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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Focus on the Skull

The Skeletal System - Mrs. Lipsdaniellelipsashs.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/6/8/37685587/ch6...Axial Skeleton Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage Creates a framework

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  • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

    Focus on the Skull

  • Review Anatomical Terms

    Anterior/Posterior

    Dorsal/Ventral

    Medial/Lateral

    Superior/Inferior

  • Bone Markings - Review

    Projections for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons

    (Process, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine)

    Processes for articulation with other bones

    (Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet)

    Openings = holes or spaces in bone for nerves and vessels

    to pass (Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure, sinus)

    Depressions = indentations (Fossa, sulcus)

  • Axial Skeleton

    Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and

    thoracic cage

    Creates a framework of support and protection for

    internal organs

    Provides sites of attachment of muscles

  • The Skull

    Protects the brain and supports delicate sense organs

    Bones that form the skull include

    8 cranial bones

    14 facial bones

    6 auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the ears)

    Hyoid bone (the only freely moveable bone)

    Bones are joined by sutures

  • SKULL BONES

  • Bones of the Cranium

    Frontal bone (1)- forms the forehead and roof of the ocular orbits

    Parietal Bone (2) – posterior to the frontal bone; forms the sides and roof of skull

    Occiptal Bone (1) – most posterior part of the cranium

    foramen magnum = large opening for spine

    Temporal Bone (2) – form the sides and base of the skull; a number of distinct anatomical landmarks

  • Bones of the Cranium continued

    Sphenoid Bone– irregular bat-shaped bone forms part of

    the cranial floor and the posterior aspect of the orbit

  • Bones of the Cranium continued

    Ethmoid Bone –stabilizes the brain; forms the roof and

    sides of the nasal cavity; forms medial aspect of orbit

  • Sutures of the Cranium

    Sagittal Suture – midline suture; between parietal bones

    Coronal Suture – between frontal bone and parietal

    bones

    Lambdoid Suture – between occipital and parietal bones

    Squamous Suture– between the temporal bones and the

    parietal bones

  • Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital

    Bone

    Frontal

    Bone

    Sphenoid

    Ethmoid

    Coronal Suture

    Squamous Suture Lambdoid

    Suture

  • Frontal

    Temporal Temporal

    Sphenoid

    Ethmoid

  • The skull at birth

  • The skull at birth

  • FACIAL BONES

  • Facial Bones

    Zygomatic Bones (2) – “cheek bones”; contribute to the

    lateral aspect of the orbital

  • Facial Bones

    Lacrimal Bones– tiny bones bearing tear ducts

  • Facial Bones

    Nasal Bones– bridge of nose

  • Facial Bones

    Vomer – nasal septum

  • Facial Bones

    Maxilla (2) – upper jaw, anterior part of hard palate;

    inferior aspect of the orbital; articulates with all other

    facial bones except the mandible

  • Facial Bones

    Palatine Bone – posterior hard palate (“roof of mouth”)

  • Facial Bones

    Mandible – lower jaw

  • Bones of the Cranium - Frontal

    Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Coronal Suture

    Ethmoid Bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    Vomer

    Ethmoid Bone

  • Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View

    Parietal Bone

    Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Lambdoid

    Suture

    Squamous Suture

    Coronal Suture

    Sphenoid Bone

    Ethmoid Bone

  • Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View

    Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Palatine Bone

    Vomer

    Sphenoid Bone

  • Bones of the Cranium–Horizontal View

    Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    Frontal Bone

    Ethmoid Bone

    REVIEW

    CH6.AXIAL SKELETON REVIEW.2015.pptx

  • Teeth (32)

    Incisors (4)

    Canines (2)

    Pre-molars (4)

    Molars (12; wisdom teeth = 3rd molars)

    Pre-molars (4)

    Canines (2)

    Incisors (4)

