Standard Model?
The Standard Model (SM) is a quantum field theoryquantum field theory
that describes the excitationsexcitations of quantum fields quantum fields in spacetime
We interpret these excitations as particlesparticles
Matter
Up quark Down quark
e
Electron Antielectron Neutrino
νe
u d
ForcesForcesStrong Force 11 (Gluons)(Gluons)
Binds protons and neutrons to form nuclei
Electromagnetic Force 1010-2-2 (Photon)(Photon)Binds electrons and nuclei to form atoms
Weak Force 1010-5-5 (W & Z Bosons)(W & Z Bosons)Causes radioactivity
Gravitational Force 1010-39-39 (Graviton)(Graviton)Binds matter on large scales
Discovery, Electron – 18971897
J.J Thomson
Discovery, Top Quark – 19951995 CDF & DØ
A Century of High Energy PhysicsA Century of High Energy Physics
1897 – ELECTRON discovery Thomson1909 – PROTON discovery Rutherford
1928 – ANTIMATTER theory Dirac1930 – NEUTRINO theory Pauli1932 – NEUTRON discovery Chadwick1932 – POSITRON discovery Anderson1935 – EXCHANGE theory Yukawa
1948 – QED theory Feynman,…1961 - ELECTROWEAK theory Glashow 1964 – QUARK theory Gell-Man, Zweig1964 – HIGGS theory Higgs, Englert,…1967 – ELECTROWEAK theory Weinberg, Salam,…
A Century of Particle PhysicsA Century of Particle Physics
1971 – 73 QCD theory ‘t Hooft, Veltman, Gell-Man, Frisch,
Gross, Wilzcek, Politzer
1974 – CHARM discovery Ting, Richter1977 – BOTTOM discovery Lederman1979 – GLUON1979 – GLUON discovery TASSO, JADEJADE,
MARK-J, PLUTO1983 – W & Z discovery Rubbia/UA1, UA2
1995 – TOP1995 – TOP discovery DDØØ & CDF
A Century of Particle PhysicsA Century of Particle Physics
N
Neutron
Proton
P
e
Electron νe
Anti-electron neutrino
Fermi’s 1934 theory of beta-decay
Enrico Fermi 1901 - 1954
1934 – Theory of Beta Decay1934 – Theory of Beta Decay
11
1935 – Particle Exchange Theory1935 – Particle Exchange Theory
Hideki Yukawa (1935) showed that the potential energypotential energy between two particles has the form
mm is the mass of the particleparticle exchanged between the them
RR = = hc hc / mcmc2 is the range of the force
U (r) =−
g2
4πrexπ −
rR
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
Hideki Yukawa 1907 - 1981
12
1948 – Quantum Electrodynamics1948 – Quantum Electrodynamics
Feynman invented a systematic way to calculate the force between electrically charged particles, based on Yukawa’s idea of particle exchange
g g
y y
f
Richard P. Feynman 1918 - 1988
Feynman Diagram
N
Neutron
Proton
P
e
Electron
The Weak ForceThe Weak ForceGiven the success of QED it was natural to try to create an analogous theory of the weak force
νe
Anti-electron neutrino
N
Neutron
Proton
P
e
Electron
The Weak ForceThe Weak ForceGiven the success of QED it was natural to try to create an analogous theory of the weak force
νe
Anti-electron neutrino
W-
15
1961 – The Electroweak Theory1961 – The Electroweak Theory
Glashow Theory + Higgs Theory Electroweak Theory
(1967)
Steven Weinberg Abdus Salam
Sheldon Glashow (1961)
u d e
s μ
νe
νμ
Quarks Leptons+2/3 -1/3 -1 0
1964 – The Quark Model1964 – The Quark Model
Gell-Man and Zweig
17
The Quark ModelThe Quark Model
u ud
d du
Proton Neutron
uuu
Delta++
The Delta++ puzzle
+1 0 +2
u
s
d e νe
Quarks Leptons+2/3 -1/3 -1 0
The Quark ModelThe Quark Model
u u u d d d
s s s
One possible solution: color charge color charge
(Greenberg, Frizsch, Gell-Man, Leutwyler)
μ νμ
u uu
d ud
u du
19
The Quark ModelThe Quark Model
Proton Neutron Delta++
Problem solved !
