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The Solar SystemChapter 22
Pages 612-633
Nebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation.
Solar System
Planets drawn to scale• Distances not to scale• Earth approximately 12,800
km diameter• Earth is about 150,000,000
km from Sun
Composition of planets
• Rocky material– Silicate minerals– Metal compounds—mostly iron
• Ices—note the ‘s’– Ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, water
• Gases– Predominantly hydrogen and helium
Types of planets
• Terrestrial planets– Mostly silica and metallic compounds– Very little amount of gases and ices
• Jovian planets—‘like Jupiter’– Lots of gases and ices– Substantial amounts of rocky material in their
core—silica and metal
Moon
• 3475 km diameter
• Density ~ Earth’s mantle
http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg
Meteor Impact
Compression Wave
Ejecta Rim
Euler Crater
Lunar Features
Maria Formation
Flood Basalt
Lunar Exploration
Footprint in lunar regolith
Moon formation
http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/
Impact of asteroid
http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/
Ejecta from impact
http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/
Coalesced to form Moon
http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/
Moon was initially hot
http://www.psi.edu/hartmann/pic-cat/
Moon by Apollo 17
CrewRight part of
photo is ‘dark side’that cannot be seen from Earth
http://spacekids.hq.nasa.gov/osskids/animate/moon.html
Rayed Crater
http://cnr2.kent.edu/~manley/copernicus_crater_area.jpg
Mercury
http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/mercury.html
http://www.solarviews.com/cap/merc/mercury.htm
Mariner 10
• 1973 launch• Venus and
Mercury in 1974
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mar10/m1004.htm
Venus
http://www.solarviews.com/raw/venus/venusvis.gif
Venus Clouds
• Ultraviolet light photograph
http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/gif/Venus.jpg
Venus surface features
• Magellan radar image mosaic
Venus surface features
• False color Magellan mosaic
http://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venus1.jpg
Venera 9 Photos
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/venera9-10.jpg
Mars
• Photo by Hubble
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/16/image/b
Mars South Polar
Ice-cap
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/marssp.htm
Schiaparelli Crater
• 461 km diameter
• CO2 frost at lower right
• Mosaic from Viking
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/schiap.htm
Volcanoes on Left
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm
Clouds over
peaks
• Mosaic by Mars Global Surveyor MOC
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/global.htm
Olympus Mons
• 624 km diameter
• 25 km high
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/olympus.htm
Valles Marineris
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/valmar.htm
Water Features on Mars
http://www.solarviews.com/raw/mars/network.gif
Evidence of water seeps on
Mars?
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/water.htm
View from Viking Lander
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlfmos21.htm
View from Viking Lander
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/vlpan22.htm
View from Sojourner Lander
Phobos, by Viking
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/phobos.htm
Deimos, by Viking
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mars/deimos.htm
Jupiter (Earth for
Scale)
Jupiter’s cloud belts
Hubble view of Jupiter
• Arrow shows entry point of Galileo probe, Dec. 1995
http://www.solarviews.com/raw/jup/vjupitr5.mpg
• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/hstimages.html
Link to rotating view of Jupiter
http://www.solarviews.com/raw/jup/vjupitr5.mpg
Galilean moons
• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00743
Io
• True color on top• Enhanced color on
bottom• Surface covered with
calderas (like Crater Lake…without the water!)
• http://www.nineplanets.org/io.html
Volcanic Plume on Io
Europa
• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00746
Ganymede
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9903/ganymede_galmosaic_big.jpg
Callisto
• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/callist1.htm
Four Inner moons of Jupiter
• Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, Thebe• Amalthea is 247 km across• Photos by Galileo probe, 1996-97
• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/PIA01076.html
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/PIA01076_full.jpg
Jupiter’s outermost ring
• Discovered by Voyager I• This photo by Galileo space probe--
November 9, 1996
• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.html
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/PIA00538_full.jpg
Saturn
• Voyager I, II went there in 1980, 81• This photo by Cassini in 2004
• http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html• http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/index.cfm
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06193
True-color image of Saturn’s
rings
• http://satur ils.cfm?path=../multimedia/images/rings/images/PIA05421.jpg&type=imagen.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-deta
Saturn
Saturn and some of its moons
Titan
• http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/view.php?id=575
River system on Titan
• http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMHB881Y3E_1.html
Enceladus
• http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/saturn/encelads.htm
Uranus
Uranus (by Hubble)
• http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/15/image/a
Neptune
Pluto and Charon
• Size and orientation with respect to Earth
• Outermost ‘planet’ and moon in solar system
Orbits of outer planets
• Notice Pluto is sometimes closer to Sun than Neptune
• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html
Inclination of Pluto’s orbit
• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html
Pluto and Charon
HST image
• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/pluto/pluto3.htm
Ceres composition
• http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html
2003 UB 313 is Eris
http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size
Asteroids
Ida, Gaspra, Deimos, Phobos
• http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html
Asteroids
Gaspra
Orbit of 2004 DW Kuiper Belt Object
In redCompare
to Pluto in black
• http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Echad/2004dw/
Comet
Detail of Comet
Hale Bopp
Meteors
• http://www.jplnet.com/img2002/meteor.jpg• http://www.dmsweb.org/
Major Impact Structures
Meteor Crater, Arizona
• http://www.xtec.es/recursos/astronom/craters/METEOR.jpg
Manicouagan, Quebec
Shoemaker-Levy 9
• http://www.nineplanets.org/sl9.html
SL9 scar on Jupiter
• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g_hst5.gif
The Solar SystemNebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation.Solar SystemPlanets drawn to scaleComposition of planetsTypes of planetsMoonMeteor ImpactCompression WaveEjecta RimEuler CraterLunar FeaturesMaria FormationFlood BasaltLunar ExplorationFootprint in lunar regolithMoon formationImpact of asteroidEjecta from impactCoalesced to form MoonMoon was initially hotMoon by Apollo 17 CrewRayed CraterMercuryMariner 10VenusVenus CloudsVenus surface featuresVenus surface featuresVenera 9 PhotosMarsMars South Polar �Ice-capSchiaparelli CraterVolcanoes on LeftClouds over peaksOlympus MonsValles MarinerisWater Features on MarsEvidence of water seeps on Mars?View from Viking LanderView from Viking LanderView from Sojourner LanderPhobos, by VikingDeimos, by VikingJupiter �(Earth for Scale)Jupiter’s cloud beltsHubble view of JupiterGalilean moonsIoVolcanic Plume on IoEuropaGanymedeCallistoFour Inner moons of JupiterJupiter’s outermost ringSaturnTrue-color image of Saturn’s ringsSaturnSaturn and some of its moonsTitanRiver system on TitanEnceladusUranusUranus (by Hubble)NeptunePluto and CharonOrbits of outer planetsInclination of Pluto’s orbitPluto and Charon Ceres composition2003 UB 313 is ErisAsteroidsAsteroidsGaspraOrbit of 2004 DW Kuiper Belt ObjectCometDetail of CometHale BoppMeteorsMajor Impact StructuresMeteor Crater, ArizonaManicouagan, QuebecShoemaker-Levy 9SL9 scar on Jupiter