  • Bones of the Face – Lateral View

    Parietal Bone

    Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Lambdoid

    Suture

    Squamous Suture

    Coronal Suture

    Sphenoid Bone

    Ethmoid Bone

    Maxilla

    Zygomatic Bone

    Nasal Bone

    Lacrimal Bone

    Mandible

  • Bones of the Face - Frontal

    Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Coronal Suture

    Ethmoid Bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    Vomer

    Nasal Bone

    Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla

    Mandible

  • Bones of the Face – Inferior View

    Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Palatine Bone

    Vomer

    Sphenoid Bone Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla

    Maxilla

  • Processes of the cranium

    Styloid process (temporal bone)

    Mastoid process (temporal bone)

    Zygomatic process (temporal bone)

    Occipital condyle (occipital bone)

    External occipital protuberance (occipital bone)

    Coronoid process (mandible)

    Condylar process (mandible)

    Mandibular process (mandible)

    PROCESS

    Protrusion in the

    bone for attachment

    of tendons and

    ligaments

  • Styloid Process

    Pointed piece of bone that extends down from the

    temporal bone just below the ear

    Attaches to

    ligaments that support the hyoid bone

    muscles that control the tongue and pharynx

  • Mastoid Process

    Built up area of the lower temporal bone

    More prominent in males

    Attachments

    Muscles that rotate and elevate the head and clavicle

  • Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone

    Connects temporal bone to facial bones (zygomatic

    bone)

  • Occipital Condyle

    The site on the occipital bone where skull meets vertebrae

    Atlas = the first vertebrae in the spinal column

  • External Occipital Protuberance

    Medial protrusion of the occipital bone

    Muscles that keep the head upright and allow the head to

    tilt backward attach here

    More prominent in male skulls

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_occipital_protuberance_-_animation.gif

  • Coronoid Process (coronation day)

    “like a crown”

    Attachment point for muscle that closes the jaw

  • Condylar/Mandibular Process

    Head of the mandible

    Forms a hinge joint with the temporal bone

    (temporomandibular joint; TMJ)

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condyloid_process_-_lateral_view.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condyloid_process_-_animation.gif

  • Process of the Skull – Lateral View

    Parietal Bone

    Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Lambdoid Suture

    Squamous Suture

    Coronal Suture

    Sphenoid Bone

    Ethmoid Bone

    Maxilla

    Zygomatic Bone

    Nasal Bone

    Lacrimal Bone

    Mandible

    Zygomatic Process

    Mastoid Process

    Styloid Process

  • Process of the Skull - Frontal

    Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Coronal Suture

    Ethmoid Bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    Vomer

    Nasal Bone

    Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla

    Mandible

    Ethmoid Bone

    NO

    PROCESSES

    TO LABEL

  • Process of the Skull– Inferior View

    Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Palatine Bone

    Vomer

    Sphenoid Bone

    Maxilla

    Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla

    Styloid Process

    Mastoid Process

    Occipital Condyle

    Zygomatic Process

  • Foramina and Other Structures

    Supraorbital foramen (frontal)

    Infraorbital foramen (maxilla)

    Mental foramen (mandible)

    Palatine foramen (palatine)

    External acoustic meatus (temporal)

    Foramen magnum (occipital)

    Jugular foramen (temporal)

    Carotid canal (temporal)

    Foramen ovale (sphenoid)

    Foramen spinosum (sphenoid)

    Foramen lacerum (temporal)

    Foramen rotundum (sphenoid)

    Stylomastoid foramen (temporal)

    FORAMEN,

    MEATUS, FISSURE,

    CANAL:

    Terms to describe

    openings for

    passage of nerves

    and blood vessels

  • Supraorbital foramen**

    frontal; “above” the orbit

    blood vessels and nerves that innervate the

    eyebrows and eyelids

  • Infraorbital foramen**

    Maxilla; “below the orbit”

    Facial nerves

  • Mental foramen**

    Mandible; Distal/lateral opening for the mental

    nerve and vessels that innervate the lip

  • Mandibular foramen **

    Mandible; Proximal/medial opening for the mental

    nerve and vessels that innervate the lip and teeth

  • Palatine foramen **

    Palatine bone; nerves that innervate the palate

  • External Auditory meatus**

    Temporal bone; Opening that leads to the eardrum

    (tympanum)

