ICE-BREAKER VIDEO

RBG Tookie Tribute: 2thaDeath/ Mac Umi and Scribe-RBG Family Redemption - The Stan Tookie Williams Story

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Stanley WilliamsStanley Tookie Williams III (December 29, 1953 – December 13, 2005) was a leader of the Crips, a notoriousAmerican street gang which has its roots in South Central Los Angeles in 1969. In 1979 he was convicted of fourmurders committed in the course of robberies, sentenced to death, and eventually executed. Once incarcerated, heauthored several books, including anti-gang and anti-violence literature and children's books.Williams refused to help police investigate his gang, and was implicated in attacks on guards and women, as well asmultiple escape plots. In 1993, Williams began making changes in his behavior, and became an anti-gang activistwhile on Death Row in California. He renounced his gang affiliation and apologized for his role in founding theCrips, although still refused to help police investigate the gang. He also co-wrote children's books and participated inefforts intended to prevent youths from joining gangs.[1] A biographical TV-movie entitled Redemption: The StanTookie Williams Story was made in 2004, and featured Jamie Foxx as Williams.On December 13, 2005, Williams was executed by lethal injection after clemency and a four-week stay of executionwere both rejected by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, amidst debate over the death penalty and whetherWilliams' anti-gang advocacy in prison represented genuine atonement for his quadruple murder or was just a way toescape execution. Williams was the second inmate in California to be executed in 2005.

ChildhoodStanley Williams was born December 29, 1953, at the New Orleans Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana to a17-year old mother. His father abandoned the family when he was just a year old. In 1959, at the age of six, Williamsmoved with his mother from New Orleans to Los Angeles, California by a Greyhound Lines bus. His mother movedthe two into an apartment on the West Side of South Central Los Angeles.As Williams' mother worked several jobs to support them Williams was a latchkey kid and often engaged in mischiefon the streets. Williams recalled that, as a child, he would hang out in abandoned houses and vacant lots around hisneighborhood in South Central where he would watch adults get drunk, abuse drugs, gamble and engage in pit bullfights. Williams stated that after the adults finished the dog fighting they would make the children fight each other.Williams participated in these street fights regularly as a child where adults would bet on him and give him part ofthe proceeds for winning his fights. Williams was often the target of older bullies in his neighborhood and, by theage of twelve, he began carrying a switchblade in order to protect himself against older street thugs.

Early delinquent behaviorBy the time Williams reached his teens he had gained a reputation on the West Side as a vicious street fighter.Williams was expelled from several high schools in South Central L.A. for fighting and had begun doing stints injuvenile hall. In the late 1960s juvenile crime increased in South Central L.A. as new youth gangs formed after oldergangs such as the Slausons and the Gladiators disbanded and its members joined the Black Power Movement, mostnotably as part of the Black Panther Party. Initially Williams despised the predatory street gangs in South Central.Because of his viciousness and willingness to fight older youths, many of whom belonged to small-time street gangs,Williams earned the respect of many neighborhood thugs on the West Side who were leaders of their own small-timecliques.At age fifteen Williams befriended a teenager named Donald "Doc" Archie. Archie was part of a small-time WestSide clique and Williams earned the clique's respect quickly after beating up one of their members for insulting hismother. As Williams' violent reputation began to spread across South Central L.A. he became the unofficial leader ofthis clique.In 1970, at age sixteen, Williams was arrested in Inglewood, California for stealing a car and was sent to the Los Padrinos Juvenile Hall in Downey, California. While doing time at the detention center Williams was introduced to

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weightlifting by the facilities' gym coach. This experience would spark Williams' interest in bodybuilding as hebecame physically bigger and stronger by the time of his release from custody in early 1971. According to Williams,upon his release from custody, the review board asked him what he planned to do after being released. Aseventeen-year-old Williams replied that he planned on "being the leader of the biggest gang in the world."

Founding of the CripsSeventeen year-old Stanley Williams was approached by Raymond Washington in the spring of 1971, at WashingtonPreparatory High School. Washington was from the East Side of South Central, while Williams was from the WestSide of that area. A mutual friend of both young men informed Washington of Williams' toughness and hiswillingness to fight members of larger, more established street gangs like the L.A. Brims and the Chain Gang (bothgangs would later become Bloods sets; The Brims and The Inglewood Family Bloods respectively). According toWilliams' account of his initial meeting with Washington, what struck him about Washington was that, besides beingincredibly muscular, Washington and his cohort were dressed similar to Williams and his clique (leather jackets withstarched Levi's jeans and suspenders). They formed an alliance known first as the "Cribs," later changed to "Crips."(Ray Washington was killed in August 1979; his funeral took place on his birthday). Because Williams hadbefriended so many clique leaders and street toughs on the West Side, these leaders in turn rallied their members atWilliams' behest and formed what would become the West Side Crips.The purpose for creating the gang initially was to eliminate all street gangs and create a "bull force" neighborhoodwatch. Williams said: "We started out—at least my intent was to, in a sense, address all of the so-called neighboringgangs in the area and to put, in a sense—I thought 'I can cleanse the neighborhood of all these, you know, maraudinggangs.' But I was totally wrong. And eventually, we morphed into the monster we were addressing."[2] Washingtonhimself has stated that he founded the Crips not with the intention of eliminating other gangs, but to create a forcepowerful enough to protect local black people from racism, corruption and brutality at the hands of the police.At the time of the Crips' initial formation there were only three Crip sets: Washington's East Side Crips (later calledEast Coast Crips), Williams' West Side Crips and the Compton Crips, led by a teenager named Mac Thomas.Washington, Williams and Thomas went on an aggressive and violent recruitment campaign throughout the Blackghettos of Los Angeles. They challenged the leaders of other gangs to one-on-one street fights. Many gang leadersand their members acquiesed and joined the Crips. The few gangs that resisted would later form the alliance knownas the Bloods, and would become the Crips' fiercest rivals.

