The Social Issues The Social Issues of the of the

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

Large amounts of money were Large amounts of money were needed to invest in the new needed to invest in the new industries.industries. Business owners sold stock or shares in Business owners sold stock or shares in

the company to raise money.the company to raise money. Most of the money (capital) went back Most of the money (capital) went back

to the business man.to the business man.

Laissez-Faire EconomicsLaissez-Faire Economics

The idea that businesses should The idea that businesses should operate with little of no government operate with little of no government interference.interference. This was a change from the This was a change from the

Mercantilism system and the favorable Mercantilism system and the favorable balance of trade in which government balance of trade in which government regulated trade and industries.regulated trade and industries.

Adam SmithAdam Smith Believed in free Believed in free

market and free market and free economy.economy.

Wrote the book Wrote the book Wealth Wealth of Nationsof Nations..

Economic liberty Economic liberty guarantees economic guarantees economic progress.progress.

Believed the natural Believed the natural laws governed laws governed business and the business and the economy.economy.

Laissez-Faire CapitalismLaissez-Faire Capitalism

The idea that money is spent or The idea that money is spent or invested so that the investor can invested so that the investor can make a profit.make a profit.

More money spent more money More money spent more money made.made.

The private investor controls the The private investor controls the economy not the government.economy not the government.

Malthus and RicardoMalthus and Ricardo

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Believed the Believed the

population increased population increased faster then the food faster then the food supply.supply.

Without war and Without war and disease the disease the population would not population would not die off.die off.

Need war and Need war and disease to kill off the disease to kill off the poor.poor.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo Believed the poor Believed the poor

would always be would always be poor.poor.

The more workers The more workers the more wages the more wages would be dropped would be dropped down.down.

The lower wages The lower wages the less the poor the less the poor made.made.

CaptialismCaptialism

Smith, Malthus and Ricardo all Smith, Malthus and Ricardo all believed that the government should believed that the government should not interfere with the economy.not interfere with the economy. Also that the government should not Also that the government should not

help the poor.help the poor.

Problems with this Problems with this MethodMethod

While prices fell and wages rose not all While prices fell and wages rose not all people especially the poor and working people especially the poor and working class got richclass got rich

Business Cycles controlled the economyBusiness Cycles controlled the economy Hard times to recovery and growth and then Hard times to recovery and growth and then

back to hard timesback to hard times Workers found themselves employed and then Workers found themselves employed and then

unemployedunemployed The government did little to help the The government did little to help the

unemployedunemployed Workers had little money saved for hard timesWorkers had little money saved for hard times

The Standard of LivingThe Standard of Living

The rich lived in nice neighborhoods The rich lived in nice neighborhoods at the edge of cities.at the edge of cities.

The poor lived in slums or near The poor lived in slums or near factories.factories.

Over time the poor would make Over time the poor would make some gains however it was still the some gains however it was still the investors who became rich.investors who became rich.

The Growth of the The Growth of the Middle ClassMiddle Class

The middle class grew out of people The middle class grew out of people who had small sums of money to who had small sums of money to investinvest

These people were able to turn small These people were able to turn small sums of money into a larger profitsums of money into a larger profit

These new wealthy people were able These new wealthy people were able to buy their way into high societyto buy their way into high society

Changing Social RolesChanging Social Roles

Prior to the Revolution both men and Prior to the Revolution both men and women might have worked similar jobs on women might have worked similar jobs on the farm or village.the farm or village.

After the RevolutionAfter the Revolution Middle ClassMiddle Class

Men worked in public world of business or Men worked in public world of business or government.government.

Women worked at home. Women were Women worked at home. Women were responsible for keeping the house clean and responsible for keeping the house clean and rising the children.rising the children.

Changing Social RolesChanging Social Roles Working Class or ProletariatWorking Class or Proletariat

This class of people worked mainly in theThis class of people worked mainly in the Factories, mines or other industriesFactories, mines or other industries

This was the class of people who moved from This was the class of people who moved from the rural farms to the cities looking for workthe rural farms to the cities looking for work

Children and all family members had to work Children and all family members had to work long hours in factories.long hours in factories.

Working class women were paid less money.Working class women were paid less money. Working class women would work 10 to 12 Working class women would work 10 to 12

hours in the factory and then still have to hours in the factory and then still have to clean the home.clean the home.