  • Foramen magnum**

    Occipital bone; Spinal cord

  • Jugular foramen**

    Temporal bone; Jugular vein

  • Carotid Canal**

    Temporal bone; Carotid artery

  • Foramen ovale**

    Sphenoid; Trigeminal nerve – mandibular branch

  • Foramen spinosum

    Sphenoid; Nerves that innervate the meninges

  • Foramen lacerum

    Temporal bone; medial; Fills with cartilage after

    birth

  • Foramen rotundum

    Sphenoid bone; Trigeminal nerve: maxillary branch

  • Stylomastoid foramen

    Temporal bone; Facial nerves exit skull

  • Foramina of the Skull – Lateral View

    Parietal Bone

    Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Lambdoid Suture

    Squamous Suture

    Coronal Suture

    Sphenoid Bone

    Ethmoid Bone

    Maxilla

    Zygomatic Bone

    Nasal Bone

    Lacrimal Bone

    Mandible

    Zygomatic Process

    Mastoid Process

    Styloid Process

    Mental Foramen

    External Auditory Meatus

    Mandible

  • Foramina of the Skull - Frontal

    Parietal Bone Frontal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Coronal Suture

    Ethmoid Bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    Vomer

    Nasal Bone

    Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla

    Mandible

    Ethmoid Bone

    Optic Canal

    Superior Orbital Fissure

    Supraorbital Foramen

    Infraaorbital Foramen

  • Foramina of the Skull– Inferior View

    Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Palatine Bone

    Vomer

    Sphenoid Bone

    Maxilla

    Zygomatic Bone

    Maxilla

    Styloid Process

    Mastoid Process

    Occipital Condyle

    Zygomatic Process

    Foramen Ovale

    Carotid Canal

    Jugular Foramen

    Foramen Magnum

  • Foramina of the Skull – Horizontal View

    Parietal Bone

    Temporal Bone

    Occipital Bone

    Sphenoid Bone

    Frontal Bone

    Ethmoid Bone

    Foramen Ovale

    Foramen Magnum

    Jugular Foramen

    Carotid Canal

    Optic Canal

  • Palatine bone

    vomer

    foramen lacerum

    Zygomatic process

    Carotid canal

    Jugular foramen

    Occipital condyle

    Foramen magnum

    Occipital protuberance Occipital bone

    Lambdoid suture

    Parietal bone

    Temporal bone

    Mastoid process

    External Auditory Meatus

    Styloid process

    Foramen spinosum

    Foramen ovale

    Sphenoid bone

    Zygomatic bone

    maxilla

    maxilla X Palatine foramen

  • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

    Continue with the vertebrae

  • Vertebral Column

    Consists of 26 bones

    24 vertebrae

    Sacrum

    Coccyx

    Vertebrae separated by

    cartilage (intervertebral

    discs)

    Subdivided based on

    vertebral structure

  • Vertebrae Anatomy - general

    Vertebral body – massive weight bearing portion

    Vertebral foramen – the opening through which the

    spinal cord passes

    Articular processes – extensions of the vertebrae that

    articulate with other bones or provide attachment for

    muscles

    Transverse processes

    Superior articular processes

    Inferior articular processes

  • Vertebrae Anatomy - General

    Vertebral Foramen

    Body

    lamina

    pedicle

    Vertebral arch

    Spinous process

    Transverse

    process

    Articular process

    (superior)

  • Vertebrae Anatomy by region

  • Cervical Region

    Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

    The first cervical vertebrae (C1; atlas) articulates

    with the occipital condyle

  • Cervical region

    Anatomical Features

    oval concave body

    large vertebral foramen

    Stumpy spinous process with a notched tip

    Transverse foramina within the transverse processes

    Protect blood vessels supplying the brain

  • Cervical region

    The first two cervical vertebrae have unique

    characteristics

    C1 = ATLAS (‘yes)

    Articulation of atlas with skull

    allows you to nod your head

    C2 = AXIS (“no”)

