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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Focus on the Skull
Review Anatomical Terms
Anterior/Posterior
Dorsal/Ventral
Medial/Lateral
Superior/Inferior
Bone Markings - Review
Projections for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons
(Process, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine)
Processes for articulation with other bones
(Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet)
Openings = holes or spaces in bone for nerves and vessels
to pass (Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure, sinus)
Depressions = indentations (Fossa, sulcus)
Axial Skeleton
Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and
thoracic cage
Creates a framework of support and protection for
internal organs
Provides sites of attachment of muscles
The Skull
Protects the brain and supports delicate sense organs
Bones that form the skull include
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones
6 auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the ears)
Hyoid bone (the only freely moveable bone)
Bones are joined by sutures
SKULL BONES
Bones of the Cranium
Frontal bone (1)- forms the forehead and roof of the ocular orbits
Parietal Bone (2) – posterior to the frontal bone; forms the sides and roof of skull
Occiptal Bone (1) – most posterior part of the cranium
foramen magnum = large opening for spine
Temporal Bone (2) – form the sides and base of the skull; a number of distinct anatomical landmarks
Bones of the Cranium continued
Sphenoid Bone– irregular bat-shaped bone forms part of
the cranial floor and the posterior aspect of the orbit
Bones of the Cranium continued
Ethmoid Bone –stabilizes the brain; forms the roof and
sides of the nasal cavity; forms medial aspect of orbit
Sutures of the Cranium
Sagittal Suture – midline suture; between parietal bones
Coronal Suture – between frontal bone and parietal
bones
Lambdoid Suture – between occipital and parietal bones
Squamous Suture– between the temporal bones and the
parietal bones
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital
Bone
Frontal
Bone
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Coronal Suture
Squamous Suture Lambdoid
Suture
Frontal
Temporal Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
The skull at birth
The skull at birth
FACIAL BONES
Facial Bones
Zygomatic Bones (2) – “cheek bones”; contribute to the
lateral aspect of the orbital
Facial Bones
Lacrimal Bones– tiny bones bearing tear ducts
Facial Bones
Nasal Bones– bridge of nose
Facial Bones
Vomer – nasal septum
Facial Bones
Maxilla (2) – upper jaw, anterior part of hard palate;
inferior aspect of the orbital; articulates with all other
facial bones except the mandible
Facial Bones
Palatine Bone – posterior hard palate (“roof of mouth”)
Facial Bones
Mandible – lower jaw
Bones of the Cranium - Frontal
Parietal Bone Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Coronal Suture
Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Vomer
Ethmoid Bone
Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Lambdoid
Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Palatine Bone
Vomer
Sphenoid Bone
Bones of the Cranium–Horizontal View
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Frontal Bone
Ethmoid Bone
REVIEW
CH6.AXIAL SKELETON REVIEW.2015.pptx
Teeth (32)
Incisors (4)
Canines (2)
Pre-molars (4)
Molars (12; wisdom teeth = 3rd molars)
Pre-molars (4)
Canines (2)
Incisors (4)
Bones of the Face – Lateral View
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Lambdoid
Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic Bone
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Mandible
Bones of the Face - Frontal
Parietal Bone Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Coronal Suture
Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Vomer
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Bones of the Face – Inferior View
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Palatine Bone
Vomer
Sphenoid Bone Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Maxilla
Processes of the cranium
Styloid process (temporal bone)
Mastoid process (temporal bone)
Zygomatic process (temporal bone)
Occipital condyle (occipital bone)
External occipital protuberance (occipital bone)
Coronoid process (mandible)
Condylar process (mandible)
Mandibular process (mandible)
PROCESS
Protrusion in the
bone for attachment
of tendons and
ligaments
Styloid Process
Pointed piece of bone that extends down from the
temporal bone just below the ear
Attaches to
ligaments that support the hyoid bone
muscles that control the tongue and pharynx
Mastoid Process
Built up area of the lower temporal bone
More prominent in males
Attachments
Muscles that rotate and elevate the head and clavicle
Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone
