The speaker producing speech

PSYCHOLINGUISTICSThe Speaker: Producing

SpeechPart II

Asep Apriyanto 0902628Fira Nursya’bani 0906856Richo Arifianto 0907134

Riestia Handayani 0902434

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Preparing a Phonological Representation

Phonological is the mental representation of a sentence that that serves as input to the systems responsible for articulation.


Some Errors in Producing Speech

• Segment Exchange Error:Hass or grash (hash or grass)

• Perseveration Error:I can’t cook a worth cam (I can’t

cook a worth damn) • Anticipation Error:

Taddle tennis (paddle tennsis)


Sentence Planning

Sentence planning is the link between the idea speaker wishes to convey and the lingustics representation that expresses that idea.

The sentence planning process ends with a sentence represented phonologically.


PRODUCING SPEECH AFTER IT IS PLANNED

The Source-Filter Model of Vowel ProductionAcoustic Characteristics of Consonants

Coarticulation

WORDS IN SPEECH


PRODUCING SPEECH AFTER IT IS PLANNED

The abstract phonetic representation of the speaker’s sentence is sent to the central motor areas of the brain, where it is converted into instructions to the vocal tract to produce the required sounds. Speaking is a complex motor activity, involving over 100 muscles moving in precise synchrony to produce speech at a rate of 10 to 15 phonetic units per second.

Liberman et al., 1967 (Cited in Fernandez & Cairns, 2011)


Respiration during Respiration during silence:silence:

inhale = exhaleRespiration during Respiration during

speech:speech:inhale reduce and exhale

increase


The Source-filter model of vowel production

Speech consists of sounds generated at the vocal folds being filtered as they travel through the vocal tract.

The source-filter model of vowel production:a. a sourceb. a filter


SourceSource in the source-filter model of vowel production

To articulate vowel: open the mouth and force air from lungs through larynx (place of vocal folds)

The vocal folds vibrate

Frequency of the vibration is called:


The fundamental frequency (or F0)

Continued..Continued..

Sounds with higher frequency are higher in pitch.

F0 cannot distinguish vowels from one another, Vowel are distinct from each other based on their acoustic formacoustic form.

A complex acoustic signal A complex acoustic signal is one that has energy at many frequencies in addition to the fundamental frequency.


FilterFilter in the source-filter model of vowel production

Concept of Resonance:Concept of Resonance: the vocal tract changes shape when different sounds are articulated the oral and pharyngeal cavities are shaped slightly differently for a sound generated at the vocal folds traveling through these differently shaped cavities, some harmonics will be reinforced and other harmonics will be cancelled

The filter is vocal tract.The filter is vocal tract.



Acoustic Characteristics of Acoustic Characteristics of ConsonantsConsonants

Consonant is one of sounds in producing speech sound.

Voiced: The vocal folds are engaged during the articulation of the consonant.e.g., [z]

Voiceless: voicing will not begin until the vowel that follows is articulated.e.g., [s]

.


Continued…Continued…

Obstruents are sounds produced with a major obstruction somewhere in the vocal tract;

Stops: Full closure followed by release.e.g., [p] and [t]

Fricatives: Approximation of articulators and air forced between.e.g., [s] and [∫]

Affricates: Full closure followed by approximation of articulators and air forced between.e.g., [t∫] and [dᴣ]

.


Continued...Continued...Sonorants are sounds made with no such major obstruction.

Nasals: Full closure in oral cavity; lowered velumpermits release of air through nasal cavity.

e.g., [n], [m], and [ɳ]Lateral Approximants: Tip of tounge touching alveolar ridge, air flows around it.

e.g., [l]Central Approximants: Tongue tip near alveolar ridge, sides of tongue touch upper molars, air flows through center.

e.g., [r].


CoarticulationCoarticulation

Coarticulation: the articulators are performing motions for more than one speech sound at a time.

Regressive assimilationInfluenced by upcoming sound

Progressive assimilationInfluenced by a phonological segment that has just been produced.

.


WORDS IN SPEECHWORDS IN SPEECH

The speech rate of 10 to 15 phonetic units every second works out to about 125 to 180 words per minute.

Conversational speech can be much faster, reaching up to 300 words per minute.

People talk, they do not pause between words; words are run together just as the phonetic units are.

The word boundaries are completely obliterated by the continuous movement of the articulators as the sentence is produced.



The Sentence production requires a complex coordination of preproduction planning of structure, lexicon, and phonology, followed by a series of movements that are highly organized and precisely coordinated.

The planning and execution of sentence production is effortless and unconscious, even though it is extremely complex.

The complexity is related to the fact that language production recruits vast amounts of information.



The speaker transmits the speech signal, which is the outcome of this process, to the hearer, whose job it is to recover the speaker’s idea by making sense of those sound waves, by recreating an abstract representation of discrete linguistic units, using the information carried by the continuous speech signal.


THANK YOU …THANK YOU …

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The speaker producing speech