    Articulation of atlas and axis allows you to rotate your head

  • Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy

    Body

    Vertebral foramen

    Spinous process Articular process (superior)

    Articular process (inferior)

    Transverse process Transverse foramen

  • Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy

  • Thoracic Region

    Twelve cervical vertebrae (T1 to T12)

    Each thoracic vertebrae articulates with one

    or more pairs of ribs

  • Thoracic region

    Vertebrae Anatomy

    Heart shaped body

    More massive than cervical vertebrae

    Large, slender spinous processes that point inferiorly

    Costal facets – for articulating with one or more pairs of

    ribs

  • Vertebrae Anatomy - Thoracic

    Vertebral Foramen

    Body

    lamina

    pedicle

    Vertebral

    arch

    Spinous process

    Transverse process

    With costal facet (ribs)

    Articular process (sup.)

    Costal facet (ribs)

  • Vertebral Anatomy – thoracic region

  • Lumbar Region

    Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

    The fifth lumbar vertebrae articulates

    with the sacrum

  • Lumbar region

    Vertebrae Anatomy

    Vertebral body is thick and more oval than thoracic

    Massive, stumpy spinous process that projects posteriorly

    Bladelike transverse processes; no articulation for ribs

    Most massive, least mobile

  • Vertebral Anatomy – lumbar region

    Transverse Process

    Pedicle

    Vertebral Foramen

    Body

    Spinous Process Lamina

    Superior Articular process

  • Vertebral Anatomy – lumbar region

    Transverse Process

    Pedicle

    Spinous Process

    Lamina Superior Articular process/facet

  • Vertebral Anatomy – lumbar region

  • Sacrum

    Protects reproductive, digestive and excretory organs

    Attaches the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton

    Broad surface – attachment of leg muscles

    Bones fuse shortly after puberty

    Prominent bulge (sacral promontory) is an important

    landmark in females during labor and delivery

  • Coccyx

    Attachment site for muscle that closes the anal opening

    Fusion of the bone is not complete until late in adulthood

    May eventually fuse with the sacrum

  • Normal Spinal Curvature

    Four spinal curves (seen in lateral view)

    Fetal curvature = C-shaped

    Adult curvature = S-shaped

    Primary curves- remain unchanged in direction

    Thoracic curve

    Sacral curve

    Secondary curves – change direction during development

    Cervical curve

    Lumbar curve

  • Spinal curvature development

    Cervical curvature develops as a baby learns to

    hold its head

  • Spinal curvature development

    Lumbar curvature develops as a baby learns to

    stand

  • Abnormal spinal curvature

    Several abnormal conditions can arise during

    childhood and adolescence

    Kyphosis – exaggerated thoracic curvature

    Lordosis – exaggerated lumbar curvature

    Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature

  • Normal Spinal Curvature

  • Kyphosis

  • Lordosis

  • Scoliosis

  • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

    Continue with the Thoracic Cage

  • Thoracic Cage

    Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the

    sternum

    Ribs + sternum = rib cage

    Provides bony support for the walls of the thoracic cavity

    Protects heart and lungs

    Serves as base for muscles involved in respiration

  • Ribs

    AKA costal bones

    Elongated flattened bones

    12 pairs

    Ribs 1-7 = true ribs attach to the sternum by separate

    cartilage extensions

    Ribs 8-10 = false ribs; do not attach directly to the sternum;

    cartilages fuse before attachment

    Ribs 11-12 = floating ribs; do not connect to sternum at all

  • Sternum

    AKA breastbone

    3 parts

    1. Manubrium = Broad triangular part

    articulates with clavicle

    2. Elongated body articulates with ribs

    3. Xiphoid process

    Damage to this process can puncture the liver

    CPR training places special emphasis on location of this part of the

    sternum to reduce damage during compressions

  • Thoracic

    vertebrae

    Manubrium

    Body

    Xiphoid

    Process

    Sternum

    Costal Cartilage

    Ribs

    False Ribs

    Floating

    Ribs

    True Ribs