Leader of the CripsAs leader of the West Side Crips Williams became the archetype of the new wave of Los Angeles gang members.Williams had become incredibly muscular as a result of his intense bodybuilding regimen and never missed anopportunity to display his physique, either in street fights or at social events like concerts or the annual Watts Fest.Williams' violent exploits as a gang leader were just as legendary as his huge biceps. With his best friend and"enforcer" Curtis "Buddha" Morrow, Willliams would engage in random acts of violence against rival gang membersand innocent people alike, striking fear in both street criminals and the residents of South Central, Watts andCompton. Perhaps what made his exploits even more legendary was the fact that on numerous occasions the criminalcharges that were filed against him never stuck.As other leaders of the Crips were either murdered or incarcerated (in 1973 Raymond Washington was arrested for2nd degree robbery and sentenced to five years in prison in Tracy, California, Curtis "Buddha" Morrow was shot todeath in South Central L.A. on February 23, 1973 following a petty argument, Mac Thomas was murdered undermysterious circumstances in the mid 1970s) Williams was regarded as the leader of the Crips. Around this timeWilliams lived a dual life as a gang leader as well as a youth counselor in Compton, California, even studyingSociology at Compton College. Despite this he spent his free time participating in numerous violent attacks againstthe Bloods.

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In 1976 Williams was wounded in a drive-by shooting in Compton by members of the Bloods. While sitting on theporch of his house one evening as he'd let his dog out for a walk a carload of Bloods drove by the house and openedfire on Williams. Attempting to avoid getting hit Williams dove from the porch and was wounded in both of his legs.Despite being told by doctors that he would never walk again Williams began a nearly year long process of physicalrehabilitation and an intense workout regimen, ultimately regaining his ability to walk.

Williams' drug useWilliams began dabbling in street drugs around the age of twelve. As a preteen, Williams befriended a neighborhoodpimp who, in return for Williams performing errands for him, would reward Williams with money anddrugs—particularly quaaludes, barbiturates (then known as "Red Devils") or marijuana. After being shot, Williamsbegan smoking angel dust: marijuana joints or cigarettes dipped in PCP (also known as "sherm" or "wet daddies").PCP served two purposes for Williams; first it gave him a psychotic edge in street fights against rival gang members,secondly PCP gave Williams freakish strength and he used the drug as a performance enhancer in order to liftheavier weights when working out.Williams' personal life began to unravel: His maternal grandmother with whom he was very close died in 1976; helost his counseling job in 1977 after being implicated in a robbery that was committed by two youths from a grouphome that Williams supervised; he was denied an opportunity to compete in an amateur bodybuilding contest after itwas discovered that he was a gang leader (Williams would later appear on the 1970s variety show The Gong Showperforming a posedown routine); and his gangbanger lifestyle was beginning to take a mental toll on him, whichincluded a brief stay in the psychiatric ward of a hospital after Williams experienced a bad trip while high on PCP.With each of these setbacks, Williams found himself using PCP more and more. To support his drug habit and obtainPCP, Williams would intimidate and/or rob drug dealers in South Central L.A.. Williams' addiction to PCP wouldprove to be his undoing. He was doing cocaine at the age of 12.

CrimesIn 1979 Williams was convicted of murder in two separate incidents. Williams always maintained his innocence,though subsequent court reviews concluded that there was no compelling reason to grant a retrial.Court transcripts state that Williams met with a man who is only identified in court documents as "Darryl" late onTuesday evening, February 28, 1979.[3] Williams introduced Darryl to a friend of his, Alfred Coward, a.k.a."Blackie," a reference to his dark colored skin.A short time after the initial meeting, Darryl, driving a brown station wagon and accompanied by Williams, drove tothe home of James Garret. Williams frequently stayed with Garret, and kept some of his personal effects at thatlocation, including a 12-gauge shotgun. Williams went into the Garret residence and returned in about ten minuteswith the shotgun.The three men then went to the home of Tony Sims in Pomona, California, where they discussed where they couldgo to make some money. Afterward, they went to another residence, where Williams left the others for a period oftime. Upon returning, Williams produced a .22 caliber pistol, which he placed in the station wagon. Darryl andWilliams got into the station wagon, Coward and Sims got into another vehicle, and shortly thereafter they were onthe freeway.

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Botched robberyBoth vehicles exited the freeway in the vicinity of Whittier Boulevard, where they drove to a nearby Stop-N-Gomarket. Darryl and Sims, at the request of Williams, entered the store with the apparent intention of robbing it.Darryl was carrying the .22 pistol that Williams had deposited in the station wagon earlier. Darryl also had aWASR-10 rifle in the trunk of the car, along with two semi-automatic handguns.The clerk at the Stop-N-Go market, Johnny Garcia, had just finished mopping the floor when he observed a stationwagon and four black men at the door to the market. Two of the men entered the market. One of the men went downan aisle while the other approached Garcia.The man that approached Garcia asked for a cigarette. Garcia gave the man a cigarette and lit it for him. Afterapproximately three to four minutes, both men left the market without carrying out the planned robbery.

The 7-Eleven murderTranscripts show that next Coward and Sims followed Williams and Darryl to the 7-Eleven market located at 10437Whittier Boulevard, in Whittier, California. The store clerk, 26-year-old Albert Lewis Owens, was sweeping thestore's parking lot at 7:42 p.m. When Darryl and Sims entered the 7-Eleven, Owens put the broom and dustpan hewas using on the hood of his car and followed them into the store. Williams and Coward then followed Owens intothe store. Court records show that as Darryl and Sims walked to the counter area to take money from the register,Williams walked behind Owens, pulled the shotgun from under his jacket and told Owens to "shut up and keepwalking."[3]

While pointing the shotgun at Owens’ back, Williams directed him to a back storage room and ordered him to liedown. Coward said that he next heard the sound of a round being chambered into the shotgun. He then heard a shotand glass breaking, followed by two more shots. Records show that he shot out a security monitor and then killedOwens, shooting him twice in the back at point blank range as he lay prone on the storage room floor.

The Brookhaven Motel murdersYen-Yi Yang, 76, and his wife, Tsai-Shai C. Yang, 63, were immigrants from Taiwan. They ran the BrookhavenMotel located at 10411 South Vermont Avenue in South Central Los Angeles with their daughter, Yu-Chin YangLin, 43, and son Robert. Yu-Chin had recently joined them from Taiwan.According to court transcripts, at approximately 5:00 a.m. on March 11, 1979, Stanley Williams entered theBrookhaven Motel lobby and then broke down the door that led to the private office. Inside the office, Williams shotand killed Yen-Yi, Tsai-Shai, and Yu-Chin, after which he emptied the cash register and fled the scene.Robert, asleep with his wife in their bedroom at the motel, was awakened by the sound of somebody breaking downthe door to the motel’s office. Shortly thereafter he heard a female scream, followed by gunshots. Robert entered themotel office and found that his mother, his sister, and his father had all been shot; the cash register was empty.The forensic pathologist testified that Yen-Yi Yang suffered two close range shotgun wounds, one to his left arm andabdomen, and one to the lower left chest. Tsai-Shai also received two close range wounds, one to the tailbone, andthe other to the front of the abdomen, entering at the navel. Yee-Cheen Lin was shot once in the upper left face areaat a distance of a few feet.Witnesses testified that Williams referred to the victims in conversations with friends as "Buddha-heads".[4]

