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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

THE SPREAD OF THE XVIIth CENTURY VAUiTS IN CREMONA. THE CASE-STUDY OF MAGIO-GRASSEiiI PAiACE Alberto drimoldiNI Angelo iandiO ABSTRACT fn the kçrth çf ftaly cçmplex vaultsI with a great variety çf structural frames and different brick dressingsI had a great spread between the usfth and the usffth centuries. fn `remçna peculiar examples are nçticed in the jagiçJdrasselli and oçncadelli palaces Ebçth palaces were built by the architect crancescç mescarçli in the secçnd half çf the usffth centuryF where the clçister vaults are built with a bricks fishbçne frame çn the base and with a central cçve cçmpçsed by bricks “in fçliç”W the wççd centreing and the tie rçd were nçt necessaryI because çf the high slçpe at the base çf the vaults and the innçvative brick frame. qhe central cçve was instead built çn a sand massI previçusly mçdeled çn the exact tenuçus bendingW çn this suppçrt the bricks were cut and arranged tç shape decçrated medalliçns. fn spite çf its technical cçnstructiçnI this particular vault was cheap and quick tç realiòe. qhe structural decay reveals that cracks are çften caused by irregular masçnry wallsI drifting rççfsI wrçng maintenances çr invasive repairs. fn the jagiçJdrasselli palaceI at the lçwer levelI where this aspects have nçt been nçticedI the vaults are well preserved while at the first level several cracks appeared çver the great staircase vault. An inJdepth study revealed that these cracks were caused by the rççfW several prçpsI applied after a maintenance interventiçnI unlçad the rççf weight directly çn the vault. qhe archive researchI the cçmparisçn with çther examples and with the technical literatureI give an çutline çf a reasçned catalçgueI useful fçr a deeper knçwledgeI alsç in an çperating mannerI çf this vaults. heywords: usffth century vaultsI `remonaI ptructural decay N. INTRODUCTION qhe brick vaultsI between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuriesI characteriòe the buildings in a large part çf nçrthern ftalyI frçm miedmçnt tç lçwer içmbardy and the bmilia plain. qhe masçnsI whçse cçuntry çf çrigins was mainly the qessinI and mçre generally the regiçn çf the mreAlpsI sçmetimes even expçrt them çut çf the area in which they prevalently wçrked. qhere areI e.g. very singularI the vaults çf the abruòòian masseria in contrada `ollalto near menne xNzI pçssibly built sçmetime between eighteenth and nineteenth century frçm kçrthern ftaly masçns. qhe richness çf types and the variety çf sçlutiçns suggests a parallel with the cçntempçrary crench stereçtçmy. iike stereçtçmyI the cçnstructiçn çf cçmplex brick vaultsI çr in eighteenth century çf the flat “catalans” vaultsI requires nçt çnly expert bricklayers and master masçns but alsç technicians and intellectuals whç pçssess extensive knçwledge çf geçmetry and in general çf architecture. `ertain figures – the intersectiçns EéénétrationsF especially çf sçlids çf revçlutiçnI the stairs hanging upçn the vaults Eescaliers suséendus sur voûteF emphasiòe the links between the twç disciplines. duarinç duarini intrçduced in the architectural literatureI first in iatin xOzI and then in ftalian xPz the basic cçncepts çf stereçtçmyI and with cçnsciçus pride he gives tç the vaults a space hithertç unusual in the treatises çf architectureI cçdifying architectural types and figures already knçwn. oesearch çn these themes cçincides Eand it dç nçt by chanceF with the studies çn duarini himself andI mçre generallyI çn the miedmçntese N cull prçfessçrI mçlitecnicç di jilanç EjilanI ftalyFI ai.A.m.I albertç.grimçldi]pçlimi.it EintrçductiçnF. O mçstJdçctçral research fellçwI mçlitecnicç di jilanç EjilanI ftalyFI ai.A.m.I angelç.landi]mail.pçlimi.it

Eparagraphs çn the palaòòç jagiç in `remçna and the analysis çf static instabilityF.

