The Somme battleground where, in one day, more than 19,000 British soldiers died

“War is Hell”Gen. W. T. Sherman

World War IAlso

“The Great War”Also

“The War to end all war”

Unit Vocabulary

Concepts:ImperialismMilitarismNationalismIsolationismAssassinationTrench warfareNo man’s landTwo Front War

Countries:Austria HungaryOttoman EmpireGerman EmpireItalySerbiaBritish EmpireUnited States of AmericaFranceBelgiumRussian Empire

Alliances and Groups:Triple EntenteTriple AllianceThe Black HandAlliesCentral Powers

People:Archduke Franz FerdinandGavrilo PrincipKaiser Wilhelm IITsar Nicholas IIPresident WilsonKing George V

Things:LusitaniaZimmerman Telegram

Long Term Causes of WWIbe sure to take notes

What do we mean when we say “long term cause”?

Long Term Cause

A long term cause is something that takes a long time (decades or centuries) to cause a major effect

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Long Term Causes of WWI

Imperialism:the control of one people by another politically or through economic exploitation, or by the imposition of one culture on another group.Militarism:The continuous buildup of a countries armed forcesNationalism:The desire for self rule. Being proud in one’s perceived ethnicity.The Balkan Crises:Two crises driven by imperialism that caused regional tension.The Alliance System: A complex series of military alliances that guaranteed that if one European country attacked another, all of Europe would be at war.

IMPERIALISM

With insufficient natural resources at home to fuel their industries, European countries looked to Africa and Asia for both resources and markets, they had to turn to non-industrialized countries for raw materials and new markets.

The only problem was that they didn’t treat these countries as trading partners. European countries took over most of Africa and Southeast Asia and made them colonies or puppet-states.

Militarism

Between the Unification of Germany in 1871 and the start of WWI in 1914, there was a massive arms race between Great Britain, Germany, France and Austria-Hungary. When countries are building up their armed forces (and spending HUGE sums of money) to counter each other…they use them.

Nationalism

Austria-Hungary was an empire: made up of many different peoples and cultures who all wanted countries of their own

Both Russia and Germany had control over what is now Poland

The Ottoman Turks had control over several different peoples who wanted their own countries

The Balkan Crises

part I

Austria and Bulgaria rip up the Ottoman Empire: the Bosnian Crisis-1908

.In 1908 Austria annexed Bosnia (which it had controlled since 1878) after the Young Turks took power in the Ottoman Empire to reassert its influence in the Balkans.

The Balkan Crisispart II(the spark)

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne (the Dual Crown), and his pregnant wife were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip-a member of the Black Hand (a Serbian terrorist group)

Gavrilo Principthe successful assassin

August 3rd, 1914WWI begins

Below: The Archduke and his wife lie in state Pardon one offence and you encourage the commission of many. ~Publilius Syrus~

The Alliance SystemAustria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.Serbia’s ally, Russia, mobilized to help Serbia (both were Slavic countries). When Russia refused to demobilize, Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally, declared war on Russia. Expecting war, Germany then declared war on Russia’s ally, France, in support of Austria-Hungary. Germany now had to fight a two front war (enemies to both the west and east).

Italy was originally in the Triple Alliance, But because Italy thought that Germans invaded Belgium (who posed no threat to anybody, they joined the Allies. Great Britain also declared war on Germany and Austria Hungary for attacking neutral Belgium. The ottomans were originally neutral, but because Great Britain took their warships, the Ottomans sided with Germany.

STOP

You are to write a 2 paragraph response paper on the “Long Term Causes of WWI”.

In the first paragraph, you are to describe in detail the five long term causes of WWI. You are to use your notes and textbook to do this.

For the second paragraph, you are to evaluate the 5 long term causes and choose which 2 you deem to have had the most impact as long term causes of WWI.

Complete the following assignment before continuing with the presentation

Any Questions? Comments? No?

Okay.