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ConvictionStanley Williams was convicted in 1979 of all four murders with special circumstances on each count of felonymurder (robbery) as well as multiple murder in the case of the Brookhaven event. The jury also convicted him ofrobbery in both cases, and found that he personally used a firearm in the commission of the crimes. The juryrecommended the death penalty, and the judge accepted the recommendation and sentenced him to death.[5]

From the beginning of his sentence, Williams maintained his innocence regarding the four murders, allegingprosecutorial misconduct, exclusion of exculpatory evidence, ineffective assistance of counsel, biased jury selection,and the misuse of jailhouse and government informants.[6] Williams claimed that the police found "not a shred oftangible evidence, no fingerprints, no crime scenes of bloody boot prints. They didn't match my boots, noreyewitnesses. Even the shotgun shells found conveniently at each crime scene didn't match the shotgun shells that Iowned." However, the prosecution's firearms expert, a sheriff's deputy, testified during trial that the shotgun shellrecovered from the Yang murder crime scene matched test shells from the shotgun owned by Stanley Williams. Nosecond examiner verified his findings. The Defense claims this expert's methodology was "junk science at best."[7]

Williams' gun was found in the home of a couple with whom he occasionally stayed. According to the DistrictAttorney, the husband was undergoing sentencing for receiving stolen property and tried for extortion. Williams'lawyers have claimed that the District Attorney quashed a murder investigation in exchange for their testimony. Thetwo shells recovered from the Owens crime scene were consistent with shells fired from this gun, with noexclusionary markings. The shell recovered from the Yang crime scene was conclusively matched to Williams'weapon "to the exclusion of all other firearms."[3]

Critics claim that although he renounced gangs and apologized for his role in co-founding the Crips, Williamscontinued to associate with Crips members in prison. However, when contacted about Williams' alleged ongoinggang activity, Los Angeles Police Department spokeswoman April Harding said there was no evidence of his gangleadership. Opponents also pointed out that he received a significant amount of money from outside sources. Theystated that people who appreciate Williams' work sent him money. "It's as simple as that," said Williams'spokeswoman Barbara Becnel.[8]

The prosecution removed three blacks from serving as jurors in Williams' trial. Williams' lawyers claimed that hewas convicted by a jury that had no blacks, one Latino, one Filipino-American, and ten caucasians.[9] The DistrictAttorney provided proof, however, in the form of a death certificate and the sworn affidavit of another juror, thatjuror #12, William James McLurkin, was black.[3] The defense responded that, contrary to the sworn affidavit,McLurkin did not appear black. They maintain that the trial record indicates that none of the lawyers—andparticularly the prosecutor—thought Mr. McLurkin was black. McLurkin's driver license photo and the fact that bothhe and his mother were born in the Philippines was presented as additional evidence in a November 2005 petition forclemency. The defense, however, has neither stated whether or not his mother was actually Filipina, nor refuted theevidence that McLurkin was black.[7]

According to the clemency petition, in his closing arguments, prosecuting District Attorney Robert Martin describedWilliams as a "Bengal tiger in captivity in a zoo" and said that the jury needed to imagine him in his natural "habitat"which was like "going into the back country, into the hinterlands." In a radio interview, Martin insisted that theanalogy was not meant to be racial, and instead was a metaphor to the fact that Williams appeared in court dressed inbusiness attire much like an animal in a zoo appears more docile than it would be in the wild.[10]

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Williams threatens jurorsIn the Court of Appeals summary of the case, Williams stated that various jurors misconstrued as a threat a questionthat he asked defense counsel at the close of the guilt phase. The trial record shows that after the jurors returned theirguilty verdicts, Williams said, 'Sons of !@%*,' in a voice sufficiently loud that the court reporter included it in thetrial transcript. "On the day that the jury began its penalty-phase deliberations, an alternate juror reported to thebailiff that he was going to get all of them." [11]

Prison lifeAs inmate CDC# C29300 at San Quentin State Prison Williams spent 6½ years in solitary confinement in the late1980s for multiple assaults on guards and fellow inmates.[3][12][13] According to a classification report found on page8 of filings by his lawyers during the clemency proceedings dated August 5, 2004, Williams had no violations sincethat time.[14]

Challenges to the conviction

AppealsTookie Williams appealed his conviction in the state courts, and filed a petition in the federal courts for habeascorpus relief. The State courts affirmed the conviction. The lower federal court denied the habeas petition. In 2001,the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit heard Williams' appeal from the lower federal court. Theappellate court denied Williams' appeal in 2002, but noted that the federal courts were not his only forum for reliefand that he could request clemency from the Governor of California.

Activist response and community reactionIn late 2005, a campaign began to urge Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to grant clemency for Williams inconsideration of his work as an anti-gang activist and asserted redemption. Thousands of people signed onlinepetitions calling for Schwarzenegger to commute the death sentence. Those who campaigned against the executionincluded entertainers, politicians, and Nobel laureates. In early November 2005, Williams' attorneys filed his formalpetition for executive clemency, as well as a motion to obtain new evidence. (See below for the full text of thedocuments filed in these proceedings.)The state, through the office of the Los Angeles County District Attorney, opposed the clemency petition. The LosAngeles Police Department, the Los Angeles County District Attorney, and other law enforcement groups disputedthat Williams had in fact reformed, saying that he refused to divulge information on other gang members, or debriefofficials on the tactics and communication methods that gangs use. Williams said he didn't want to be a "snitch."[15]

The clemency petition emphasized the theme of Williams' redemption, rather than his claim of actual innocence. Atleast one commentator felt this strategy was flawed: San Francisco Chronicle writer Bob Egelko noted doubts statedby the courts handling the appeals and quoted Austin Sarat, professor of law and politics at Amherst College inMassachusetts and author of Mercy on Trial, a book about clemency: "It's [actual innocence] about the only groundin which governors grant clemency in the modern period...I know of no case in which a death row inmate has beenspared (solely) on the basis of post-conviction rehabilitation."[16]

On December 8, 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger held a clemency hearing. The one-hour, closed-door meeting tookplace as a crowd consisting of both supporters of Williams and proponents of capital punishment congregatedoutside the Capitol in Sacramento. Schwarzenegger described the decision whether to grant clemency as "thetoughest thing when you are governor, dealing with someone's life."While the clemency petition was pending before the governor, Williams also filed further appeals in the courts. On November 30, 2005, the California Supreme Court, in a 4-3 decision, refused to reopen Williams' case.[17] On