+1 0 +2
20
1971 – The Theories Make Sense!1971 – The Theories Make Sense!
Martinus Veltman Gerard 't Hooft
1971 - Proved that theories of the sort created by Glashow, Weinberg and Salam are consistent
The Strong ForceThe Strong ForceProton
u
u d
u
u d
u
u d
gg
g
u
u d
u
u d
u
u d
1972-73 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
Gross
Politzer
Wilczek
22
Discovery of the GluonDiscovery of the Gluongqqee
1979 TASSOMARK-JJADEJADEPLUTO
DESYHamburg,Germany
23
Discovery of Top the QuarkDiscovery of Top the Quark
1995CDFDØDØ
Fermilab
p π→ t→ e νe b
t → q ′q b
u u u d d d e
b b b t
c c c s s s μ
g g g g g g g g
g Z W+
νe
νt
νμ
Quarks Leptons+2/3 -1/3 -1 0
I
II
III
Bos
ons
Ferm
ions
The Standard ModelThe Standard Model
H
t t t
W-
……And BeyondAnd Beyond
26
SupersymmetrySupersymmetry
CompositenessCompositeness
StringsStrings
MultiverseMultiverse
TechnicolorTechnicolor
Extra DimensionsExtra Dimensions
Brane WorldsBrane Worlds
27
PuzzlesPuzzlesThe Identity Puzzle
What makes a top quark a top quark, an electron an electron, and a neutrino a neutrino? (Chris Quigg, 2007)
The Mass PuzzleWhat is the origin of the mass of fundamental
particles?
The Matter PuzzleWhy is there overwhelmingly more matter than
antimatter?
28
The Just-So PuzzleWhat determines the values of the Standard Model
parameters? Or, are we special?
The Gravity PuzzleWhy strongstrong: emem: weakweak: gravitygravity = 11: : 1010-2-2: : 1010-5-5: 10: 10-39-39 ?
The Dark Matter PuzzleWhat is dark matter?
The Dark Energy PuzzleWhy is dark energy?
PuzzlesPuzzles
The Mass Puzzle
u d
u
Total mass 9.6 MeV
Total mass 938 MeV !!
m =Ec2
The Proton BasketThe Proton Basket2.3 MeV 5 MeV
2.3 MeV
The Mass Puzzle – A Solution?
B. Robson, “The Generation Model and the Origin of Mass”,Int. J. Mod. Phys. E18 (2009)
T T
VT T
T
T
V
V
e
V
V
VV
V
V
T
V
V T
T
V T
T
T
u d
ν ν
d u e−
The Just-So Puzzle
d u
d
NeutronProton
u d
u
2.3 MeV2.3 MeV5.0 MeV_______9.6 MeV
5.0 MeV5.0 MeV2.3 MeV_______12.3 MeV
938.3 MeV – 9.6 MeV928.7 MeV928.7 MeV
939.6 MeV–12.3 MeV927.3 MeV927.3 MeV
Are we special?
Life in the Multiverse
Alejandro JenkinsFlorida State University
Scientific AmericanJanuary 2010
33
The Gravity PuzzleThe Gravity Puzzle
1010-39-39
Gravity on the BraneGravity on the Brane
34
Isaac Newton(1687)
F =GμMr2
rg ⋅d
rA=4πGM—∫
Gauss’ Law
Our 3-D brane
Gravity in 3 + n DimensionsGravity in 3 + n Dimensions
35
F ~ GnmMrn2
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali
(1998)
rg ⋅d
rA=4πGM—∫
Gauss’ Law
Our 3-D brane
36
R
Gravity in 3 + n DimensionsGravity in 3 + n Dimensions
F ~ GnmMrn2
Suppose that gravity can propagate a distance R away from our 3-D brane world
37
When r >> R, the gravity force should look like Newton’s law of gravity
RThis yieldsthe relationGG = = GGn n / / RRnn
F ~Gn
Rn⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟μMr2
Gravity in 3 + n DimensionsGravity in 3 + n Dimensions
Searching for Branes at Fermilab!Searching for Branes at Fermilab!
38
G
p p
g
One way: look for photon + unexplained amounts of missing momentum
39
The Era of the Large Hadron ColliderThe Era of the Large Hadron Collider
CERN
Geneva
40
The EndThe EndCERN