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Barçque. ln the rest çf kçrthern ftaly bibliçgraphy is mçre limitedI and almçst exclusively cçmpletes detailed explanatiçns dedicated tç individual buildingsI althçugh thçse regiçns bçast earliest examples and variatiçns çn these themes çften mçre cçmplex. qhe increased pçpularity çf the vaults alsç invçlves a cçnstant search tç make their cçnstructiçn faster and cheaperI and therefçre less weight and mçre limited need fçr cçmplex and cçntinuçus wççden centering. fn the civil building already after NRRM x4z. the largest rççms were cçvered subdividing the space with a frame çf arches tç delimit squares çr rectanglesI cçvered with almçst flat vaultsI çften built with tiles çf PL4 cm. thick çr brickI laid herringbçneI if yçu wanted tç further simplify their cçnstructiçn. Ançther way tç build withçut the usual centeringI was laying the bricks in a herringbçne patternI see the famçus example çf the panta jaria del ciçre dçme xRz. jçre simplyI the vaults were built by laying bricks tç fçrm diagçnal – cçmpared tç the cçmpartment tç be cçvered – arches çf increasing amplitudeI until tç determine a central pçrtiçn nearly flatI çften at the same level çf keystçne çf perimetrical archesI which were çften built as a spiral çn a square çr rectangular base.

Fig. N caçade and main view çf the intradçs çf the vault çf the mçrta maliç in serçna qhe great brick vaults – grçin vaults – çf the mçrta maliç at serçna Ecig. NFI built by jichele panmicheli ENR4SJRTF çffered an example çf themI and shçw as this brick laying tç make it less çbviçus the differencesI frçm the cçnstructive pçint çf viewI between crçss vaultsI barrel vaults with lunettes çr underpitch vaultsI and alsç square çr rectangular clçister vaults with lunettesI mçre and mçre numerçus in the civil building during the sixteenth and seventeenth century xSz. qhe lunettes were built at the center çf the shçrter wall and were replicated with the same pitch çn the lçnger sidesI sç that it can mçre easily lay the bricks alsç here in diagçnal arches. tith this system it is alsç built dçme vaults çn a square planI prçgressively varying the inclinatiçn çf the level çf laying sç as tç delimit a square between keystçnes çf the arches suppçrting the vault. qhe cçnstructive histçry çf pt. Agatha `hurch in Brescia Ecig. OF is unfçrtunately nçt well illuminated by the dçcuments. fn particularI the three large vaults çf the çnly naveI çn three irregular bays fçrming parallelçgramsI cçuld gç back entirely tç the late fifteenth centuryI çr were transfçrmed çr cçmpleted arçund NSUPI as suppçrts fçr a large barçque perspective xTI Uz. qhe pçinted arches çn the side walls became then parabçlicI while the transverse arches in the nave appear nçw as stilted arches. qhe ribsI suggested by the piersI might have been then remçvedW maybe they were simply fixed in the plasterI as is cçmmçn in the late dçthic. qhe impçsts suggest a crçss vaultI but the grçins gradually disappears and the layers çf bricks fçrm the wellJknçw diagçnal arches. qhese pendentives are a twçJbrick very inclined structures and they defined a sçrt çf pendentive dçme built with brickJçneJedge cçursesI in which bricks are laid like a dçme çn a square base. qhe advantage is çbviçusW the pendentivesI greatly inclined and pçsitiçned tç fçrm first a shçrt herringbçne and after diagçnal archesI cçuld be built withçut centeringI the flat field cçuld be cçnstructed çn a small wççden planking çn which the hçriòçntal gradients were çbtained with a little sand layer. ff the vaults çf pt. Agatha had been cçmpleted çr rebuilt in the seventeenth centuryI in nearby `remçna wçuld be fçund in civil building sçme significant variatiçns çn the theme. iike çther types çf vaultsI first the frameJvaultsI the geçgraphic limits are certainly widerI and the time interval prçbably extend frçm the sixteenth tç the eighteenth century. qhis way çf laying bricks is less easily tç identifyW the intradçs alsç suggests çther types çf layJçutI çnly the inspectiçn çf extradçs çr thermçgraphy allçws tç understand it safely. eçweverI the knçwn examplesI lçcated in impçrtantI but nçt exceptiçnal buildingsI and the variatiçns that ariseI identify ançther çf cçmplex shapes çf brick cçnstructiçnI cçntinuing the parallel with the stereçtçmic cçnstructiçn. A cçmbinatiçn çf thicker and steeply inclined impçsts and an almçst flat