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December 11, 2005, the California Supreme Court denied Williams' request for a stay of execution. Supporters ofWilliams also made another plea directly to Governor Schwarzenegger to stay the execution.[18]

Also during this period, the media, community organizations, and relatives of the victims were speaking out. Inmid-November 2005, talk show hosts John and Ken of the John and Ken Show on Clear Channel's KFI radio in LosAngeles, California started a "Tookie Must Die (For Killing Four Innocent People)" hour on their show daily untilthe execution of Williams. In the hour, they interviewed advocates of both sides of the issue and expressed theirsupport of the impending execution.Many anti-death penalty and civil rights organizations around the country organized activist campaigns to stop theexecution, including the Campaign to End the Death Penalty, the NAACP, A.N.S.W.E.R., and others. Tookie'sfriend, co-author and political collaborator, Barbara Becnel, helped to spearhead much of the organizing. Celebritiesalso joined the fight, including Snoop Dogg, who appeared at a clemency rally wearing a shirt advertising the SaveTookie website and performed a song he had written for Williams, and Jamie Foxx, who - noting that Tookie'sexecution date was his birthday - publicly stated that the only birthday present he wanted was clemency forWilliams. Other prisoners were also involved in activism to save Williams's life. Tony Ford, whose death sentence ina disputed case has been indefinitely stayed,[19] helped organize a prisoners' strike in Texas protesting Williams'execution.On November 29, 2005, the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California announced that more than175,000 Californians had signed a petition requesting the temporary suspension of executions in California until theCalifornia Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice could complete its study,[20] due by December 31,2007. The "California Moratorium on Executions Act", A.B.1121, is scheduled to have its first hearing in January2006. Press conferences and rallies in more than a dozen California cities called for a halt to all executions and askedGovernor Schwarzenegger to commute Williams’ death sentence to a sentence of life without parole; demonstrationsagainst the death penalty also took place in numerous cities around the world.On December 8, 2005, Lora Owens, the stepmother of Albert Owens, one of the victims, made a statementexpressing her opinion of Stanley Williams: "I think he [Williams] is the same cold-blooded killer that he was thenand he would be now if he had the opportunity again."[21] Owens' two daughters, Rebecca and Andrea, who were 8and 5 when their father was murdered, also opposed clemency and recalled that they were aghast when they hadlearned that their father's murderer was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize.[22]

By contrast, on December 9, 2005, Linda Owens, Albert Owens' widow, issued a statement in support of Williams’efforts to bring an end to gang violence and his call for peace between gangs: "I, Linda Owens want to build uponMr. Williams' peace initiative. I invite Mr. Williams to join me in sending a message to all communities that weshould all unite in peace. This position of peace would honor my husband's memory and Mr. Williams' work."[23]

The Governor denies clemencyOn December 12, 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger denied clemency for Williams. In his denial, GovernorSchwarzenegger cited the following:• "The possible irregularities in Williams’ trial have been thoroughly and carefully reviewed by the courts, and

there is no reason to disturb the judicial decisions that uphold the jury’s decisions that he is guilty of these fourmurders and should pay with his life."

•• The basis of his request for clemency is the "personal redemption Stanley Williams has experienced and thepositive impact of the message he sends," yet "it is impossible to separate Williams' claim of innocence from hisclaim of redemption."

• "Cumulatively, the evidence demonstrating Williams is guilty of these murders is strong and compelling...there isno reason to second guess the jury’s decision of guilt or raise significant doubts or serious reservations aboutWilliams’ convictions and death sentence."

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•• "Williams has written books that instruct readers to avoid the gang lifestyle and to stay out of prison...(h)e hasalso...tried to preach a message of gang avoidance and peacemaking...(i)t is hard to assess the effect of suchefforts in concrete terms, but the continued pervasiveness of gang violence leads one to question the efficacy ofWilliams' message."

• "The dedication of Williams' book Life in Prison casts significant doubt on his personal redemption… the mix ofindividuals on [the dedication] list is curious… (b)ut the inclusion of George Jackson on the list defies reason andis a significant indicator that Williams is not reformed and that he still sees violence and lawlessness as alegitimate means to address societal problems."

• "Is Williams’ redemption complete and sincere, or is it just a hollow promise? Stanley Williams insists he isinnocent, and that he will not and should not apologize or otherwise atone for the murders of the four victims inthis case. Without an apology and atonement for these senseless and brutal killings there can be no redemption. Inthis case, the one thing that would be the clearest indication of complete remorse and full redemption is the onething Williams will not do."

Governor Schwarzenegger summarized by basing his denial of clemency on the "totality of circumstances."[24]

Last legal efforts to save WilliamsOn the same day the governor denied Williams clemency, Jonathan Harris, a New York counsel with Curtis,Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, filed a response summarizing new evidence of innocence.[25]

It included reference to an affidavit by Gordon Bradbury von Ellerman attesting to belief in Williams' innocence.Dated December 10, it states that he called the NAACP on December 8 after reading in the Daily Breeze that hiscellmate, George Oglesby, had testified against Williams. He states that he had observed Oglesby receive policereports on Williams and others. Mr. Oglesby told Von Ellerman that he was using the documents to testify againstWilliams and others "to gain a reduction or eliminate charges against him." Von Ellerman also observed Oglesbycopying from samples of Williams' handwriting to "create incriminating documents that would appear to be writtenby Mr. Williams."[26] Prosecutors had cited handwritten notes written by Mr. Williams about an escape plan whichinvolved the killing of a bus driver and another accomplice.[3]

Execution

San Quentin State Prison, where Williams wasincarcerated and executed

On December 13, 2005, after exhausting all forms of appeal, Williamswas executed by lethal injection at San Quentin State Prison,California. Newsweek reported thousands of protesters outside, most ofwhom were seeking Williams' clemency. He was the 12th person to beexecuted by the state following the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decisionof Gregg v. Georgia.