Changing Social RolesChanging Social Roles

Working Class or ProletariatWorking Class or Proletariat If not for the labor of the working class If not for the labor of the working class

there would have not been and there would have not been and Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

New Class StructureNew Class Structure

The Industrial Revolution created a The Industrial Revolution created a new class structure.new class structure. The upper classThe upper class

Very rich industrial or business people.Very rich industrial or business people. The upper middle classThe upper middle class

Business people and professionals, doctors, Business people and professionals, doctors, lawyers. Their standard of living was high.lawyers. Their standard of living was high.

This was a new social class in society.This was a new social class in society.

New Class StructureNew Class Structure

The lower middle classThe lower middle class Teachers, office workers, shop owners and Teachers, office workers, shop owners and

clerks.clerks. These were the second part of the now These were the second part of the now

large middle class.large middle class. Both upper and lower middle classes Both upper and lower middle classes

enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.enjoyed a comfortable standard of living. The lower classThe lower class

Factory workers and peasants. They had Factory workers and peasants. They had harsh working conditions and lived in harsh working conditions and lived in overcrowded slums.overcrowded slums.

Structure of the CitiesStructure of the Cities

Cities were extremely crowdedCities were extremely crowded Poor or working class sections Poor or working class sections

continued to expand with little continued to expand with little regard to improving these areasregard to improving these areas

Pollution was common because of Pollution was common because of the burning of coal, woodthe burning of coal, wood

The CityThe City

SlumsPoorWorking class

New MiddleClass

The Rich

WomenWomen Women before the Industrial RevolutionWomen before the Industrial Revolution

Middle and lower class women often worked in the Middle and lower class women often worked in the fields or family businesses with the menfields or family businesses with the men

Women were not homemakersWomen were not homemakers After the RevolutionAfter the Revolution

The husband became the wage earnerThe husband became the wage earner Middle class women could keep the home or raise the Middle class women could keep the home or raise the

childrenchildren Higher wages for men allowed women to stay homeHigher wages for men allowed women to stay home

Poor/Single Women Poor/Single Women Often had to work long hoursOften had to work long hours Were paid less then menWere paid less then men Often had to work and raise the familyOften had to work and raise the family

WomenWomen

Women as ConsumersWomen as Consumers Women who were at home began to Women who were at home began to

become societies consumersbecome societies consumers They bought sewing machine, clocks, They bought sewing machine, clocks,

stoves, and items that made housework stoves, and items that made housework easiereasier

Women fueled the growth of the Women fueled the growth of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

The English novelist and essayist Charles Dickens (1812-1870) was one of the most The English novelist and essayist Charles Dickens (1812-1870) was one of the most acerbic critics of the conditions wrought by the Industrial Revolution on the lives of acerbic critics of the conditions wrought by the Industrial Revolution on the lives of the working masses. Among his critiques of 19th century urban British life was the the working masses. Among his critiques of 19th century urban British life was the novel Hard Times (1854). The excerpt here is a representative Dickensian novel Hard Times (1854). The excerpt here is a representative Dickensian description of the transformation of a Victorian city into a pit of appalling description of the transformation of a Victorian city into a pit of appalling desperation, inequity and monotony. The factory system forced workers into desperation, inequity and monotony. The factory system forced workers into overcrowded, unsanitary tenements within close proximity to their work - the "dark, overcrowded, unsanitary tenements within close proximity to their work - the "dark, satanic mills" of Blake's verse - all in the interest of efficiency, the driving force of satanic mills" of Blake's verse - all in the interest of efficiency, the driving force of the Industrial Revolution.the Industrial Revolution.

From Book 1, Chapter 5: “The Keynote”From Book 1, Chapter 5: “The Keynote” Coketown, to which Messrs. Bounderby and Gradgrind now walked, was a triumph Coketown, to which Messrs. Bounderby and Gradgrind now walked, was a triumph

of fact; it had no greater taint of fancy in it than Mrs. Gradgrind herself. Let us of fact; it had no greater taint of fancy in it than Mrs. Gradgrind herself. Let us strike the key-note, Coketown, before pursuing our tune.strike the key-note, Coketown, before pursuing our tune.

It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and to-morrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.and to-morrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.