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surface is çffered by vaults çf twç rççms çn the first flççr çf the palace mallavicinç in `remçna Ecig. PFI in a wing added after the passage çf the building tç the marquis AriguòòiI arçund NSTNI and then gçing back tç the last three decades çf the seventeenth century xVz. qhe siòe çf the rççms is abçut NT ‘braccia cremçnesi’ EM.4UPR mF in length and NN in width Eapprçximately R.PN m × U.OO mF. fmpçsts are built with brickJçneJedge cçursesI laid hçriòçntallyI in cçntinuity with the vertical wallsI and these brick layers cçntinue fçr almçst half çf the vault rise allçw the fçrmatiçn çf the edge. ln the lçng sidesI the diagçnal arches with rectilinear impçsts let in the center place tç a large herringbçne. qhe sectiçn fçrms a basketJhandle archI but whçse the rise is equal tç half çf the span. iimited lesiçns were present çnly upçn the twç windçwsI whçse space is equal tç twç thirds çf the wall. ft revises the scheme already described çften fçr the barrel vaults with lunettes Ealsç underpitch çr welsh vaultFI çr clçister vaultsI twç vault patterns widespread in `remçnaI and nçt cçincidentally in the same wing here are twç clçister vaults with lunettesW the çne cçvers a rectangular rççmI the çther a square smaller rççm.

Fig. O A view çf çne çf the vaults çf the church çf pt. Agatha in BresciaI çn the right at the tçp surface can be seen the texture çf the brickwçrk

Fig. P siew çf çne çf the vaults çf palace mallavicinçJAriguòòi in `remçnaW nçte the grçins çf the vault fçrmed with brick laid edgewise and the tçp layers çf brick

O. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY VAUiTS IN PAiAZZO MAGIO GRASSEiiI qhe vaults çf jagiçJdrasselli palace in `remçnaI çne cçvering the largest space çf the staircaseI the çther the large rççm that served as a chapelI çverlççking çn the pçrticçI and twç smaller çnesI still in the grçundI hçlding up the flççr çf the great rççmI çffering a peculiar evçlutiçn çf this patternW impçsts and the springersI next tç the verticalI are built with brickJçneJedge cçurses laid tç fçrm diagçnal archesI and define a central flat surface çf brçad laid bricks. qhese surface is shaped like a lçbed medalliçn çn the intradçsI surrçunded by a stuccç frame and intended tç be painted. qhe

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example alsç prçvides an impçrtant cçnfirmatiçn frçm the static pçint çf viewI since relatively thin thickness may raise dçubts abçut their vulnerability. iike the even thinner vaults çf the cçuntless hçmes çf six eighteenthJcentury miedmçntI çr the analçgçus vaults çf mallavicinçJAriguòòi palaceI the jagiçJdrasselli palace vaults dç nçt shçw lesiçns when the walls are nçtI in turnI damagedI as a cçnsequence çf uncçntrçlled and irratiçnal çperatiçnsI executed in a later timeI and theseI much mçre than hypçthetical cçnstructiçn deficienciesI are respçnsible fçr instability. qhe dçcumentatiçnI relatively abundantI allçws a mçre precise recçnstructiçn çf dates and cçntext. bven in `remçna mçre cçmplex vaulted structures can be traced back tç the bestJknçwn prçfessiçnals çr masterI in spite çf the archive tç be stingy with precise references. Alessandrç `apra is the authçr çf a treatise ranging frçm agriculture tç assessments and machineJmanufacturingI frçm building techniques tç water cçntrçl xNMz. qhis bççk is very useful tç recçnstruct the mçst widely read authçrs in the seventeenth century `remçnaI and everyday knçwledge. `apra mentiçns cçmplex vaults just tç underline that the mçst elabçrated sçlutiçns were individually estimated by architects – tç be understççdI accçrding tç the seventeenth century use J as experts çf all relevant knçwledge pertaining the buildings and grçunds. marticular attentiçn shçuld be paid tç the surviving buildings designed and built under the auspices çf the pçlymath crancescç mescarçli ENSNMJNSTVF whçI cçmbining the prçfessiçns çf carverI sculptçrI architect and hydraulic engineerI illustrates the cçntinued existence in the seventeenth century çf the intellectualLartisans whç represent the ideal çf homo universalis typical çf oenaissance culture. qhe rather scant biçgraphical infçrmatiçn prçvided by diambattista Biffi xNNzI added tç by çther histçrians frçm `remçnaI describes a figure çf a certain impçrtance Ehe was jaster tç the viçlin maker Antçniç ptradivari and the sculptçr diacçmç BertesiF tç whçmI hçweverI few architectural wçrks are attributedW recent research indicates that mescarçli established himself initially as a carver çf wççden furniture and decçratiçnsI frequently emplçyed by religiçus çrdersI and then later as an architectW çften acting as a cçnsultant çr in prçjects tç mçdify existing structures Eat least thçse attributed tç himF which include cçnsultatiçn çn the adjustments tç the dçme çf pt. diçvanni bvangelista in marma ENSRSJSRFI changes tç jagiçJdrasselli palace in `remçna Epçst NSRUFI the transfçrmatiçn çf the gesuit cçnvent çf `remçna ENSTMJTOFI the design fçr the `harterhçuse çf marma ENSTNJNSTVFI advice fçr static instability çf the cathedral çf p. Angelç in sadç at rrbinç ENSTOFI the expansiçn çf the palace çf `çunt pigismund mçnòçne in dçmbitç ENSTSFI the mçdificatiçns tç the churches çf pt. Archelaç in `astelverde ENSTTF and pt. fmeriç in `remçna ENSTTFI and alsç oçncadelli palace in `remçna ENSTTF xNOz.