Williams provided no last words to the prison warden. In an interviewon WBAI Pacifica radio hours before the execution, he stated:[27]

"My lack of fear of this barbaric methodology of death, Irely upon my faith. It has nothing to do with machismo,with manhood, or with some pseudo former gang streetcode. This is pure faith, and predicated on my redemption.So, therefore, I just stand strong and continue to tell you, your audience, and the world that I aminnocent and, yes, I have been a wretched person, but I have redeemed myself. And I say to you and allthose who can listen and will listen that redemption is tailor-made for the wretched, and that's what I

used to be…That's what I would like the world to remember me. That's how I would like my legacy to be remembered as: a redemptive transition, something that I believe is not exclusive just for the

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so-called sanctimonious, the elitists. And it doesn't—is not predicated on color or race or social stratumor one's religious background. It's accessible for everybody. That's the beauty about it. And whetherothers choose to believe that I have redeemed myself or not, I worry not, because I know and Godknows, and you can believe that all of the youths that I continue to help, they know, too. So with that, Iam grateful…I say to you and everyone else, God bless. So take care."

Witnesses described the mood in the execution chamber as somber, and Williams showed no resistance as he was ledinto the execution chamber. After Williams was strapped to the gurney, he struggled against the straps holding himdown to look up at the press gallery behind him, and to exchange glances with his supporters.Williams's advocate and editor Barbara Becnel was also a witness to Williams's execution. In the epilogue ofWilliams's reprinted memoir, Blue Rage, Black Redemption,[28] Becnel reported that prior to Williams's arrival in thedeath chamber, he had promised her that "he would find a way to lift his head and smile at me at some point duringhis execution, no matter what was being done to him. And that is exactly what he did."Williams then rested his head on the gurney while medical technicians began inserting needles in his veins, althoughCNN reported the staff had difficulty inserting the needles and the usually-short process took almost 20 minutes.[29]

Contra Costa Times reporter John Simerman added, "They had some trouble with the second I.V., which was in theleft arm… Williams, at one point, grimaced or looked almost out of frustration…at the difficulty there…He had hisglasses on the whole time. He kept them on, and he kept looking…"With a look of frustration on his face, Williams angrily asked the technicians, "You guys doing that right?" A femaleguard whispered to him, and a second guard patted Williams' shoulder as if to comfort him. Williams shed one silenttear but otherwise showed no emotion as he died.[30] Members of Albert Owens' family who witnessed the executionwere described as stony-faced; however, Lora Owens appeared very upset, according to MSNBC anchor Rita Cosby.Kevin Fagan, a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle, wrote a detailed description of the execution:[30]

"This is the sixth one I have seen here at San Quentin, and I have to say this was very different. Themost notable thing was that Williams had supporters at the back of the room… Mrs. Becnel was amongthem, I understand. We could see them, and throughout the last part of the execution—or preparing himwhen he was still conscious, they gave what looked like black power salutes several times to him, oneman and two women. And most strikingly at the end of the execution, as those three were heading out,they yelled, 'The State of California just killed an innocent man!' which is the first time I ever heard anyoutburst in the death chamber there."

After Williams was pronounced dead at 12:35 a.m. PST (08:35 UTC), several reporters who witnessed the executionheld a news conference.[31]

AftermathWilliams' spokeswoman and co-author, Barbara Becnel, said shortly after Williams's death that she is "now on amission" to obtain justice for Stanley Tookie Williams.[32] Williams directed Becnel to receive his body and Becnelbegan making the funeral arrangements.[33]

Becnel reacted to Williams' execution by saying, "We are going to prove his innocence, and when we do, we aregoing to show that Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger is, in fact, himself a cold blooded murderer."[34]

Williams' body was laid out for viewing on December 19, 2005 and drew 2,000 mourners.[35] A memorial servicewas held in Los Angeles on December 20, 2005, where Becnel read his final wishes. Williams' funeral filled the1,500 seat Bethel AME church and drew a wide variety of people from current gang members to celebrities andreligious leaders.[36] On June 25, 2006, Barbara Becnel and Williams' longtime friend, Shirley Neal, sprinkled hisashes into a lake in Thokoza Park in the city of Soweto, South Africa as Williams had wished.At his funeral, the last words of Williams echoed from a tape played to mourners, whom he asked to spread amessage to loved ones:

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"The war within me is over. I battled my demons and I was triumphant.""Teach them how to avoid our destructive footsteps. Teach them to strive for higher education. Teach them topromote peace and teach them to focus on rebuilding the neighborhoods that you, others, and I helped todestroy."

Rapper Snoop Dogg, himself a former Crip, recited a poem to mourners about the execution:"It's 9:15 on 12/13 and another black king will be taken from the scene."[37]

Crips Gang member and rapper, WC, made a reference to the execution of Williams on his album Guilty byAffiliation: "Charles Manson can kill and live to see another day, but if you're black like Tookie they're gonna stealyou away."

Williams' childrenTravon Williams, the older son by Bonnie Williams-Taylor, whom Williams wed in 1981 before his conviction, was32 years old at the time of his father's execution. Williams-Taylor talked to her ex-husband by phone that day. "Hewas great. He said he was at peace with himself and proud of his son," who avoided the gang life, according to LeslieFulbright, a staff writer for the San Francisco Chronicle.[38] Travon is married, a father, owns a home and works fora social services agency in the Los Angeles area, said Barbara Becnel, Stanley Williams' co-author.[39]

Travon was the only family member who spoke at the funeral. Williams' son "brought the church to its feet"[40] whenhe promised to teach Schwarzenegger about redemption. He said, "I feel it's my duty to go on a worldwide campaignto show that redemption is real," he said.Stanley Williams' other son, Stanley "Little Tookie" Williams, IV, a Neighborhood Crip, was found guilty ofshooting a 20-year-old woman to death in an alley off Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Williams IV was sentencedto sixteen years in prison for second-degree murder.[41]

References

Books by Williams•• Blue Rage, Black Redemption: A Memoir (Quality Trade) by Stanley Tookie Williams, foreword by Tavis

Smiley, epilogue by Barbara Becnel, 2007, (QT) ISBN 1-4165-4449-4•• Blue Rage, Black Redemption: A Memoir (Paperback) by Stanley Tookie Williams, 2005, (PB) ISBN

0-9753584-0-5• Gangs and Drugs (Williams, Stanley. Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence,) by Stanley Williams, Barbara

Cottman Becnel, 1997, (PB) ISBN 1-56838-135-2, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 9–12• Gangs and Self-Esteem: Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence (Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence)

by Stanley Williams, Barbara Cottman Becnel, 1999, (PB) ISBN 0-613-02690-X, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages4–8

• Gangs and the Abuse of Power (Williams, Stanley. Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence.) by StanleyWilliams, Barbara Cottman Becnel, 1997, ISBN 1-56838-130-1, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 9–12