Connects temporal bone to facial bones (zygomatic
bone)
Occipital Condyle
The site on the occipital bone where skull meets vertebrae
Atlas = the first vertebrae in the spinal column
External Occipital Protuberance
Medial protrusion of the occipital bone
Muscles that keep the head upright and allow the head to
tilt backward attach here
More prominent in male skulls
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_occipital_protuberance_-_animation.gif
Coronoid Process (coronation day)
“like a crown”
Attachment point for muscle that closes the jaw
Condylar/Mandibular Process
Head of the mandible
Forms a hinge joint with the temporal bone
(temporomandibular joint; TMJ)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condyloid_process_-_lateral_view.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condyloid_process_-_animation.gif
Process of the Skull – Lateral View
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Lambdoid Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic Bone
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Mandible
Zygomatic Process
Mastoid Process
Styloid Process
Process of the Skull - Frontal
Parietal Bone Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Coronal Suture
Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Vomer
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Ethmoid Bone
NO
PROCESSES
TO LABEL
Process of the Skull– Inferior View
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Palatine Bone
Vomer
Sphenoid Bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process
Occipital Condyle
Zygomatic Process
Foramina and Other Structures
Supraorbital foramen (frontal)
Infraorbital foramen (maxilla)
Mental foramen (mandible)
Palatine foramen (palatine)
External acoustic meatus (temporal)
Foramen magnum (occipital)
Jugular foramen (temporal)
Carotid canal (temporal)
Foramen ovale (sphenoid)
Foramen spinosum (sphenoid)
Foramen lacerum (temporal)
Foramen rotundum (sphenoid)
Stylomastoid foramen (temporal)
FORAMEN,
MEATUS, FISSURE,
CANAL:
Terms to describe
openings for
passage of nerves
and blood vessels
Supraorbital foramen**
frontal; “above” the orbit
blood vessels and nerves that innervate the
eyebrows and eyelids
Infraorbital foramen**
Maxilla; “below the orbit”
Facial nerves
Mental foramen**
Mandible; Distal/lateral opening for the mental
nerve and vessels that innervate the lip
Mandibular foramen **
Mandible; Proximal/medial opening for the mental
nerve and vessels that innervate the lip and teeth
Palatine foramen **
Palatine bone; nerves that innervate the palate
External Auditory meatus**
Temporal bone; Opening that leads to the eardrum
(tympanum)
Foramen magnum**
Occipital bone; Spinal cord
Jugular foramen**
Temporal bone; Jugular vein
Carotid Canal**
Temporal bone; Carotid artery
Foramen ovale**
Sphenoid; Trigeminal nerve – mandibular branch
Foramen spinosum
Sphenoid; Nerves that innervate the meninges
Foramen lacerum
Temporal bone; medial; Fills with cartilage after
birth
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid bone; Trigeminal nerve: maxillary branch
Stylomastoid foramen
Temporal bone; Facial nerves exit skull
Foramina of the Skull – Lateral View
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Lambdoid Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic Bone
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Mandible
Zygomatic Process
Mastoid Process
Styloid Process
Mental Foramen
External Auditory Meatus
Mandible
Foramina of the Skull - Frontal
Parietal Bone Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Coronal Suture
Ethmoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Vomer
Nasal Bone
Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Ethmoid Bone
Optic Canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Supraorbital Foramen
Infraaorbital Foramen
Foramina of the Skull– Inferior View
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Palatine Bone
Vomer
Sphenoid Bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process
Occipital Condyle
Zygomatic Process
Foramen Ovale
Carotid Canal
Jugular Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Foramina of the Skull – Horizontal View
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Frontal Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Magnum
Jugular Foramen
Carotid Canal
Optic Canal
Palatine bone
vomer
foramen lacerum
Zygomatic process
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Occipital protuberance Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Mastoid process
External Auditory Meatus
Styloid process
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
maxilla
maxilla X Palatine foramen
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Continue with the vertebrae
Vertebral Column
Consists of 26 bones
24 vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Vertebrae separated by
cartilage (intervertebral
discs)
