The “Spirit of 1914”History 323 / Feb. 27, 2013

1878: Austria yanks away Bosnia-

Herzegovina from Ottoman Turkey

Ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary, ca. 1914

Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo,minutes before the assassination (June 28, 1914)

Enthusiasm for war in Berlin, August 1914

The crowdin Munich,

Aug. 1, 1914

Hitler in 1914– and in the German army

The Kaiser addresses the German people, Aug. 4, 1914

The Western Front, 1914 – before there were trenches

The Western Front, 1914 – after the Germans dug in

Trenches from the North Sea down to Switzerland

An “ideal” trench system

A trench system seen from the air

Preparing an offensive: artillery in action

Trenches poundedby artillery

Launching an offensive: over the top…

Machine-gunners – ready for anything

German poster:“donate to the submarine

campaign”

A “Hindenburg column”in Germany

Walther Rathenau (1867-1922)

“Us Barbarians”(comparative stats

on illiteracy, education spending,

book production, social security, and

Nobel Prizes)

Thomas Mann (1875-1955)

Confessions of a Non-Political Man

(1917)