• Gangs and Violence (Williams, Stanley. Tookie Speaks Out Against Gangs.) by Stanley Williams, BarbaraCottman Becnel, 1997, (PB) ISBN 1-56838-134-4 (HB) ISBN 0-8239-2345-2, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 4–8

• Gangs and Wanting to Belong (Williams, Stanley. Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence.) by StanleyWilliams, Barbara Cottman Becnel, 1997, (PB) ISBN 1-56838-131-X, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 9–12

• Gangs and Weapons (Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence) by Stanley Tookie Williams, Barbara CottmanBecnel, 1997, (PB) ISBN 1-56838-132-8, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 9–12

• Gangs and Your Friends (Williams, Stanley. Tookie Speaks Out Against Gangs.) by Stanley Williams, BarbaraCottman Becnel, 1997, (PB) ISBN 1-56838-136-0, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 4–8

Stanley Williams 11

• Gangs and Your Neighborhood (Williams, Stanley. Tookie Speaks Out Against Gang Violence.) by StanleyWilliams, Barbara Cottman Becnel, 1997, (PB) ISBN 1-56838-137-9, 24 pages, Reading level: Ages 4–8

• Life in Prison by Stanley Tookie Williams, Barbara Cottman Becnel, 1998, (PB) ISBN 1-58717-094-9, 80 pages,Reading level: Ages 4–8 (royalties donated to the Institute for the Prevention of Youth Violence)

•• Redemption : From Original Gangster to Nobel Prize Nominee - The Extraordinary Life Story of Stanley TookieWilliams (Paperback) by Stanley Williams, 2004, (HB) ISBN 1-903854-34-2

Magazines• "Stanley 'Tookie' Williams Executed" [42], ABC KGO-TV / Associated Press. December 13, 2005. Retrieved

December 13, 2005.• Leithead, Alistair. "Reformed gang leader awaits death" [43], BBC News. December 1, 2005. Retrieved December

1, 2005.• Alex Alonso. "Stanley Tookie Williams, Could be First Gang Member Executed in California" [44], Street Gangs

Magazine. October 26, 2005. Retrieved December 8, 2005.• THE HUTCHINSON REPORT: Why 'Tookie' Williams? [45]

• State's high court won't spare Williams [46]

• The Peoples' Clemency Hearing [47] Socialist Worker• Tookie's Mistaken Identity: On the Trail of the Real Founder of the Crips [48]

• "Hypocrisy Trumps Clemency" [49]. The Nation, (December 14, 2005).• Alex Alonso. "SChange the Conversation about Tookie to the merits of the Case" [50], Street Gangs Magazine.

December 6, 2005.• Yogis, Jaimal Killing the Death Penalty.[51] San Francisco Magazine 2006

Notes[1] Paul Van Slambrouck, "On Death Row, an Author and Nobel Nominee," Christian Science Monitor (28 November 2000) p. 1.[2] "A Conversation with Death Row Prisoner Stanley Tookie Williams from his San Quentin Cell" (http:/ / www. democracynow. org/ article.

pl?sid=05/ 11/ 30/ 153247). 2005-11-30. . Retrieved 2009-09-10.[3] "Los Angeles County District Attorney's Response To Stanley Williams' Petition For Executive Clemency" (http:/ / da. co. la. ca. us/ pdf/

swilliams. pdf). 2005-11-16. .[4] Schwarzenegger, Arnold. 'STATEMENT OF DECISION: Request for Clemency by Stanley Williams' (12 December 2005) p. 1. http:/ /

graphics8. nytimes. com/ packages/ pdf/ national/ Williams_Clemency_Decision. pdf[5] People v. Williams (Cal Sup Ct April 11, 1988). Text (http:/ / online. ceb. com/ calcases/ C3/ 44C3d1127. htm)[6] "A Conversation with Death Row Prisoner Stanley Tookie Williams from his San Quentin Cell" (http:/ / www. democracynow. org/ article.

pl?sid=05/ 11/ 30/ 153247). November 30, 2005. .[7] "REPLY PETITION FOR EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY" (http:/ / www. streetgangs. com/ magazine/ images/ executiveclemency_reply. pdf). .[8] KIM CURTIS (Thursday, November 17, 2005). "Prison officials launch unusual criticism of death row inmate" (http:/ / www. nctimes. com/

news/ state-and-regional/ article_37a19d48-859c-58da-b87f-d597d3ac4c45. html). Associated Press. .[9] http:/ / www. tookie. com/ tookie_fact_sheet_10. 18. 05. pdf[10] http:/ / secure. eonstreams. com/ kfi_am/ jk5p120905. mp3[11] "Opinions" (http:/ / www. ca9. uscourts. gov/ ca9/ newopinions. nsf/ BD82194097E1066888256C3000546E6D/ $file/ 9999018. pdf). .[12] http:/ / www. cdcr. ca. gov/ News/ docs/ StanleyWilliams. pdf[13] Lefevre, Greg (December 4, 2000). "Death row inmate nominated for Nobel Peace Prize" (http:/ / archives. cnn. com/ 2000/ US/ 12/ 02/

death. row. nobel/ ). CNN.com. . Retrieved 22 September 2009.[14] http:/ / www. cm-p. com/ pdf/ executiveclemency_reply_ex. pdf[15] Del Barco, Mandalit (November 21, 2005). "Facing Execution, Tookie Williams Hopes for Clemency" (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/

story/ story. php?storyId=5021167). .[16] Egelko, Bob (Wednesday, December 7, 2005). "A QUESTION OF EVIDENCE Stanley Tookie Williams' best hope for clemency may

depend more on raising doubt about his guilt than on his redemption" (http:/ / sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?file=/ c/ a/ 2005/ 12/ 07/MNG60G468I1. DTL). San Francisco Chronicle. .

[17] http:/ / news. findlaw. com/ ap/ o/ 632/ 12-01-2005/ 2b820005b6b126ef. html[18] "Schwarzenegger Won't Spare Tookie's Life" (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/ 0,2933,178403,00. html). Fox News. Monday, December

12, 2005. .[19] http:/ / texasmoratorium. org/ article. php?sid=1047

Stanley Williams 12

[20] http:/ / www. aclunc. org/ pressrel/ 051129-dp. html[21] "Victim's Family Says No Clemency for Tookie Williams" (http:/ / abcnews. go. com/ GMA/ LegalCenter/ story?id=1385338). December 8,

2005. .[22] Fulbright, Leslie (December 4, 2005). "MEASURE OF A MAN?S LIFE" (http:/ / articles. sfgate. com/ 2005-12-04/ news/

17402626_1_stanley-tookie-williams-rebecca-owens-father). The San Francisco Chronicle. .[23] http:/ / www. naacp. org/ news/ 2005/ 2005-12-09. html[24] "STATEMENT OF DECISION Request for Clemency by Stanley Williams" (http:/ / graphics8. nytimes. com/ packages/ pdf/ national/

Williams_Clemency_Decision. pdf). The New York Times. .[25] Jonathan Harris (December 12, 2005). "Stanley Williams Emergency Stay" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060219013836/ http:/ / naacp.

org/ inc/ docs/ index/ stanley_williams_emergency_stay. pdf). Archived from the original (http:/ / naacp. org/ inc/ docs/ index/stanley_williams_emergency_stay. pdf) on February 19, 2006. .