Subdivided based on
vertebral structure
Vertebrae Anatomy - general
Vertebral body – massive weight bearing portion
Vertebral foramen – the opening through which the
spinal cord passes
Articular processes – extensions of the vertebrae that
articulate with other bones or provide attachment for
muscles
Transverse processes
Superior articular processes
Inferior articular processes
Vertebrae Anatomy - General
Vertebral Foramen
Body
lamina
pedicle
Vertebral arch
Spinous process
Transverse
process
Articular process
(superior)
Vertebrae Anatomy by region
Cervical Region
Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
The first cervical vertebrae (C1; atlas) articulates
with the occipital condyle
Cervical region
Anatomical Features
oval concave body
large vertebral foramen
Stumpy spinous process with a notched tip
Transverse foramina within the transverse processes
Protect blood vessels supplying the brain
Cervical region
The first two cervical vertebrae have unique
characteristics
C1 = ATLAS (‘yes)
Articulation of atlas with skull
allows you to nod your head
C2 = AXIS (“no”)
Articulation of atlas and axis allows you to rotate your head
Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy
Body
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process Articular process (superior)
Articular process (inferior)
Transverse process Transverse foramen
Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy
Thoracic Region
Twelve cervical vertebrae (T1 to T12)
Each thoracic vertebrae articulates with one
or more pairs of ribs
Thoracic region
Vertebrae Anatomy
Heart shaped body
More massive than cervical vertebrae
Large, slender spinous processes that point inferiorly
Costal facets – for articulating with one or more pairs of
ribs
Vertebrae Anatomy - Thoracic
Vertebral Foramen
Body
lamina
pedicle
Vertebral
arch
Spinous process
Transverse process
With costal facet (ribs)
Articular process (sup.)
Costal facet (ribs)
Vertebral Anatomy – thoracic region
Lumbar Region
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
The fifth lumbar vertebrae articulates
with the sacrum
Lumbar region
Vertebrae Anatomy
Vertebral body is thick and more oval than thoracic
Massive, stumpy spinous process that projects posteriorly
Bladelike transverse processes; no articulation for ribs
Most massive, least mobile
Vertebral Anatomy – lumbar region
Transverse Process
Pedicle
Vertebral Foramen
Body
Spinous Process Lamina
Superior Articular process
Vertebral Anatomy – lumbar region
Transverse Process
Pedicle
Spinous Process
Lamina Superior Articular process/facet
Vertebral Anatomy – lumbar region
Sacrum
Protects reproductive, digestive and excretory organs
Attaches the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton
Broad surface – attachment of leg muscles
Bones fuse shortly after puberty
Prominent bulge (sacral promontory) is an important
landmark in females during labor and delivery
Coccyx
Attachment site for muscle that closes the anal opening
Fusion of the bone is not complete until late in adulthood
May eventually fuse with the sacrum
Normal Spinal Curvature
Four spinal curves (seen in lateral view)
Fetal curvature = C-shaped
Adult curvature = S-shaped
Primary curves- remain unchanged in direction
Thoracic curve
Sacral curve
Secondary curves – change direction during development
Cervical curve
Lumbar curve
Spinal curvature development
Cervical curvature develops as a baby learns to
hold its head
Spinal curvature development
Lumbar curvature develops as a baby learns to
stand
Abnormal spinal curvature
Several abnormal conditions can arise during
childhood and adolescence
Kyphosis – exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis – exaggerated lumbar curvature
Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature
Normal Spinal Curvature
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Continue with the Thoracic Cage
Thoracic Cage
Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the
sternum
Ribs + sternum = rib cage
Provides bony support for the walls of the thoracic cavity
Protects heart and lungs
Serves as base for muscles involved in respiration
Ribs
AKA costal bones
Elongated flattened bones
12 pairs
Ribs 1-7 = true ribs attach to the sternum by separate
cartilage extensions
Ribs 8-10 = false ribs; do not attach directly to the sternum;
cartilages fuse before attachment
Ribs 11-12 = floating ribs; do not connect to sternum at all
Sternum
AKA breastbone
3 parts
1. Manubrium = Broad triangular part
articulates with clavicle
2. Elongated body articulates with ribs
3. Xiphoid process
Damage to this process can puncture the liver
CPR training places special emphasis on location of this part of the
sternum to reduce damage during compressions
Thoracic
vertebrae
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid
Process
Sternum
Costal Cartilage
Ribs
False Ribs
Floating
Ribs
True Ribs