Nuclear Sweden 10 (12) operating reactor units at 3 sites ~45 %
electricity 12,000 tonnes of spent fuel SFR; Final Repository for
Short- lived Radioactive Waste Clab; Central Interim Storage
Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel SKB
Slide 3
Authorities and legislation The Swedish National Council for
Nuclear Waste Environment Court Municipality The Government The
Nuclear Activities Act The Radiation Protection Act The Planning
and Building Act The Swedish Environment Code The Financing Act
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority SKB
Slide 4
Funding of nuclear waste management in Sweden Approx 43 billion
SEK in 2010 0.01-0.02 SEK per kWh of nuclear electricity Owners
Financing 4 Responsibility of the reactor owners Reviewed by SSM
SKB
Slide 5
5 40 years of development 1976 1984 1993 2000 2011 Canister
Laboratory The government approves KBS-3 for the start-up of new
reactors The Nuclear Fuel Safety (KBS) Project starts Encapsulation
plant and deep repository Methodology development Feasibility
studies Site investigations Detailed characterization, repository
construction sp Hard Rock Laboratory SFR in operation Clab in
operation m/s Sigyn in operation Application to build a repository
2006 Application to build an encapsulation plant SKB
Slide 6
6 Nuclear power plant Healthcare, industry and research Final
repository for short-lived radioactive waste Central interim
storage facility for spent nuclear fuel and encapsulation facility
Final repository for spent nuclear fuel High-level waste Low and
intermediate-level waste The Swedish system
Slide 7
7 Typomrden 19771985 versiktsstudier 1990-tal Frstudier
19932002 Spent Fuel Repository at Forsmark Encapsulation plant in
Oskarshamn License application submitted March 2011 for Backfill
Rock Buffer Canister SKB
Slide 8
SKB is applying To continue interim storage of spent nuclear
fuel and reactor core components. The amount of spent nuclear fuel
may reach a maximum of 8000 metric tons (calculated as uranium). To
construct and operate a facility (Clink) to store spent nuclear
fuel and core components and for encapsulation of spent nuclear
fuel. Capacity of approximately 200 canisters per year. To
construct and operate a facility for final disposal of spent
nuclear fuel and nuclear waste (construction material in the fuel
assemblies) Final disposal of the spent fuel that is currently
stored in Clab and future fuel that will arise from operating the
ten reactors that currently have a permit to operate Final disposal
according to the KBS-3 method with vertical placement of the
canisters (KBS-3V) Water operations that are needed to build and
operate the facilities Storage for rock aggregate 8 SKB
Slide 9
The legal framework Two laws The Environmental Code The Nuclear
Activities Act Two nuclear facilities at two different sites Two
different Environmental courts Submitted to the court in Stockholm
Evaluation of if the proposed facilities and activities meet the
stated aims and are in accordance with legal requirements SKB
Slide 10
Strategic crossroads A single coherent Environmental Code
application for the entire final repository system that is
processed at a single environmental court The applications, 'top
documentation', will offer a comprehensive and not merely
well-informed intelligible description and overview of the
operations being applied for and comprehensive argumentation for
satisfying the requirements A common EIA for the entire final
repository system for all three applications The safety reports
will also be included in the Environmental Code application to the
Environmental Court Particularly central issues justify detailed
background documentation and separate appendices for Choice of
method Site selection 10 SKB
Slide 11
The Nuclear Fuel Project and other work within SKB Research
Technology development Site investigations and modelling Facility
project planning Final repository Encapsulation facility
Environmental Impact Assessments Dialogue and consultation Safety
analysis Application documentation 11 SKB
Slide 12
Stakeholder involvement Going from protests to dialogue 12
SKB
Slide 13
Siting studies 1977-2009 Geology and society 13 Study areas
19771985 Regional studies 1990s Feasibility studies 19932002 Site
investigations 20022009 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oskarshamn sthammar
Possible feasible bedrock SKB
Slide 14
3 rd of June 2009 - SKB selects Forsmark for the repository for
spent nuclear fuel Photo composition of a repository for spent
nuclear fuel at Forsmark Main reason for selection of Forsmark:
Considerably better conditions for long term safety of a repository
14 SKB
Slide 15
SKB has selected the KBS-3 method Primary safety function:
Complete containment Secondary safety function: Retardation
SKB
Slide 16
KBS-3-method development and verification SKB full-scale
laboratories 16 Bentonite Laboratory, in operation since 2007 sp
Hard Rock Laboratory, in operation since 1996 Canister Laboratory,
in operation since 1998 SKB
Slide 17
Purposes of the SR-Site project Role of SR-Site report in
licence application: To demonstrate that a KBS-3 repository at the
Forsmark site is safe in the long term. The main purposes of the
SR-Site project were To assess the safety, as defined in applicable
Swedish regulations, of the proposed KBS-3 repository at Forsmark;
To provide feedback to design development, to SKBs R&D
programme, to detailed site investigations and to future safety
assessment projects. SKB
Slide 18
General development of the reference evolution Initial
transient caused by excavation of host rock and construction and
presence of repository. Transients can be anything from years to
thousands of years Long-term evolution characterised by changes
induced by the changing external conditions. SKB
Slide 19
General outcome of the analysis of the reference evolution The
outcome of the analysis of the reference evolution implies that The
vast majority of the 6,000 deposition positions will experience
favorable mechanical, hydrogeological and chemical conditions
throughout the one million year assessment period. As a
consequence, the vast majority of the 6,000 canisters are expected
to maintain their containment capacity throughout the assessment
period However, canister failures cannot be entirely ruled out due
to Enhanced corrosion in deposition positions where advective
conditions prevail after buffer loss due to erosion Earthquake
induced secondary shear movements in fractures intersecting
deposition holes Both are low probability phenomena SKB
Slide 20
Risk curves for the two contributing scenarios Central
conclusion A KBS-3 repository that fulfils long-term safety
requirements can be built at the Forsmark site The calculated risk
for a final repository at Forsmark is below the regulatory risk
criterion with a margin, even in a million year time perspective.
20 SKB
Slide 21
Confidence in the conclusions in SR-Site The reliance of the
KBS-3 repository on a stable and favourable geological environment
at repository depth - mechanical stability, low groundwater flow
rates and favourable groundwater composition, and the use of
sufficiently durable materials (copper and bentonite clay) for the
engineered barriers The understanding of the phenomena that affect
long-term safety, resulting in a mature knowledge base The
understanding of the characteristics of the site through several
years of surface-based investigations of the conditions at depth
The detailed specifications of the engineered parts of the
repository and the demonstration of how components fulfilling the
specifications are produced in a quality assured manner 21 SKB
Slide 22
22 The Government Licensing 2011-2015 (?) Five yes are needed
The municipality of Oskarshamn The municipality of sthammar The
Environmental Court The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority
Scientific community, environmentalists and other opinion formers
SKB
Slide 23
From License application to deposition of canisters Application
A-PSAR Government approval PSAR Permit Construction SAR 1 Permit
Test operation Permit Operation SAR 2 ~15 years SKB
Slide 24
24 The Nuclear Fuel programme Licensing process Start
construction Start operation Safety Report PSAR SAR Technology
development Industrialized design Production system Quality control
system Construction projects Spent fuel repository Encapsulation
plant 4 years 2 y after construction initiation 6 years SKB
Slide 25
25 To manage the licensing process To move from RD&D to
industrialization To further strengthen the scientific basis for
the safety case To keep and develop the public confidence
Challenges 25 SKB