the-soil

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• Soil Composition

• Soil Formation

• Physical Properties of Soil

The Soil

Soil and Plant Nutrition > The Soil


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• The chemical composition of the soil, the topography, and the presence of living

organisms determines the quality of soil.

• In general, soil contains 40-45% inorganic matter, 5% organic matter, 25% water,

and 25% air.

• In order to sustain plant life, the proper mix of air, water, minerals, and organic

material is required.

• Humus, the organic material in soil, is composed of microorganisms (dead and

alive) and decaying plants.

• The inorganic material of soil is composed of rock, which is broken down into

small particles of sand (0.1 to 2 mm), silt (0.002 to 0.1 mm) , and clay (less than

0.002 mm).

• Loam is a soil that is a mix sand, silt, and humus.

Soil Composition


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Components of soil

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• Parent material is the organic and inorganic material from which soil is formed.

• Climate factors, such as temperature and wind, affect soil formation and its

characteristics; the presence of moisture and nutrients is also needed to form a

quality soil.

• Topography, or regional surface features, affects water runoff, which strips away

parent material and affects plant growth (the steeper the soil, the more erosion

takes place).

• The presence of microorganisms in soil creates pores and crevices; plants

promote the presence of microorganisms and contribute to soil formation.

• Soil formation takes place over long periods of time.

Soil Formation


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Soft sediment deformation



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• The O horizon, or topsoil, is made of decaying organisms and plant life; it is

responsible for plant production.

• The A horizon is of a mixture of organic material and inorganic products of

weathering; it is the beginning of true mineral soil.

• The B horizon, or subsoil, is a dense layer of mostly fine material that has been

pushed down from the topsoil.

• The C horizon, or soil base, is located just above bedrock and is made of parent,

organic, and inorganic material.

Physical Properties of Soil


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Soil profile



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Appendix

Key terms

• bedrock the solid rock that exists at some depth below the ground surface

• horizon a soil layer with distinct physical and chemical properties that differ from those of other layers

• humus a large group of natural organic compounds found in the soil composed of decaying plants and dead and living microorganisms

• loam soil with no dominant particle size that contains a mixture of sand, silt, and humus

• rhizosphere the soil region subject to the influence of plant roots and their associated microorganisms

• subsoil dense layer of soil containing fine material that has moved downward; the layer of earth that is below the topsoil

• topsoil top layer of soil containing humus at its surface and decomposing vegetation at its base; the most fertile soil


Soil and Plant Nutrition

Mature soilThe San Joaquin soil is a mature soil that has an O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, and C horizon.


Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44715/latest/Figure_31_02_03.jpg View on Boundless.com


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Components of soilThe four major components of soil are shown: inorganic minerals, organic matter, water, and air.


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Soil profileThis soil profile shows the different soil layers (O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, and C horizon) found in typical soils.


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Soft sediment deformationSoil distribution is not the same at all depths. The vertical section of soil layers is called the soil profile. The soil profile contains defined zones called horizons whicht have distinct physical and chemical properties that differ from those of other layers. An example is shown here in the soft sediment deformation in the Navajo Sandstone.


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Which of the following explains the composition of soil?

A) Humus forms a greater volume than do rocks.

B) Water and air together form a greater volume than does inorganic matter.

C) Dead plants and organisms form the sole components.

D) Organic matter forms the majority of the volume.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


Which of the following explains the composition of soil?

A) Humus forms a greater volume than do rocks.

B) Water and air together form a greater volume than does inorganic matter.

C) Dead plants and organisms form the sole components.

D) Organic matter forms the majority of the volume.






Which of the following does NOT describe a primary process by which new soil is generated?

A) weathering of bedrock

B) glacial drift

C) lava flows

D) river sedimentation



Which of the following does NOT describe a primary process by which new soil is generated?

A) weathering of bedrock

B) glacial drift

C) lava flows

D) river sedimentation






Which of the following describes the physical properties of top soil?

A) usually five to seven inches deep

B) contains humus and decaying vegetation

C) contains a layer of calcium carbonate

D) includes the parent material



Which of the following describes the physical properties of top soil?

A) usually five to seven inches deep

B) contains humus and decaying vegetation

C) contains a layer of calcium carbonate

D) includes the parent material






Which of the following describes the correct order of horizons in a soil profile?

A) O, A, B, and C

B) A, B, C, and O

C) A, B, and C

D) C, B, A, and O



Which of the following describes the correct order of horizons in a soil profile?

A) O, A, B, and C

B) A, B, C, and O

C) A, B, and C

D) C, B, A, and O




Attribution

• Connexions. "The Soil." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44715/latest/?collection=col11448/latest

• Wiktionary. "loam." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loam

• Wiktionary. "humus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humus



• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/horizon

• Wiktionary. "bedrock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bedrock

• Wiktionary. "rhizosphere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhizosphere

• Wiktionary. "subsoil." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subsoil


• Wiktionary. "topsoil." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/topsoil




http://cnx.org/content/m44715/latest/?collection=col11448/latest


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loam


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humus






http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/horizon


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bedrock


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhizosphere


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subsoil




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/topsoil

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