[26] "Declaration of Gordon Bradbury von Ellerman" (http:/ / www. savetookie. org/ documents/ Affidavit. pdf). .[27] "Stanley Tookie Williams: I Want the World to Remember Me for My "Redemptive Transition"" (http:/ / www. democracynow. org/ 2005/

12/ 13/ stanley_tookie_williams_i_want_the). December 13, 2005. .[28] (Simon & Schuster, November 2007)[29] . http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2005/ LAW/ 12/ 13/ williams. execution/ .[30] Fagan, Kevin (Wednesday, December 14, 2005). "THE EXECUTION OF STANLEY TOOKIE WILLIAMS Eyewitness: Prisoner did not

die meekly, quietly" (http:/ / sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?f=/ c/ a/ 2005/ 12/ 14/ MNG05G7QMA1. DTL). San Francisco Chronicle. .[31] Their description can be found here (http:/ / www. democracynow. org/ article. pl?sid=05/ 12/ 13/ 1524254)[32] Muhammad, David (December 13, 2005). "Activists: A Peacemaker is Killed" (http:/ / www. finalcall. com/ artman/ publish/ article_2327.

shtml). . Retrieved 2009-10-17.[33] Dolan, Maura (December 14, 2005). "Large Funeral Planned for Williams, Friend Says" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2005/ dec/ 14/ local/

me-funeral14). The Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.[34] Dolan, Maura (November 29, 2005). "Telling His Story to Save His Life" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2005/ nov/ 29/ local/ me-tookie29).

Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 2009-07-01.[35] Sahagun, Louis (December 20, 2005). "A Public Goodbye for Williams" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2005/ dec/ 20/ local/

me-williams20). The Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.[36] Richardson, Lisa (December 21, 2005). "Funeral Service Celebrates Williams' Conversion From Violence to Peace" (http:/ / articles.

latimes. com/ 2005/ dec/ 21/ local/ me-williams21). The Los Angeles Times. .[37] . http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2005/ US/ 12/ 20/ tookie. funeral. ap. ap/ index. html.[38] Williams' ashes to be taken to South Africa (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?file=/ c/ a/ 2005/ 12/ 14/ ASHES. TMP), SFGate,

Tuesday, December 13, 2005[39] according to Associated Press writer Kim Curtis in November 2005 (http:/ / www. contracostatimes. com/ mld/ cctimes/ news/ local/

crime_courts/ 13189808. htm)[40] According to the December 21, 2005 article, "Funeral Service Celebrates Williams' Conversion From Violence to Peace; About 2,000

mourners hear celebrities and friends call the Crips' co-founder's execution a waste and praise his advocacy for children" written by LA Timesstaff writer Lisa Richardson (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ local/ la-me-williams21dec21,1,6729587. story)

[41] Ben Johnson. Let Tookie Williams Die (http:/ / frontpagemag. com/ articles/ Read.aspx?GUID=178B4B97-3FAD-4B6F-9435-648A03754485), FrontPageMagazine.com, 2005-12-01

[42] http:/ / abclocal. go. com/ kgo/ story?section=state& id=3719337[43] http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 4486178. stm[44] http:/ / www. streetgangs. com/ magazine/ 102605tookie. php[45] http:/ / eurweb. com/ story. cfm?id=23638[46] http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2005/ LAW/ 11/ 30/ williams. execution/ index. html[47] http:/ / www. socialistworker. org/ 2005-2/ 568/ 568_06_Clemency. shtml[48] http:/ / www. laweekly. com/ ink/ 06/ 04/ news-krikorian. php[49] http:/ / www. thenation. com/ doc/ 20051226/ shapiro[50] http:/ / www. streetgangs. com/ magazine/ 120605cantu. html[51] http:/ / www. sanfranmag. com/ archives/ view_story/ 1212/

Stanley Williams 13

External links• Transcript and audio of interview with Williams (http:/ / www. democracynow. org/ article. pl?sid=05/ 11/ 30/

153247) (Democracy Now!)• People v. Williams (1988) 44 C3d 1127, Habeas Corpus filed on behalf of Williams (http:/ / www. streetgangs.

com/ magazine/ tookie1127_88. html)• Transcript and audio of interview with Tookie a few hours before his execution with (http:/ / www.

democracynow. org/ article. pl?sid=05/ 12/ 13/ 1525206) Democracy Now!• The Crimes of Tookie Williams (http:/ / crime. about. com/ od/ deathrow/ a/ tookie2. htm) (About.com)• Webcast of Williams' memorial service (http:/ / www. finalcall. com/ webcast/ tookie/ )• Stan "Tookie" Williams Memorial (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=12672715) at

Find A Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ )• Stanley Williams (http:/ / www. cdcr. ca. gov/ News/ docs/ StanleyWilliams. pdf). California Department of

Corrections and Rehabilitation. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.• Obituary (http:/ / www. lastingtribute. co. uk/ famousperson/ williams/ 2651430)

Legal documents• PDF files:

• Motion for Post Judgment Discovery (http:/ / www. savetookie. org/ brady_discovery_motion. pdf)(savetookie.org)

• Executive Clemency petition (http:/ / www. cm-p. com/ pdf/ executiveclemency. pdf) filed by Curtis,Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, from the law firm's website

• Los Angeles County District Attorney's Response to Clemency petition (http:/ / da. co. la. ca. us/ pdf/swilliams. pdf) from the District Attorney's website

• Executive Clemency Reply petition (http:/ / www. cm-p. com/ pdf/ executiveclemency_reply. pdf) filed byCurtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, from the law firm's website

• Stanley Williams v. Jill Brown, filed in the Supreme Court of the United States of America (http:/ / www.streetgangs. com/ magazine/ 070605AmicusFinal. pdf) - www.streetgangs.com

News articles• Snoop Dogg, Barbara Becnel and Minister Tony Muhammad speak at Rally (http:/ / www. streetgangs. com/

magazine/ 112105sanquentin. html), Alex Alonso, November 21, 2005.• "Stanley Tookie Williams, Could be First Gang Member Executed in California" (http:/ / www. streetgangs. com/

magazine/ 102605tookie. php), Alex Alonso, December 10, 2005. Retrieved December 21, 2005.• "Tookie’s Mistaken Identity; On the trail of the real founder of the Crips" (http:/ / www. laweekly. com/ ink/ 06/

04/ news-krikorian. php), L.A. Weekly, December 16–22, 2005. Retrieved December 21, 2005.• "Watching Williams die" (http:/ / www. contracostatimes. com/ mld/ cctimes/ 13396886. htm), Contra Costa

Times, December 13, 2005.