Rubric9-10Student demonstrates superior understanding of the “Long Term Causes of WWI” through identification and description of the 5 long term causes of WWI in paragraph 1 and demonstrates superior critical thinking skills by evaluating which 2 of the 5 long term causes are, in their opinion, the most influential long term causes of WWI7-8Student demonstrates competent understanding of the “Long Term Causes of WWI” through identification and description of at least 4 of the 5 long term causes of WWI in paragraph 1 and demonstrates competent critical thinking skills by evaluating which 2 of the 5 long term causes are, in their opinion, the most influential long term causes of WWI5-6Student demonstrates a fair understanding of the “Long Term Causes of WWI” through identification and description of the 3 long term causes of WWI in paragraph 1 and demonstrates fair critical thinking skills by evaluating at least 1 of the 5 long term causes are, in their opinion, the most influential long term causes of WWI3-4Student demonstrates poor understanding of the “Long Term Causes of WWI” through identification and description of at least 2 of the 5 long term causes of WWI in paragraph 1 and demonstrates poor critical thinking skills by evaluating none of the 5 long term causes are, in their opinion, the most influential long term causes of WWI1-2Students demonstrate little to no understanding of any of the “Long Term Causes of WWI”. Work is not completed.0Student did not turn in a paper

WWI: Fighting Begins

Many thought the was would be filled with glorious bayonet charges-like during the Napoleonic Wars.

Below: French bayonet charge, World War I

They were wrong.

They soon found that was is hell

Below: The Somme battleground where, in one day, more than 19,000 British soldiers died

A “groundbreaking” new form of warfare

Trench Warfare

Above: Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch, July 1917. German trenches at the right and bottom, British at the

top-left

Above: A Cheshire Regiment sentry in a trench near La Boisselle during the Battle of the Somme, July 1916

Right: Diagram of a typical WWI trench

Left: British Vickers machine gun crew, western front, World War I. Also, the reason for trench warfare

Why Trenches?

The machine gun. That’s why.

Machine guns were set up to fire at oncoming soldiers knees and hips, crippling and killing thousands with ease

The Vickers machine gun

Advantages

Examine the photo to the right. What are the advantages of being below ground when you are being shot at?

Above: A Cheshire Regiment sentry in a trench near La Boisselle during the Battle of the Somme, July 1916

DisadvantagesHave you ever walked in the mud? How would you like living in it?

Soldiers were constantly repairing trenches due to damage from artillery fire and rain

Right: Date unknown.Location unknown

"War is delightful to those who have not experienced it." ~ Erasmus ~

Unwanted Roommates

These are a few of the pests soldiers had to deal with:CockroachesRatsLice

No Mans Land

Soldiers recovering the fallen in no mans land. Date unknown. Location unknown.

No mans land was a strip of land between 20 yards and a mile wide.

How big was it?

Neither side had control over it. The mortality rate of a front line soldier was 10%. The casualty rate (killed and wounded) was ~58%.

Out of 10 soldiers, how many were killed or wounded (round up)?

Why was it called No Man’s Land?

6

Gas mask

Effect of mustard gas

Vickers Machine Gun

Trench Warfare Weapons

GrenadesMortar

STOP

In your notebook: Assignment #

Describe the conditions of trench warfare. By now you should have a good idea as to what soldiers dealt with on a daily basis.

What weapons were used?What were conditions like in the trenches? (pests, mud, trench foot)Why would anyone want to live in a hole in the ground?

Read the worksheet “Life in the Trenches” and complete the activity.

Complete the following assignment before continuing with the presentation

Any Questions? Comments? No?

Okay.

America DividedIsolationism Intervention

America Enters the WarPart I

May 7, 1915: a German U-Boat sinks the passenger ship Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. 1,119 out of 1,924 passengers (58%) died, including 114 Americans

What the American public didn’t know was that she was a blockade runner carrying munitions and war contraband-forbidden on a passenger ship

In the ship's nursery Alfred Vanderbilt, one of the world's richest men, and playwright Carl Frohman tied life jackets to wicker "Moses baskets" holding infants in an attempt to save them from going down with the ship. The rising water carried the baskets off the ship but none survived the turbulence created as the ship sank to the bottom. The sea also claimed Vanderbilt and Frohman.

America Enters the warPart II

January, 1917: the Zimmerman Telegram is intercepted by the British and leaked to the press on March 1st, 1917. The diplomatic communiqué was an invitation to Mexico, from Germany, to enter the war on behalf of the Central Powers. In exchange, Germany would support Mexico’s reclamation of the American Southwest.

Predictably, this enraged the American people and on April 6th of 1917, the United States Congress, with the support of President Woodrow Wilson, declared war on the German Empire and its allies.

America the UnpreparedPart I

Only 200, 000 troopsFew officers had combat experienceSelective Service Act of 1917

Required men to register with the government for military serviceBy the end of 1918: 1. 24, 000,000 million med had registered2. 3,000,000 had been called to serve3. 2,000,000 actually served in the war4. Most were uneducated5. 1/5 were foreign born6. 400,000 African Americans served7. 369th Infantry Regiment (all Black) saw the

most continuous action and two of it’s soldiers were the first Americans to receive the Croix de Guerre.