Fig. 4 pchematic summary çf the majçr changes made tç the buildings cçmpçsing malaòòç jagiç during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. qhe ancient dçmus Edark grayF was expanded Eçn lçts adjacent tç the east and westF between NS4R and NS4S and was mçdified by mescarçli between NSRU and NSUNI with the additiçn çf the staircase and lçggia Arçund the middle çf the seventeenth centuryI the marquis kicçl½ jagiçI taking advantage çf the deep recessiçn that was affecting the city after the plague çf NSPMI bçught twç prçperties adjacent tç his residenceW the purpçse çf the nçbleman was clearly tç expand his hçmeI bçth in terms çf style and layçut. ln the kicçl½’s deathI in NSRUI his sçn `amillç tççk çver the buildings and gave respçnsibility fçr the prçject xN4z tç the architect crancescç mescarçliI “éer la molta éeritia e buon giuditio che in questo ed in altro à semére mostrato” in adapting existing buildings xNPz. ee decided tç leave almçst unchanged the buildings adjacent tç the ancient seat çf the jagiç whichI perhaps fçr their çbsçlescenceI was extensively remçdelled. A new façadeI plastered with clay mçrtar unified the external appearance çf the çutbuildingsI while inside it was necessary tç recçnfigure the entire layçutI

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adding a lçggia and a superpçsed large gallery cçnnected by a mçnumental staircase. eere the vaultsI as in the basement belçwI are unterpitch vaults whçse the bricks are diagçnally laid. qhe mçdel is repeated çn a smaller scale in the lçbby Ecig. 4F. qhe vault çf the mçnumental staircase çf malaòòç jagiç is prçbably the mçst successful example bçth in terms çf siòe Ethe çpening çf the grand staircaseI excluding wallsI is U.V m × T.4 mI çr NR and ⅓ × NU and ½ ‘braccia cremçnesi’F and design cçmplexityW in fact it was built at the meeting pçint çf the ancient walls çf the jagiç magna domus and an adjçining hçuseI in an irregular shaped rççm lacking a cçnsistent perimeter wall.

Fig. R qhe underpitch vault çf cellar upçn the lçggia and the diagçnally laid bricks ft is a clçister vault with a pçlycentric curvilinear prçfile Ea basket handle archF çn its lçwer surfaceW the prçfileI unusual even when cçmpared tç çther vaults in the palaceI is characteriòed by the distinctly vertical slçpe çf the fçur cçves and a summit Ecçrrespçnding with the central medalliçnF which is substantially flat Ecig. SF. Bricks are laid edgewiseI diagçnal tç the plane çf the impçsts which in this case fçrm at each cçrner a series çf arcs çf different radiusI adapted tç the irregularity çf the rççmX the cçrners are nçt visibleI the surface being cçntinuçus wçuld allçw the decçratiçn tç be independent çf the articulatiçn çf the vault.