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsStanley Williams  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=535066104  Contributors: *Ria777*, 13dble, 15thWardWestBank, 1dot3, 2602:306:CC3E:F0E0:6512:C8C4:C50B:CA86,28bytes, 2sc945, 49ers14, 5 albert square, 6crillion, AEMoreira042281, AKGhetto, Aatomic1, Adashiel, Adnghiem501, Adorno rocks, Adrian, Affidavit4835, Ahpook, Ajd, Akamad, Akira625,Alan Kurtz, Alansohn, Alec6, Alexnathanson, Alhutch, Alkivar, Alksub, Amp71, Anastrophe, Andrea0605, Andrewlp1991, Andrewpmk, Android79, Angelic Wraith, Animum, Antandrus,AntonioMartin, Appzter, Ario, Arthena, Assawyer, Auntof6, Austriacus, B, B.ellis, BD2412, BKeezy902, Bababooey, Babajobu, Bambaataa100, BandieraRossa, Banes, BanyanTree, Barbbec,Barneygumble, Baseballbaker23, Batman2005, Bbatsell, Bbsrock, Bcarlson33, Bdesham, Beamathan, Beltz, Ben Epsilon, Ben Jos, Ben Whiteside, Ben-w, Benjamin Mako Hill, Berasategui,Bernard Hibbitts, Beth Wellington, Bicyclemark, Bigj, Bilby, Blake-, BlankVerse, BlueGoose, Bluemoose, Bmdavll, Bobblewik, Bodeekwa, Boing! said Zebedee, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bonadea,Bonewah, Bongwarrior, Bornhj, Bossmane100, Breams, Brini, BrownHairedGirl, BryanG, Bullofconfusion, Bunnyhop11, Burmagirl, Burntsauce, Burtbikerboy, Butha2, Butt, CLW, CO,Cactus.man, CalJW, Calientito, Calm, Calwatch, CambridgeBayWeather, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian Paul, CanadianGuy, Cander0000, Caramelo, CarbonCopy,CartmansBalls, Catsv, Celestianpower, Cerejota, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chasingsol, Check two you, ChiefFox, Cholga, Chowbok, Chris Edgemon, ChrisGriswold, ChrisO, ChunkyRice, Ciaccona, CimanyD, Clarityfiend, Cleared as filed, Clipdude, Closedmouth, Coelacan, ColumbiaKid, Commodore Sloat, Concrete fem, CovenantD, CrackandRape, Crash Underride, CrazyIvan (usurped), CredoFromStart, Cst17, Cubiq1, Cuddycuteboy, Curps, Cyberevil, Cyberia23, D6, DBigXray, DG, DGaw, DVdm, DaiTengu, Dale Arnett, Dan100, DanielPenfield,Daqueenofwiki, Darkphase, Darwinek, Dave6, Daveh4h, Davewild, David in DC, Dbnull, Debresser, Deehdeeh, Delirium, Delldot, Delos, Deltabeignet, Deon90059, Deprifry, Dharmabum420,Diehard2k5, Dimadick, Discospinster, Dkostic, Dogface, Donation, DopefishJustin, Dot tilde dot, Doug Bell, DownedMimi, DrRisk13, Dralwik, Drekai, Drmonth, Droll, Dsol, DuncanHill,DynamoDegsy, DéRahier, E. Ripley, EDM, ESkog, EWS23, Eagleamn, Ecarrel, Ed g2s, Edwinstearns, Elbelz, Elchupachipmunk, Elen of the Roads, Emc2, Emersoni, Encyclopedist,Endzone81to, Enigmaman, Epbr123, Ephraim33, Epsoul, Esosun, Everyking, Evil Monkey, Excirial, Exeunt, FF2010, FMAFan1990, Falcon8765, Falcorian, Fallout boy, Fastily, Fastilysock,Fatsobill, Favonian, Fayte, Felicity4711, Ferkelparade, Firebug, Flapeyre, Flask2090, Flewis, FloNight, Flockmeal, FlyingToaster, Folksong, FrancisTyers, Francisx, Francs2000, Frankenpuppy,Frederick12, Friday, Fuzheado, Fys, Gabbe, Gail, Gamer112, Gamingexpert, Garion96, Gbleem, Geneb1955, George100, George415, Ghfkghdkfhsk, GiantSnowman, Gilliam, Ginger4000,Gloriamarie, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Gopherbassist, Gordon Stangler, Gorfon, Gorge clooney, Grant the Wise, GraveGuy, GregorB, Guanaco, Gugganij, Gurch, Gzkn, Hairyfeet, Halda,HalfShadow, Hall Monitor, Hallett87, HappyJake, Hede2000, Hellfire83, Hermione1980, Hmains, Hnandrew, Holdek, HoodedMan, Hooriaj, Howcheng, Hu12, Hurricane111, Hut 8.5,Hydeparkblvd, Hydrargyrum, Hydrogen Iodide, IW.HG, Ian13, Ilse@, Infrogmation, Inkei88, Intelati, Invincible Ninja, Iridescent, Irishguy, Iste Praetor, Izehar, J.delanoy, JBsupreme, JCO312,JForget, JHMM13, JNW, JTBurman, JaGa, JaWandaWiggins, Jack Cox, Jacoplane, JamesAM, Jango Davis, Jaraalbe, Jasongetsdown, Jaysonlemoine, Jbarta, Jcw69, Jdavidb, JeLuF, Jeff Silvers,Jeff9979, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jiang, Jim Michael, Jmundo, JoanneB, Joemc72, Joemomma17, Joepereyma, Joffan, Johann Wolfgang, John, John celona, JohnValeron, Johnleemk, Jononon,Jonxwood, Joseph A. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:SanQuentinSP.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SanQuentinSP.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SaintHammett, WhisperToMe, Ö

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