The Problem

The Solution

Raising an Army

America the UnpreparedPart II

From Model-T to Destroyer

Four Steps the Government Took:1. Exempt Shipyard workers from the

draft2. Emphasize importance of

shipbuilding to the American Public

3. Assembly line techniques in shipbuilding

4. Commandeer commercial and private ships for military use

America Turns the TidePart I

Left: A German U-Boat. Submarines destroyed single ships easily. But convoys? Not so easily

The Convoy System

Vice Adm. W. S. Sims convinced the allies to use the convoy system. As you can see, it worked much the same way sheep dogs protected their flocks from predators.

America Turns the Tide

I have never seen or heard of such an elaborate, complete line of defense as the British had built

at this point. There was a trench with dugouts every three hundred yards from the front line at

Ypres back four miles to and including Dirty Bucket. Everything was fronted with barbed wire

and other entanglements. Artillery was concealed everywhere. Railroad tracks, narrow and

standard gauge, reached from the trenches back into the zone of supply. Nothing had been

neglected to hold this line, save only one important thing, enthusiasm among the troops, and that

was the purpose of our presence

Part IIA Personal Voice: Joseph Douglas Lawrence

Fighting Soldier: The AEF in 1918

AEF: Advanced Expeditionary Force under General John J. Pershing.“Doughboys” from all over the U.S. (“Doughboys” cleaned their white belts with white clay “dough”)

Reinforcements

What were the Allied soldiers on the Western Front lacking in 1918? What did they already have that impressed the Americans?

New Weapons of WWI

Tank

Airplane

Flamethrower

Machine Gun

Poison Gas

TANKS

The tank was developed by the Allies in total secrecy. The first tanks had a top speed of 3-4mph. They were tended to overheat and break down in battle but they served their purpose: protecting the infantry. The steel skin prevented machine gun fire from killing anyone inside or behind it. It was used to go over trenches, mow down barbed wire and enemy troops while protecting the troops behind it.

AIRPLANES

Made of wood and cloth, the first airplanes were so fragile they were relegated to aerial reconnaissance. The first aerial fights (dogfights) were between pilots in open cockpits, firing their pistols at each other. Machine guns were added later, which were effective at shooting the enemy but tended to destroy the plane’s propeller. A fire interrupter was installed to prevent the gun from firing if the propeller was in the path of the bullet. Bombs were also used to disperse enemy troops.

MACHINE GUNS

A machine gun is any weapon that fires round upon round as long as the trigger is depressed. The first machine guns were air cooled which made them prone to overheating. Later models were either water or oil cooled. They were used by infantry by setting them up on flat ground, or by aircraft by fixing the gun to the front of the plane. The reason behind a machine gun emplacement is to cause as many enemy casualties as possible with as few of your own.

CHEMICAL WARFARE

Using chemicals to kill is not a new idea. People have been poisoning and gassing each other for millennia. In WWI Chlorine and Mustard gas were used with devastating effects.

Chlorine attacks the body’s mucosal membranes (eyes, nose, throat, sinus, lungs) causing blindness and severe coughing fits. It can also cause death by asphyxiation (suffocation) because it can damage the lungs so completely that they can no longer absorb O2 into the blood .

Mustard Gas is odorless and colorless. It can take up to 12 hours to take effect. It can cause severe chemical burns over the entire body. Death can take up to 5 weeks.

FLAMETHROWER

Flamethrowers were designed to shoot compressed, burning jellied gasoline over moderate distances into enemy trenches or infantry attacks. This weapon was as dangerous for the soldier using it as for the enemy. The operators were very visible and were easy to spot targets for snipers; captured operators were often executed on the spot. The flamethrower consumed O2 around the soldier, making him

feel light-headed, nauseous and could cause him to pass out..

Group Project

In groups of three, you will write an outline for one of the New weapons of WWI (I will assign it):

1. The Tank

2. The Airplane

3. Poison Gas (Chemical Warfare)

4. The Machine Gun

5. The Flamethrower

You will include in your outline:

1. How It Worked

2. Why It Was Important

3. Positives

4. Negatives

5. Visual (an image of the weapon)

You now have 15 seconds to choose your groupsHurry up!

“Weapon”

Image of the weapon

How the weapon workedWhy was the weapon so

important

Positive aspects about the weapon Negative aspects of the weapon

The Human Cost of WWI

Anyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the

battlefield will think hard before starting a war.