Fig. S “jaintenance” at the turn çf the nineteenth century resulted in the inclusiçn çf nine pillars that transferred sçme çf the lçad çf the rççf directly çn the extradçs çf the vault çf the staircase cçmpartment Erççm R.MRF. Althçugh in OMMV the pillars were remçvedI there are still signs çf distress çn the plaster sçffit qhe particular geçmetric prçfile suggests that the timber and skilled labçur needed tç build a cçmplete centering had becçme a significant expense in the cçnstructiçn prçcess alsç in `remçnaW the scarcity çf timberI high cçst and cçmplexity çf the realiòatiçn çf tempçrary wçrks led tç the necessity çf

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intrçducing different types çf vaultsI in which the bricks warping made the use çf the cçmplete centering superfluçus. qhe laying çf the bricks tç "herring bçne" Eand the vertical prçfile çf the vault grçins wçuld allçw tç cçnsiderably reduce the use çf timberI creating a vaulted structure that was self suppçrting alsç during cçnstructiçn. qhe bricks çf the fçur cçves and thçse emplçyed tç build the central medalliçn are the same siòe PM × NP.R × U.R cmI and were sufficiently sturdy as tç effectively withstand shear stressF. mescarçli did nçt use thrust irçn rçdJties fçr balancing the thrustI but cçstructed twç buttresses tçward the wall turned tç the kitchen cçurtI which lacked the cçntrast çffered by the frçnt and by the internal wall çf the gallery. rnlike the wallsI made çf clay bricks and mçrtarI the jçints between the bricks çf the vault are entirely made çf a lime mçrtar. qransfçrming the brick siòes intç ‘braccia cremçnesi’ – they cçrrespçnd tç thçse established in NPUU by city statutesI and cçnfirmed by Alessandrç `apra in Architettura camiliare. qhey are simple bricksI nçt the wedges EDtavellçni’F specifically designed tç build vaults usingI the thickness reducing by almçst a centimeter. ft is nçt pçssible tç exclude an reuse at least partial çf bricks bedded with clay mçrtarI which leaves little çr nç traceI and therefçre excludes identificatiçn. Alessandrç `apra – nç dçubt present in cçntempçrary buildings – disprçves any tendency tç reduce the siòe çf bricksI paid by numberI sç as tç increase the prçfit çf the manufacturer. fn factI as in `remçnaI the siòe çf the bricks are determined nçt çnly by elementary ecçnçmic lçgicI but by numerçus and cçmplex cultural and technical factçrs. A pçwerful nçblemanI such as `amillç jagiçI has a large number çf kilns and the cçst çf bricks is a functiçn çf cçmplex negçtiatiçn. qhe absence çf wedgeJshaped bricksI and the existence çf bricks çf çld dimensiçnsI is the cçnfirmatiçn çf a develçpment J prçbably already in place fçr sçme time – in vaults cçnstructiçn.

Fig. T. deçmetric survey Ehighlighting damageF çf the vault çf the staircase çn the first flççr çf the stair Erççm N.OSF and at the level çf the attic Erççm R.MRF. ln the first flççr the çriginal walls have been identified with a darker shade çf grayI alsç shçwn are nine pillars Edemçlished in OMMVF tç highlight their relatiçnship with the damage tç the vault. ptructural cracks are indicated in redI while thçse affecting çnly part çf the depth çf the vault Eçften çnly the plaster layerF are indicated in green

P. DISCONTUINITYI STRUCTURAi AND STATIC DETERIORATION qhe almçst vertical suppçrts tç the vault allçws an increase tç the siòe çf the surface knitted tç the perimeter wallsI whichI as already indicatedI differs in terms çf weaveI thickness and sçmetimes alsç in materials. qhe thickness in cçrrespçndence çf the rççm P.NVI varies between PT and 4N cmI less than the çther wallsI where çn average there are variatiçns in thickness between 4S and RR cmX çnly

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the wall tçwards rççm P.OT grçws frçm RN tç TN cmI a necessary expedient tç direct the bçdy çf the building tçwards the perpendicular tç the lçggia in inner cçurtyard. qhe discçntinuities in the walls are numerçusI bçth the grçund level and upper flççrs. qhe chimneys cut vertically the masçnryI and staggered çpenings Edççrs and windçwsF çr similar çpenings belçnging tç preJexisting buildings have been clçsed but have nçt been knitted intç the rest çf the structure. qhe diagram Ecig. TFI if cçmpared with the data frçm archival researchI shçws hçw the space çver the staircase Erççm N.OSF is built acrçss twç buidlings which can still be identified via the visible cçrnersI the first between rççms P.NVI P.NT and N.OSI the secçnd between rççms P.NPI P.N4I P.NT and N.OSW at these edges can alsç be çbserved discçntinuities in wall thicknessI even mçre evident in the basement and atticI belçnging tç twç different buildings. ft is nçt knçwn if the grçund and first flççrs çf the new partitiçn walls which buttress the staircase are knitted intç the existing walls Eas appears tç be the case in the atticI perhaps the result çf later extensiçnF while it can be said almçst with certaintyI that it is cçnstructed çf brick masçnryI held tçgether by layers çf mçrtar made çf lime and clayI a cçnstructiçn technique cçmmçn in building in `remçna uptç the nineteenth century.

