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The Soviet Union Declines
Decline of Soviet Union
• A. The command economy stagnates• 1. Took resources from Germany– a. Poured resources into Sputnik I , the first
artificial satellite in 1957.– b. Agriculture remained unproductive– C. Could not match the west in consumer goods.– D. Central planning was wasteful and inefficient– E. Could not keep up with U.S. in arms race
• 2. Soviet Union in Afghanistan– A. Soviet backed government tried reforms, such
as land redistribution– B. Warlords took up arms against the government,
the Soviets moved in with troops– C. Battling the mujahedin (Muslim warriors) was
too difficult, resulted in heavy casualties and few successes.
• 3. Gorbachev tries reform– A. 1985- Gorbachev became new Soviet president.– B. Called for glasnost (openness). Ended
censorship– C. Urged perestroika, restructuring– of government and economy.– D. Allowed Limited private – enterprise
• 4. An empire crumbles– A. shortages grew and prices soared– B. high unemployment resulted– C. Reforms fed unrest across East Europe– D. Countries regained independence starting in
1989.– E. 1991- the remaining – Soviet republics separated.– The Soviet Union– ceased to exist
• Poland embraces Solidarity– A. The Solidarity – was a labor union established in
1980 in Poland led by Lech Waleesa– B. Had millions of members and demanded
political and economic changes.– C. Union was outlawed,– Waleesa arrested– D. Unrest continued – and Waleesa became – a national hero.
• E. In 1989, Poland legalized Solidarity and held free elections.
• F. Waleesa elected president in 1990.• G. Transitioned from a command economy to
a market economy.
Changes Transform Eastern Europe
• Many Eastern Europeans opposed Communist rule
• In the 1980s demands for change mounted
• Hungary quietly reformed– 1970s expanded its market – Growing criticism of communist government– 1988-89 allowed greater freedoms, new p[olitical
parties formed
• East Germans demand change– Communist government banned Soviet
publications in 1988 (glasnost reforms)– Blocked market economy or political freedoms– East Germans saw how West Germans lived
through television and demanded change.
• Reform movements spread across Eastern Europe – 1989
• People took to the streets demanding change• One by one, communist governments fell.• Czechoslovakia elected a new president• Berlin wall was opened-east and west Germany
reunified• Romania’s dictator was overthrown and executed• Warsaw Pact was dissolved in 1991 • Soviet Union dissolved in 1991• 1992-Czechoslovakia split into Czech Republic and
Slovakia