The Spread of Industrialization

By: Casey Fleming & Scott McCrea

Limitations to Industrializatio

n Some countries more

agricultural than industrial than England.

No roads, river travel, and guild restrictions and entrepreneurs did not take business risks.

French Revolution and Napoleonic Era led to physical destruction, loss of manpower, weakened currencies, and led to political and social instability.

Gap between British and continental countries industrial machinery.

Britain had money to make machines and other countries didn’t.

Borrowing Techniques and Practices

British artisans were prohibited from leaving country.

Machinery sold illegally. Continental

entrepreneurs copied their ideas and skills.

John Cockerill- Pirated British industrialists ideas to profit his industrial plant.

Continental countries achieved technological independence from Britain.

France and Germany established technological schools to train mechanics and engineers.

Role of Government

Continental governments paid for most of the industrialization of their countries.

Railroads throughout Europe.

Tariffs to further industrialization

Friedrich List’s National System of Political Economy

Joint-Stock Investment Bank

Joint-Stock Investment Bank- People would invest in the bank and then the bank would invest in mining, railroad, or other heavy industries.

Limited liability for the investor.

3 Major Banks in Europe:

- Credit Mobilier in France

-Darmstadt Bank in Germany

-Kreditanstalt in Austria

British invested in private capital of successful individuals who reinvested their profits.

Centers of Continental Industrialization

Major Centers: Belgium, France and Germany

Cotton- major role in Britain and France

Steam Engine for mining and metallurgy rather than textiles

Iron and Coal were main industries on the continent.

Britain was not destined to remain the worlds greatest industrial nation.

France

Industrial Revolution in

the United States

U.S. was agriculturally based society.

Industrial Revolution= 1800-Civil War

Samuel Slater established first textile factory.

America surpassed British technical inventions (muskets with interchangeable parts)

American system reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled workers.

The Need for TransportationCanals were built to link east and westSteamboat provided transportation on Great

Lakes, Atlantic Coast, and rivers.27,000 miles of Railroad tracks

Labor ForceU.S didn’t have many

artisans but did have a lot of farmers.

Women made up more than 80% of the labor force in textile factories.

Unskilled labor pushed American industrialization into a capital-intensive pattern.

Factory owners invested in machines that produced large quantities by unskilled laborers.

Northeast was the most industrialized part of the U.S.

“The rich got richer and the poor stayed the same.”

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the

Nonindustrialized World

In eastern Europe, Industrialization lagged behind the rest of the world.

Russia had industrialization at the end of the 19th century.

The Example of India

Greatest exporter of cotton cloth produced by hand.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, India fell under control of the British East India Company.

Factories- Indian hand-loom weavers were out of a job.

A lack of local capital and the advantages given to British imports limited the growth of new manufacturing operations.