Fig. U ln the leftI the wall tçwards rççms P.NP and P.N4 shçws greater signs çf instabilityW the twç thrçugh cracksI affecting bçth the vault and the walls are primarily due tç structural discçntinuityI that is that the wall is nçt prçperly knitted due tç the presence çf chimneys and an arch Eabçve a large dççrway which is bricked upI bçth identified by a red dçtted lineF which bear the excessive weight çf the rççf. ln the rightI in the attic space çf R.M4I it is pçssible tç çbserve the arc discharge and abçve the thrçugh cracks which have fçrmed in the wall due tç the lçad çf the rççf lpenings çn three levels Egrçund flççrI first and atticF and successive mçdificatiçns have alsç wçrked tç weaken the bçxJlike structural behaviçur çf the wallsI particularly at the large entrance way Elater reduced tç a dççrF which gave access tç the gallery Erççm P.NP and fçllçwingFW here the architect mescarçli had plannedI during the cçnstructiçn phaseI a massive arc çver the çpening çf the dççr tç distribute the weight frçm abçve Efrçm the purlins and rafters çf the rççfF çntç the side walls Ecig. UF. qhe arc has deep cracking that starts frçm the third purlin çf the rççfI and that affects nçt çnly the masçnry but alsç the vault çf the staircaseW this is prçbably due tç an errçneçus distributiçn çf the lçad and defects in the masçnry in cçrrespçndence tç the abacus. ln either side çf the dççrI at the cçrners çf rççms tç the P.OT and P.N4I the bçxJlike behaviçur is lçst and the masçnry arçund the dççrI with a thickness çf 4S cmI is prçbably knitted discçntinuçusly at the cçrners. qhe distributiçn çf incçrrect lçad frçm the rççf and settling çf the buildingsI cçrrespçnding tç the lçggia and the gallery abçve the cçmpartment Erççm P.NPF have given rise tç twç deep cracks Eindicated çn the drawing with the letters DAD and DBDF . qhe cracks çn the vault were further cçmpçunded by maintenance tç the rççfI prçbably dating tç the late nineteenth centuryI which partially lçaded the weight çf the valley çntç the vaultX nine brick pillars discharged the weight çf the wççden trusses suppçrting the valleyI triggering lçcaliòed cracking and reactivating the damage which was already çccuring. qhe analysis çf the stress clearly identifies the fçrmer lçcatiçn çf these pillarsI which have been remçved during the maintenance çf the rççfs by the junicipality çf `remçna started in OMMV. fn this çccasiçnI the wççden trusses alsç were cçnsçlidated. qhe pçints çf discçntinuity in the masçnry surrçunding the staircase are visible in the cracking in the wallsI till the vault and caused the cracks çf the vault itselfI and these cracks nearly cçrrespçnd tç the lçcatiçn çf the pillars nçw remçved.

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qhe gap indicated by the letter D`D alsç çriginated in a discçntinuity in the wall due tç the insertiçn çf a chimney that rises frçm the grçund flççr tç the rççfW it has been inserted at the meeting pçint çf twç walls during the nineteenth century when the çratçry çn the grçund flççr was partitiçned and used as a kitchen. qhe interventiçn çn the cçrnerI which runs in cçrrespçndence with the jçin has certainly weakened the knitting between the twç wallsI which has given rise tç cracking which passes thrçugh the depth çf the vault Ecig. VF. qhe cracks indicated by the letters DaD and DbD are determinated by lçcal causesI independent çf wall discçntinuities hidden in the cçrners and wallsW they in fact çriginate frçm lçcaliòed subsidence in the lintels çf the windçws çn the first flççrX twç çf these windçwsI thçse facing a cçurtyardI were fçreseen frçm the çutset by mescarçliI while the thirdI which çpens çntç an internal hallway EP.NTF was added at the turn çf the nineteenth centuryI in the pçsitiçn çf an preJexisting chimney Ewhich prçbably branched çff frçm the grçund and which is still visible at the level çf the atticF. qhe failure çf the lintels have alsç affected the vaultI albeit much less than çther issues.

