Overview TODAY Anatomical Language Bones TOMORROW (Wed, April
8) Inert Tissues Joints THURSDAY, APRIL 9 QUIZ! Muscular System
FRIDAY, APRIL 10 Muscular System Contd NEXT WEEK QUIZ! (Muscular
System) UNIT TEST
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Why Do We Have an Internal Skeleton?
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Anatomical Language GROUND ZERO ANATOMICAL POSITION The body is
assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side,
and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forward. In the
Anatomical Position, the thumb is a lateral structure, not an
anterior one
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Anatomical Language PLANES Frontal/Coronal Plane Sagital/Median
Plane Transverse Plane
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Anatomical Language Sagittal plane Divides body into right and
left halves Frontal plane Divides body into front and back halves
Transverse plane Divides body into upper and lower halves Anterior
towards the front side of Posterior towards the backside of
Superior above Inferior below Medial towards the midline Lateral
away from the midline Superficial towards the surface Deep away
from the surface Proximal towards the trunk Distal away from the
trunk Supine lying on spine (back) Prone face down
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Anatomical Language MOVEMENT!
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Anatomical Language MOVEMENT CONTD
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Anatomical Language MOVEMENT CONTD Flexion - where there is a
reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body. An
example of arms flexing is a bicep curl. Extension - is the
opposite of flexion, and there is an increase in the angle.
ADduction Movement of a limb towards the midline of the Body.
ABduction - the exact opposite of ADduction, movement of a limb
Away from the midline of the Body. Pronation - this is the rotation
of the hand so that the palm faces down. Supination - the rotation
of the hand so that the palm faces up. Dorsiflexion - movement
which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg Plantar
flexion - the movement which increases the angle between the foot
and the leg, as when depressing an automobile pedal
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BONES Why do we need bones?
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BONES 5 Functions of the Skeleton 1. FRAMEWORK/SUPPORT Bones
give the body its shape and allow it to stand upright 2. PROTECTION
Bones protect the bodys vital organs 3. MOVEMENT Bones provide
attachments for muscles to produce movement 4. RED BLOOD CELL
PRODUCTION Red bone marrow within bones produces red blood cells.
5. STORAGE Bones serve as a storage bank for minerals such as
calcium and phosphorus.
BONES THE AXIAL SKELETON The axial skeletons main purpose is to
protect the bodys most vital organs; The Brain Heart Lungs Also
acts as attachment for muscles.
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BONES THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON The appendicular skeleton
allows for movement mainly due to greater joint mobility Also
provides protection for the organ of digestion, excretion, and
reproduction.
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INERT TISSUES CARTILAGE The 3 main structural components of the
human body are BONE, MUSCLE, and CARTILAGE Bones are rigid, while
muscles stretch and bend. Cartilage is the perfect halfway point
between muscle and bone. Therefore, we find cartilage in places
where we need some support and structure, but a bit of flexibility
as well. Main Functions of Cartilage: Acts as cushion between
bones, holds bones together (i.e Ribs), shock absorber.
INERT TISSUES LIGAMENTS Ligaments are strong bands of
connective tissue that connect BONE TO BONE Ligaments keep bones
together while allowing for movement, but also prevent unwanted
movement (i.e hyperextension)
Joints There are 3 Types of Joints: 1. Immovable (Fibrous) i.e
Sutures in the skull. 2. Slightly Moveable (Cartilaginous) i.e
Vertebral Joint, Tibiofibular Joint 3. Freely Moveable (Synovial
Joint) i.e Elbow, Knee, Fingers, Shoulders, Hips The Synovial Joint
contains synovial fluid which allows the joint to move freely and
decreases friction
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The Muscular System
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Muscular System Overview Muscles pump blood through our bodies,
move food through our digestive system, and control the movement or
air in and out of our lungs Exercise is the key to health of the
muscular system In mass, muscle is the most abundant tissue in the
body Our muscles consist of 75% water Muscles work by CONTRACTING,
they become shorter A muscles is composed of bundles of fibers
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Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle (Involuntary Muscle) Movement of
internal organs (eg. Intestines, bladder, etc.). Smooth muscle is
not under conscious control Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary Muscle)
Muscles attached to bones that aid in body movements. An average
adult male is made up of 4050% of skeletal muscle and an average
adult female is made up of 3040% Cardiac Muscle Striated tissue
that forms the walls of the heart. Striated means Marked by narrow
lines or grooves, usually parallel.
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Skeletal Muscle Type I Slow Twitch Type I slow oxidative or
slow twitch muscle is dense with capillaries and is rich in
mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its
characteristic Red color. The slow muscles are more efficient at
using oxygen to generate more fuel (known as ATP) for continuous,
extended muscle contractions over a long time. They fire more
slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time before
they fatigue. Therefore, slow twitch fibers are great at helping
athletes run marathons and bicycle for hours.
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Skeletal Muscle Type II Fast Twitch Because fast twitch fibers
use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel, they are much better at
generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles.
However, they fatigue more quickly. Fast twitch fibers generally
produce the same amount of force per contraction as slow muscles,
but they get their name because they are able to fire more rapidly.
Having more fast twitch fibers can be an asset to a sprinter since
he/she needs to quickly generate a lot of force.
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SportFiber Type Used Baseball Basketball Cross Country Skiing
Type I Football Gymnastics Golf Ice Hockey Lacrosse Rugby Soccer
Swimming - Sprint Type II Synchonized Swimming Tennis Track &
Field Volleyball Weight Training Type II Type I & II Type II
Type I & II Type II Type I & II Type I Type I & II Type
II Type I
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Fiber Type and Performance Our muscle fiber type may influence
what sports we are naturally good at or whether we are fast or
strong. Olympic athletes tend to fall into sports that match their
genetic makeup. Olympic sprinters have been shown to possess about
80 percent fast twitch fibers, while those who excel in marathons
tend to have 80 percent slow twitch fibers.
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Can Training Change Fiber Type? This is not entirely
understood, and research is still looking at that question. There
is some evidence showing that human skeletal muscle may switch
fiber types from "fast" to "slow" due to training but not the other
way around. Fiber type is part of a great athlete's success, but it
alone is a poor predictor of performance. There are many other
factors that go into determining athleticism, including mental
preparedness, proper nutrition and hydration, getting enough rest,
and having appropriate equipment and conditioning.
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Muscle Development Hypertrophy The growth and increase of the
size of muscle cells Example? Bodybuilding
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Atrophy The decrease in the size of skeletal muscle cells. When
a muscle atrophies, it becomes weaker Example? Inactivity, when a
cast is put on a limb.
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Muscular Physiology Each muscle is made up of many Muscle
Fibers Each muscle fibre is made up of Myofibrils Each myofibril is
made up of a series of Sarcomeres The Sarcomere is made of 2 types
of proteins, a thin filament (Actin) and a thick filament
(Myosin)
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Messages from the nervous system travel via nerves into the
muscle telling it to contract. A motor nerve connects to a muscle
and branches out into nerve endings. It is these endings which
stimulate the muscle fibres. How Does a Muscle Know When to
Contract?
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Muscle Fatigue A muscle requires fuel and oxygen for energy.
Muscles that are repeatedly contracted require a high amount of
oxygen and energy. When the amount of oxygen coming in, does not
meet the demands of the muscle, lactic acid is produced causing a
burning sensation in the muscle.
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QUIZ NEXT WEEK TUESDAY APRIL 14 - MUSCLES UNIT TEST -
THURSDAY