~ Otto Von Bismark ~

Military and Civilian Casualties:

37, 000, 000 total21, 000, 000 wounded16, 000, 000 killed~9, 700, 000 military personnel ~6, 800, 000 civilians

Casualties of the Major Belligerents

Africa

Austria-

Hungary

Bulgaria

The Caribbean

German

y

Greece Italy

Montenegro

Portuga

l

Russia

South

Africa USA

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

MobilizedKilledWounded

Home FrontRationingWhat is it?

Espionage and Sedition Acts•Illegal to overly criticize the government/war effort.•Suspended the 1st amendment•Several thousand arrested, fined and jailed

National War Labor Board (WLB)

Made sure Business and workers cooperated to avoid strikes.

War Industries Board(WIB)

•Took over factories•Factories were told what to make

Why would you… Ration food?Ration fuel?Recycle scrap metal?Plant a garden?

1917 - 1919

Selective Service ActMen 21-30 must sign upThe Draft

Committee on Public Information(CPI)

Propaganda like the poster above

Social Changes

In spite of a racist government (twilight of Progressivism?) most African Americans favor WWI

Great Migration: large-scale movements of 100,000’s of Southern blacks to northern citieso escape racial discriminationo job opportunities in the north

•Women in the WarWorked in traditionally male dominated roles

factories.No equal pay for equal work. Women helping in the war effort did help win passage of the 20th amendment

•African Americans and the War

But what about immigrants? After all, they made up a good proportion of the U.S. population.

Immigrants

April 1918, 29-year-old Robert Paul Prager, a German-born bakery employee, who was accused of making "disloyal utterances." A mob took him from the basement of the Collinsville, Illinois jail, dragged him outside of town, and hanged him from a tree. Before the lynching, he was allowed to write a last note to his parents in Dresden, Germany:

Dear Parents: I must on this, the 4th day of April, 1918, die. Please pray for me, my dear parents.

In the trial that followed, the defendants wore red, white, and blue ribbons, while a band in the court house played patriotic songs. It took the jury 25 minutes to return a not-guilty verdict.

The German government lodged a protest and offered to pay Prager's funeral expenses.

Germans were persecuted both by the mob and by the government

What do you think?

STOP

In your notebook: Assignment #

How did WWI affect…WomenAfrican AmericansImmigrants (especially Germans)

Imagine you are an American Soldier during WWI. How would you feel about Robert Paul Prager’s lynching and the not-guilty verdict of those responsible? There is no correct answer but you must give reasons for your opinion

Complete the following assignment before continuing with the presentation

Any Questions? Comments? No?

Okay.

Let’s Review from Last Time

After the War

The Human Cost of WWI

Anyone who has ever looked into the glazed eyes of a soldier dying on the

battlefield will think hard before starting a war.

~ Otto Von Bismark ~

Military and Civilian Casualties:

37, 000, 000 total21, 000, 000 wounded16, 000, 000 killed~9, 700, 000 military personnel ~6, 800, 000 civilians

Casualties of the Major Belligerents

Africa

Austria-

Hungary

Bulgaria

The Caribbean

German

y

Greece Italy

Montenegro

Portuga

l

Russia

South

Africa USA

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

MobilizedKilledWounded

Take notes and ask questionsboth will only help you

Treaty of Versailles

June 28th, 1919 Versailles PalaceParis, France

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The Big Three

George Clemenceau – Prime Minister of France

David Lloyd George – Prime Minister of Great Britain

Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States

What did they want?

France wanted: to punish Germany and to keep Germany weak for generations

Great Britain wanted: “Make Germany pay” and to keep Germany weak for generations

Motivated by: Revenge

Motivated by: a desire for justice

United States wanted: self determination for all, fairness, justice…

Motivated By: Optimism, progressive ideals, “make the world safe”

When asked how he thought he had done at the Versailles Conference,

Lloyd George replied: 

"Not badly, considering I was seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon." 

“America is far away, protected by the ocean.  Not even Napoleon himself could touch England.  You are both sheltered; we are not.”

Georges Clemenceau, debating with Wilson and Lloyd George on 27 March 1919. Wilson had pressed Clemenceau for ‘moderation’.

“We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence.  What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves.  It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression.”

Woodrow Wilson, speaking to Congress on 8 January 1918, introducing his 'Fourteen Points'.

What happened to The Central Powers and Russia?

clip

STOP

Class DiscussionWhy was Germany blamed for the War?

Why was France so afraid of a strong Germany?

Why was the Treaty so unfair to GermanyWho started the war?

Complete the following assignment before continuing with the presentation

Any Questions? Comments? No?

Okay.