Fig. V ln the leftI the thermçgraphic images prçduced during winter fçr research purpçsesI shçw the presence çf deteriçratiçn and damage the vaultI as well as discçntinuities and alsç the chimney çn the side walls EO jarch OMNMI h. NNWPM amX qi NN.OM°`I NR°`X qe h. NOWMM amX RNB oeF. ln the rightI view çf the extradçs çf the vault in which we can see the verticality çf the grçins and the structure çf the brickwçrk Erççm R.MRF ff the vault shçws widespread micrçJcracking çver the entire surface çf intradçsI this phençmençn is therefçre largely lçcated in the vicinity çf the nine brick pillarsI that transferred the lçad çf the rççf directly çn tç the vault. ft is clear that this instability is limited tç the thickness çf the plaster and it is therefçre by nç means strange that çn the central medalliçn which is paintedI representing the came çf the jagiçsI made çf layered brickI the micrçJcracks are lessW they are limited by a thick layer çf plaster çf varied granularity. qhe small amçunt çf damage is independent frçm the characteristics çf the vault and frçm its cçnstructiçnW this fact is cçnfirmed by the absence çf visible lesiçns çn the equivalent vault Eçf U.V m × R.V mF in the lratçry çn the grçund flççr Ençw divided intç twç rççms and in part nçw having a false ceilingF çr çn thçse smallerI adjacent rççmsI despite the fact thatI alsç here the walls prçvide uneven suppçrtI and twç çut çf fçur rest çn archesI çn the extradçs çf the vaults çf the cellars. REFERENCES xNz saragnçli `. EOMMVF ia costruzione tradizionale in AbruzzoK conti materiali e tecniche costruttive

dalla fine del Medioevo all’lttocento. dangemiI oçmaI 4VJS4. xOz duarini d. ENSTNF buclides adauctus et methodicus mathematicaque universalis. qçrinçI wapatæ. xPz duarini d. ENTPTF Architettura `ivileK qçrinçI jairesse. x4z iechiI c. Es.d.F ie dimore bresciani in cinque secoli di storiaI BresciaI pçc. bd. di ptçria

Bresciana. xRz ai masquale p. EOMMOF Brunelleschi-la costruzione della cuéola di panta Maria del cioreI

seneòiaI jarsiliçI NMNJNNM.

NN44

xSz muppi i.ENVTNF Michele panmicheli architetto di seronaI madçvaI jarsiliçI VRJNMS. xTz duerrini m.ENVPSF ia chiesa éreéositurale di pK Agata sK MK in Brescia: brevi cenni storico-

artistici nel érimo centenario delle feste votive della Madonna della MisericordiaI 8-NR NovK NVPSK BresciaI lrfani medrçtti Ereprinted as ia chiesa éreéositurale di pant'Agata in the first çf twç miscellaneçus vçlumesI pantuariI chieseI conventiI bdiòiçni del jçrettçI Brescia NVUSF.

xUz AA.ss. ENVUVF pK Agata: la chiesa e la comunita'. BresciaI parrçcchia di p. Agata. xVz ppreaficç o. ENVUULUVF malazzo mallavicino in `remonaI tesi di laurea in ArchitetturaI mçlitecnicç

di jilanç. xNMz `apra A.ENSTUF ia nuova architettura familiareI BçlçgnaI jçnti. xNNz Biffi d.B. ENVVUF Memorie éer servire alla storia degli artisti cremonesi. oeprinted by i.

Bandera dregçri Ea cura diF in Annali della Biblioteca ptatale e iibreria `ivica di `remonaI uuufuLOI`remçnaI OSNJOSO.

xNOz centi j.I metraccç c. ENVVMLVNF fl éalazzo Manna ooncadelli in via `olletta nKN a `remonaI tesi di laurea in ArchitetturaI rel. prçf. Albertç drimçldiI mçlitecnicç di jilançI jilanç. xNPz pantçrç b. ENVUTF Antonius ptradivariusI iibreria del `çnvegnçI `remçnaI 44.

xN4z iandi A. EOMNNF oiforme edilizie in una dimora aristocratica cremonese: éalazzo Magio-drasselliI in iandi A. Ea cura diFI matriziI notabili e costruzione della cittàK malazzo Magio- drasselli a `remona tra civitas e urbsI r. AllemandiI qçrinç.